HDF 111: Human Dev Across Life Span

According to Piaget, the two processes by which children make sense of new information is taking in new information to add to existing ideas, known as ____________; and rearranging existing ideas to allow for the information, known as ________________.

assimilation; adaptation

Which parenting style seems to enable adolescents to resist peer pressure?

authoritative

According to research described in the text, parents of high school students who earned the highest grades were likely to be

authoritative.

The leading cause of death between ages 45 and 64 is

cancer.

The most important element in the quality of a child care facility is that of the

caregiver's warmth and sensitivity.

All of the following factors contribute to making older adults susceptible to falls EXCEPT

carelessness.

The five-factor model of personality emphasizes

change and stability in personality characteristics over much of adult life.

Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him. The next time he sees a balloon, he starts to cry. The type of learning illustrated in this example is called

classical conditioning.

Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated concepts developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child's mental processes?

cognition

Change and stability in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, etc. constitute which domain of development?

cognitive

Andy is 8 years old and has just learned to use a word-processing program that will allow him to write papers for school on the computer. According to Erikson, Andy's mastery of this skill should lead to feelings of

competence.

A child who can think logically about the "here and now" but not abstractly is in which of Piaget's stages?

concrete operational

In comparison with the previous generation, women today tend to

have children later in life.

The top three leading causes of death among older adults in the US are

heart disease, cancer, stroke.

Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired

object permanence.

According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

observation and imitation.

9 month old Diya clapped her hands. Her mother laughed, picked her up, and cuddled her. Now, Diya likes to clap her hands, as she likes her mother to play with her. This is an example of ______________ conditioning.

operant

Several children are playing in the same area. Each child plays with blocks in a different way, without any attempt to alter the others' play. They are engaged in which kind of play?

parallel

When children with high non-contingent self-esteem experience failure, they

persevere and develop strategies that will provide success.

A relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thoughts, and behaviors is a person's

personality.

A person's observable characteristics are his or her

phenotype

Six year old Maria is large for her age, and has few friends. Her situation is an example of interaction between which two domains of development?

physical and psychosocial

Changes in appearance in middle age are due to all of the following EXCEPT

poorer diet in middle age with less vitamin and mineral content

Young adults in the US have the highest ________________ rate and the lowest ___________________ rate

poverty; health insurance.

Two common physical changes in midlife include ___________ (decreasing ability to see near things) and ____________ (age related loss of hearing)

presbyopia; presbycusis

8. Trying to manage or improve a stressful situation is called __________, while trying to manage one's emotions in the face of a situation that cannot be changed is called _____________.

problem focused coping; emotion focused coping

Alexander, who is 75 years old, has not played golf for 25 years. Nevertheless, when he is asked to play golf in a fundraising event, he remembers how to perform all of the skills necessary to play golf, such as the grip, the backswing, and the follow-through. Alexander's knowledge of how to play golf represents what kind of memory?

procedural

Babies first wave their arms, then move their hands toward objects, and finally use their fingers. This is an example of which principle of development?

proximodistal

Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year-old, hits her brother for teasing her, and feels guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christ's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the

superego.

Breastfeeding has which of the following benefits:

All of these

Which of the following is evidence that a child is successfully socialized?

A child internalizes societal standards.

The loss of a sibling in old age is normative, but it is particularly difficult because

all of the above.

Compared to children raised with one language, bilingual children show

all of these

Which of the following statements about babies' emotional development is true

altruistic behavior is fairly common among toddlers.

Cody has two dads. Cody's neighbors are worried that a child will not do well in this type of family. Research shows which of the following?

All of these

Emotional regulation is a key developmental advance in children. It involves:

All of these

For young aduts, key factors in successfully adjusting to college include

All of these

Identity formation in adolescence includes

All of these

People are said to be an adult when they:

All of these

Piaget considered the capacity for formal operations to be the peak of cognitive development. However, cognitive development beyond this, i.e. postformal thought is considered possible, and includes:

All of these

The risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is greater among babies who have:

All of these

The unique (non shared) environment that each child grows up in (even though they share the same family and genes as their siblings), can include:

All of these

What are the possible consequences for a low-birth-weight baby?

All of these

Which women are more likely to have a low birth weight baby?

All of these

In the US, many groups lack access to prenatal care. These groups include:

All of these ethnic groups

Better prevention / treatment programs for juvenile delinquency include which of the following features:

All of these.

A "critical period" or "sensitive period" for an organism is a time when

an organism is most likely to be influenced by a specific event.

By their late teens, children who had attended Project Head Start or similar programs were more likely than other needy children to have done which of the following?

All of these.

Conflict between teenagers and their families and society is

All of these.

Mickