hde 110 midterm

cult of domesiticity

"true womanhood" magazine glorifying women's domesticity

Hispanic is an ethnicity not a race

How has the US Census created confusion regarding the Hispanic group?

-childhood didn't exist as developmental stage -Miniature Adults -dressed as adults -not seen as person who has extra needs than an adult

How were children viewed during early European history?

-expected to perform public service: provide for economy, educate children, take care of sick, sent prisoners to good homes to model what a good person should be, families were orphanages, nursing homes, and took care of poor ppl

How were colonial American family life structured?

fams branching out while moving and had mixture of ethnic groups and religions

In what ways were family diversity seen in these early families

1920

When was the right to vote given to non-white men and to all women?

gender fluidity

a flexible range of gender expression, which can change day-to-day and allows for less restrictive and stereotypical gender expectations

-reluctant to marry (didn't hv enough money) -hv kids outside of marriage (bc used to be seen as normal) -poor but poorer if female too -high degree of closeness -more fam entering middle class (still paid less than white fam tho) -inc divorce -large extended fams -grandmothers key person in fam

characteristics of black/ african american family

exchange theory: assumes that resources btw men and women are equal

criticism for contemporary theories

muslim ban

executive order against travel and immigration from 6 majority muslim countries, and 2 other countries

extended families

fam households in which relatives beyond parents and their children live together

exogamy

marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group

androgynous

neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine

public family

one or more adults who are taking care of dependents

sex

one's biological category, male or female, based on anatomy and physiology

f, The historical concept of a "man and his family" has clearly been supplanted by a long list of individual relationships and identities

t/f Despite changes in U.S. society, the U.S. Census continues to refer to a "man and his family" when discussing household composition

acculturation

the acquisition of a new culture and language -happens fast

separate spheres

the cultural doctrine under which women were to work at home, to make it a sanctuary from the industrial world in which their husbands worked for pay

assimilation

the gradual reduction of ethnic distinction btw immigrants and the mainstream society -happens gradually

stem family

the household formed by one grown child remaining in the family home with his or her parents

primogeniture

the right of the first born -> male gets everything -after it goes to their first son

gender

the social realization of biological sex

hypothesis

-educated guess or prediction based on data that acts as foundation for further investigation -testable -based on limited data -not supported scientifically -results are uncertain -relies on possibility and requires testing

theory

-explanation for why they think things are happening -extensive data -tested and supported or contradicted scientifically -results predictable -relies on evidence

-took away elders authority over marriage process -before it was normal to have kids before marriage and for women to work

How were African American families structured (generally) before slavery?

-maintain strong ties to extended families -society organized by lineages -tribes were diverse

How were African American families structured?

similar: monogamy different: in the tribe, children were valued and they relied on extended families

How were Native Americans similar to or different from European families?

-learn from home, peers, school -getting kids boy or girl toys, clothes, etc

Where or how do we learn gender?

cisgender

having a personal gender identity that corresponds to one's assigned sex

endogamy

marriage and reproduction within a distinct group

-paid as little as possible -leased land from old owner -reunite w spouses, marry, live together, start families that would be legally recognized -threat of separation was less -showed more gender equality than white families -fragile marriage bc of poverty -strong extended network

How have the various ethnic groups families changed?: African Americans post-slavery

-race is perceived differences and based on what we assume -society uses it to categorize ppl -based on phenotype

How is "race" constructed? or What influences the concept of "race"?

enforcement of racial-ethnic divisions in the past has left contemporary american society w long lasting inequalities bc racial-ethnic groups -ppl should be "pure"

How is endogamy and exogamy related to race and ethnicity?

families are a social space in which relations btw ppl in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction

How is family an institutional arena?

public: male authority -public world men occupied private: women considered "free" -worked at home: nurture kids and husband

How was each "spheres" defined?

-children born w "original sin" (calvinist view) -seen as selfish/bad/needed to be disciplines -expected to work (to control behavior) -miniature adults -> adolescence didn't exist

How were children regarded in colonial families? What was the family size? Were extended family included?

-husband had authority over wives and children -community leaders (mostly men) had power over who could get married or divorced -women couldn't vote, hold political office, serve on juries, exist legally apart from husband or male head of family, hv separate citizenship (only existed if they had a male in their life) (coverture)

In what other ways were women at the mercy of husbands and/or male relatives?

-risking to separate families -US citizens can't be deported -kids are citizens and they separated them from their parents who were undocumented -under trump: rights were violated and kids were adopted without parents consent -kids when to child detention centers. gov didn't keep track of where the kids went

What was the separation policy about?

matrilineal descent

a fam sys in which fam lineage (including the fam name) is transmitted from mothers to their children

genealogy

the study of ancestry and family history

gender expression

one's pattern of outward behavior in relation to common standards of a gender category

gender identity

the identification with the social category boy/man or girl/woman

social distance

the level of acceptance that members of one group have toward members of another group

interaction:btw law, violence, and welfare org: legislatures and agencies roles: citizens

type of interaction, organizational units, and individual roles for state

feminist theory

theory seeks to understand and ultimately reduce inequality between men and women

-few extended families -high mortality rates -marries in mid 20's or never

what were families like in middle ages or medieval period?

peers (peers that follow or don't follow rules) activities (boy or girl activities school (know rules: learn to obey, listen, do what told) neighborhoods communities(live in safe place=more carefree and vice versa) culture media(social media) commercial products (toys)

interactive circles that influence gender socialization

no, there's racial, ethnic, gender, religion

is there a specific type of minority group? Are minority groups just based on race / ethnicity?

-defending the status quo "that's they way things have always been" -conservative political influences -justifying existing unequal dynamics btw dif groups

key criticisms for the consensus perspective

consonant acculturation

parents and children together gradually transition away from their home culture and language

courtship

the mate selection process in which couples begin a relationship with supervised contact in public, then proceed to additional dates in the woman's home and then to marriage if the parents approve

dating

the mate selection process in which young adults spend time with a variety of partners before making a long-term commitment

patriarchy

the sys of men's control over property and fathers' authority over all family members.

private family

two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely - or, in the case of a parent and child, until the child reaches adulthood - and who usually live in the same household and pool their incomes and household labor -provides individuals w intimacy, emotional support, and love

interaction: intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work org: families roles: family members

type of interaction, organizational units, and individual roles for family

interaction: labor, exchange, and wealth org: companies roles: workers, owners, consumers

type of interaction, organizational units, and individual roles for market

1. lifespan of ppl is longer today than in earlier history (explain when/how early ppl are getting married) 2. fams are having less kids than before 3. fewer functional tasks at home being performed by fam members (need for survival dec) 4. inc in diversity of fams

what are the historical trends to understand?

1882: -closed immigration of chinese women to the US and the chinese men couldn't find a spouse -white couldn't marry any other race 1965: -overturn chinese exclusion act -ended restriction and there was quota -became more diverse

what happened to Asian Americans due to Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Then later due to 1965 Immigration Act

longitudinal survey

A research method in which the same people are interviewed repeatedly over a period of time -same group repeatedly interviewed

nonbinary

A gender identity that is neither wholly female nor wholly male.

legal family

A group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption

household

A group of people that lives and eats separately from other groups.

cohort

A group of people who experience an event together at the same point in time

nuclear family

A monogamous couple living with their own biological children and no extended family members

census

A periodic count of people in a population and their characteristics, usually performed as an official government function

consensus perspective

A perspective that projects an image of society as the collective expression of shared norms and values.

sample survey

A research method in which identical questions are asked of many different people and their answers gathered into one large data file -uses random selection

breadwinner-homemaker family

An employed father, a nonemployed mother, and their children.

vary across cultures

Are expectations of gender and or gender roles universal across cultures? Within cultures?

taught that they should be emotionally distant, they're not taught how to healthily express emotion -heterosexual couple and man doesn't have the resources of how to handle emotions it won't help the couple

How does rigid masculinity hurt both binary genders?

-useful for work and family life

How does time use studies helps to understand families?

equal pay act: not always followed by employers lilly ledbetter fair pay act: resets clock so you can file equal pay lawsuit after each new paycheck paycheck fairness act: failed to pass

Understand the different pay acts discussed?

-have x chromosome -have estrogen and testosterone -reproductive organs are same structures

How are biological males and females more similar than different?

all on a spectrum

How are sex, gender and sexual orientation related to each other?

she used male stories to try and go against people's original biases

How did Ginsburg finally win a supreme court case for gender equality?

-industrial revolution reinforced the division of gender roles for men and women -separate spheres made home a sanctuary for the industrial world where husbands worked for pay -most strongly embraced by middle class and never embraced by most farm fams -women's housework was crucial to economic survival but didn't get the same income as men -women were told to work and do housework

How did the market arenas change during 1820-1900?

state's practical authority over marriage inc and began to enforce monogamous morality

How did the state arenas change during 1820-1900?

feminist, socialized, gender roles, unequal

One of the contributions of ___ theory is the notion that boys and girls are ___ into their ___, and therefore they learn how to inhabit ___ positions in the family

extended family, almshouses

One of the unintended consequences of the reorganization of family life in the nineteenth century was that widows and orphans were no longer cared for by their ___. Instead, institutions such as ___ took this role

sexual development

Sexuality changes with each stage of development

time use studies

Surveys that collect data on how people spend their time during a sample period, such as a single day or week -ex give kid beeper and when it beeps the kid writes down what they're doing

family wage

The amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without their having to work for pay

monogamous morality

The combination of monogamy (a family system in which each person has only one spouse) and a moral standard that required women to be faithful to their husbands (though not necessarily the other way around), while husbands supported their wives and children economically.

socialization

The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure in their own personalities

male: penis female: vagina

What is the typical prenatal sex differentiation?

market arena

The institutional arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation take place

family arena

The institutional arena where people practice intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work -where learn how to act the way society expects

state arena

The institutional arena where, through political means, behavior is legally regulated, violence is controlled, and resources are redistributed.

personal families

The people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well

demographic perspective

The study of how family behavior and household structures contribute to larger population processes.

life course perspective

The study of the family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through their lives, in social and historical context

exchange theory

The theory that individuals or groups with different resources, strengths, and weaknesses enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains -strengths give mutual benefit -partnership is rational and deliberate (if no longer useful then stop relationship) -makes power dynamic more equal

unathorized: came over under legal documentation and then it expired 11.39 million unauthorized immigrants=3.4% pop mexicans make less than 1/2 unauthorized illegal: didn't have documentation to begin w 1/4 of immigrants are undocuments (dont know if unauthorized or illegally)

Understand difference between legal and illegal / unauthorized immigration.Note the corrected the statistics in slides

vary by country of origin, length of time in US, personal circumstance (why they left their country)

Understand the characteristics of immigrants.

work low paying, labor intensive jobs, be in childbearing years, live in larger fam households, live in poverty, reside in central cities within metropolitan area

What are immigrants more likely to be / do?

issues w privacy and research ethics (the ppl haven't consented)

What are some issues discussed with gather very large data sets?

hijras. this is used as a slur (transphobia)

What are some of the Native American variations regarding recognition of "Two-spirit" individuals?

-gender inequality is central to fam life -fam structure is socially constructed -gender theory perspectives aren't t all he same

What does feminist theory challenge and contribute to family theories?

there is a difference between acceptance between cultures gender is socially constructed

What does the example of the "Two-Spirit" people tell us about cultural views of biological sex and gender?

-non-hispanic white pop is dec -latino fastest growing group

What does the trend of the U.S. population by racial-ethnic group show?

represents father is the head of the family and owning kids and wives

What does your name, especially last name reflect about gender socialization?

-female genital cutting (cut clit to hv less pleasure. all abt male pleasure) -religious fundamentalism: extreme, narrow view of religion that's used for power and control (sharia: girls can't go to school, hv a job, go anywhere without a male) (christian want to control if women hv birth control) -pwr of education threatens religious fundamentalism

What example of institutional sex discrimination was discussed that is a patriarchal practice?

-1st immigration station -huge immigrant hub -came by boat

What is Ellis Island?

Ronald Reagan -gave amnesty to 3 mill immigrants

Who implemented the amnesty program for immigrants? When?

-parents (start before birth: paint room pink or blue, buy clothes, etc) -siblings (reinforce gender socialization of parents)

Who makes up agents of socialization?

-individual have masculine and feminine identity -valued: seen as wise -thought to have magical qualities

Who or what are "Two-Spirit" people?

biology isn't just male and female, its a spectrum between the sexes

Why are we moving to using "assigned sex" instead of "biological sex"?

reading

Why did the age at first marriage drop during 1940 - 1960 compared to rest of history?

whiteness isn't an inherent characteristic of ppl

Why do we have a category of "non-hispanic whites"?

-we share 99% of our dna -environment influences our phenotype

Why is "race" described as a continuum vs. dichotomy?

it is important to know that there can be biases whether intentional or not. being aware of them also allows you to try and avoid them

Why is bias important to understand when studying families?

it can be important because it can bring a sense of connection and bonding. it can be problematic because there are multiple ways to define family depending on a person's perspective.

Why is defining family important? Or problematic?

bc most research on gender has been on girls

Why is research on this relatively recent compared to overall history?

coverture

a legal doctrine that lasted until the late nineteenth century, under which wives were incorporated into their husbands' citizenship -didn't have own citizenship, relied on male in life to have citizenship

familism

a personal outlook that puts family obligations first, before individual well-being

minority group

a racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society -has little power

transgender

a term to describe individuals whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex

mccarren-walter act

act ended exclusion of asians from immigrating

Operation Peter Pan

allowed 14000 kids without parents to come to US from Cuba

racial ethnicity

an ethnic group perceived to share physical characteristics

sexual dimorphism

being either female or male -looking at distinct physical differences between sex -doesn't account for all variation among all human bodies

labor market segmentation

biggest disparity is due to gender difference in occupation

-familism -strong kinship -marry at young age -high birth rate -more likely to hv two parents, single earner fam structure

characteristic of hispanic/ latino fams

1.5 generation

in between native culture and new american culture

-after wwii jobs became integrated -women more likely to be in jobs w domestic work (secretary, assistant, etc) -men dominate non domestic work

gender segregation in occupations

transsexual

individuals of old medical term trans went through surgery -don't use anymore

-inc divorce (women more independent)

How has World War II changed families?

copied white settlers (owned slaves) -saw as status thing

Why were five tribes called "civilized tribes"?

Gentleman's Agreement (1907-1908)

-japan capped how many ppl could immigrant -kept japanese ppl in Japan in exchange for those already in the states not being discriminated in schools

institutional arena

A social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction

symbolic interactionism

A theory concerned with the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes of others and to enact social roles based on others' expectations -study of micro-interactions also makes perspective ideal for studying fam roles and behavior within the fam -perspectives change over time -social roles and actions form the vasis for shared understanding -sense of self and identity is formed through our actions and the reactions we receive from others

modernity theory

A theory of the historical emergence of the individual as an actor in society and how individuality changed personal and institutional relations. -people have more choice in their life

public goods are things that may be enjoyed by others that they didn't create. children are viewed thi sway because they become tax payers and join the work force for everyone to benefit from. this is important bc if we hv less births and more older ppl, there aren't ppl to replace the retiring workers

According to one definition of family, children are seen as a "public good". What does this mean and why were children viewed this way?

big data

Data collections large enough to require special computing resources, and complex enough to require customized computer applications

it decreased bc mortality rates dropped, kids were seen as kids, birth control introduced

Did family size change during 1820-1900? How / Why?

-inc in premarital sex (more privacy) -dec birthrate (birth control) -life expectancy inc -fam less dominant force in persons lives (moved away from fam) -inc divorce rate (growing independence) -marriage is more abt love and companionship -adolescence started dating not courting

How has family structure changed during early to mid 20th century?

-fam dislocated (fam lost homes) -divorce declined (better to stay together for survival) -less ppl getting married and have kids (too expensive) -fathers authority declined (didn't have fam to control) -children worked -women worked (cheaper pay) -immigrants and women seen as threats

How has the Great Depression affected familes?

people think it is only about women. in reality it is about reducing the gender inequality between the sexes so that it can benefit everyone

How is feminism often distorted and misunderstood?

-based on both lineages (equally matrilineal and patrineal) -hunter-gatherer -move based on season/ food -didn't waste resources (used every part) -wealth and power passed down through lineage -monogamy

How was Native American family thought to be generally structured?

true: -It requires formal definitions of individuals' relationships and family boundaries. -It represents direct governmental intervention into the personal lives of citizens. false: -It has authority to define whether a given family is healthy or happy. -It does not count college students who live in dorms because a dorm is not a household.

Identify the true and false statements about how the U.S. Census counts and defines families: -It has authority to define whether a given family is healthy or happy. -It requires formal definitions of individuals' relationships and family boundaries. -It represents direct governmental intervention into the personal lives of citizens. -It does not count college students who live in dorms because a dorm is not a household.

1. regulation of fams and behavior by christian churches (regulated sexual behaviors) 2. extreme social class inequality 3. fam relations weren't structured by personal preference or choice (forced to marry) 4. patriarchal sys

What were the key influences of early European family systems?

1924 because US started enforcing nationality quotas -only certain number of immigrants allowed in -biased towards european immigrants -used to track "illegal" immigrants -basically banned asian

When was the US Border patrol formed? Why?

conflict perspective

The view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution -need conflict for society to grow

partricians (wealthy land owners) vs plebeians (everyone else) vs slaves (bottom class) -oldest male head of family (paterfamilias) -only adult males were citizens -women didn't have rights

Understand the example of Roman Republic that influenced early European families. Did this example have lasting influences on early American families?

-think "they're stealing our jobs" but no american wants the jobs they're "taking" -want to stop illegal immigration but a big part is human trafficking (could be modern slavery: bring immigrants for low paying jobs and keep their documentation and don't get it back unless they pay, sex trafficking) -they come against their will

Understand the issues about anti-immigration laws

consensus perspective: structural functionalism and breadwinner-homemaker conflict perspective: feminist and exchange theory

Understand the two broad perspectives and related examples of each

-it fits under consensus perspective under structural functionalism -it fits under exchange theory

Understand what theories and/or perspectives the "Breadwinner-Homemaker" family fits under.

-no mean of economic support -turned to sex work -gov started to take control of the public services: poorhouses, orphanages, penitentiaries, almshouses -gov abused the people in these services

What happened to women and children who did not have male heads of families?How did this influence government run programs?

-condition of being biologically between male and female -could occur with chromosomal, genital, and gonadal variations

What is intersexuality? Understand how this may occur (examples both in lecture and in book).

genetic and symbolic

What kind of family connections were discussed?

-need to understand the what is being observed, nee to hv a good basis of knowledge of the fam context for behaviors, dynamics, interactions, status, etc -need to understand correlation vs causation -there's a possibility for bias

Why is it difficult to study families?

-they can have features that "belong to an ethnic group" but don't have the dna to back it up -what we think we see isn't always supported

Why is the use of racial-ethnic group discussed as a problem?

-highest fam incomes of ethnic group -highest percent of workforce in white-collar positions -more likely to graduate -lowest rate of divorce -children more likely to be to reside in married-couple household not true stereotype

Why was "model minority" discussed? Is this true or a stereotype?

-dating replaced courtship -authority of fam dec bc authority of individualism -fam wage became imp part -economic incentive -women always earn less money -need more emotional attachment

Why was marriage reflective of unequal companions?

jewish is ethnic group and religion -someone can be one without the other or both

Why was the Jewish group discussed as one example (there are others) of being an unique ethnic group?

companionship family

an ideal type of family characterized by the mutual affection, equality, and comradeship of its members

-become europeans fams were center of american indian society -cooperative -collective over individual -informal same sex marriage was accepted -third gender was common (missionaries got rid of this) -polygamy (person w multiple spouses) -matriarchies -strong kinship

characteristics of native american families

Dissonant Acculturation

children develop english ability more quickly and integrate into the new society more easily than their parents

Irish

who were undesirable immigrants

poor(bad living conditions, high mortality) incarceration (more likely to be convicted if darker skin color) lack of education

Why was the availability of "marriageable" males discussed? Are other ethnic groups affected by this?

-they didn't have privacy -seen as public function

Why were these early American families viewed as being public families?

intersex

a condition in which a person's chromosomal composition doesn't correspond with his or her sexual anatomy at birth, or the anatomy is not clearly male or female

patrilineal descent

a fam sys in which fam lineage (including the fam name) is transmitted from fathers to their children

matriarchy

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

race

a group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities

ethnicity

a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices

-dependent on whales and seal pop -don't waste resources -we thank them for land now

characteristics of alaska natives

simplest definition of family

group of related ppl bound by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional

-can get to deeper understanding that sample surveys can't -usually get smaller group, but longer interviews provide more info -direct observation (can see what they do on a daily basis)

how are interviews and observations are used in family research

-they were land owners->farmers (mestizo) -this sys got disrupted by wars and revolts. US took land -caused Mexicans to go into poverty after 1848: -became low working class -long periods of separation -women cast out of homes and forced to work -forced into barrios

how did Hispanic/Latinos families change post Mexican-American War (1848) What changed for Mexicans after this war?

individual feels like they hv to be a member of their category so they do things that fit gender

What is meant by "doing gender"? (see also textbook)

-gender expectation has a lot of pressure to conform (look for jobs that pay more or male dominant job) -suppress emotion -fathers not trusted w kids, most likely will give kids to mothers in court -more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol and act violent

What is meant by the "pitfalls" of masculinity?

-allowed mexicans to come to the US temporarily to do manual labor -individuals could go back and forth

What is the Bracero Program?

dream: give pathway for kids whose parents brought them over (kids didnt have say) for legal citizenship daca: prevented deportation of kids who were brought here as minors

What is the DREAM vs. DACA acts?

-doesn't include new immigrants in this view -only socially accepts some immigrants

What is the controversy around the U.S. being a "nation of immigrants"?

-sexual behaviors (men can sleep w multiple women but women can't sleep w a lot of men) -appearance (men gray hair: silver fox women gray hair: old) -personality (men:assertive women:aggressive -ok for guy not to hv kids but women must hv kids

What is the double standard?

inc college education for women and other groups

What is the gender differences regarding education? What advantage does females have in education currently?

-men gets paid more than women for the same job -more demographic minority you hv, the less you earn

What is the gender pay gap?

it is v diverse so clumping them together isn't right

What is the problem with using "X-American" to describe different ethnic groups? (substitute X for racial or ethnic descriptor, e.g. African, Asian, etc).

conjugal family: husband, wife, children -thats it (so same sex, interracial, etc) -rarely had extended fams (usually live near by for support -arrangement of necessity not of love -bc of high mortality rate had lots of step families (once spouse died, they would be replaced and start new family) -nor always official (too much money to get marriage license)

What kind of marriages were typical for colonial Americans?

-hv more power -position in government -decide rules of society

What makes up a majority group?

-not abt number -those with less power -lower societal status -distinguished by physical or cultural traits -don't choose to be in group (society chooses) -endogamy

What makes up a minority group?

-familism (family first) -compadres: godparents who serve as co-parents to children -machismo: masculine authority in home, workplace, sexual prowess, and raising children

What other ideologies did Mexicans embrace?

1. inc industrialization and urbanization -move away from agriculture and start industrial mass production -men took up wage labor -inc immigration, women and children labor -work condition was unsafe and unsanitary 2. inc democracy -ppl realize they had power 3. capitalism all three lead to challenge father's authority over family, women embraced individualism and freedom

What three key changes led to the emergence of "modern families"? How?

-they were forced to moved (kidnapped and forced to come here) -constant threat of separation

What was clarified about African Americans journey to colonial America?How did slavery affect these families?

overlap race and ethnicity but it can be wrong bc phenotype doesn't always equal the genotype

What was discussed about the overlap of race and ethnicity?

-ppl say need "right kind of family" -divorce rate is 50% -they're not having kids anymore -need to be "right kind of parent" (not same sex)

What was discussed about why people think families are in trouble today?

1. hunter-gatherer fam -subsistence economies: use all what they have, don't waste food or other resources -don't see men and women differently -move w weather and food supply 2. horticultural and agrarian societies -marriage seen as economic arrangement (abt producing kids for workers) -patrilineal lineages -inc social inequality (ppl holding onto resources that could've been shared -polygyny (man w multiple wives) -group size inc -kinship inc (more ppl on your side)

What was family life like in prehistory?

form of control to keep them listening or they would be separated from their loved ones

What was the purpose of the threat of separation and marriages allowed by slave-owners?

-childhood and adolescence became viewed as distinct life stages -more attention was given to children -they could start dating with the intent to marry (courtship) -children's individuality began to be valued (they were blank slates)

What were children's role in families change during 1820-1900?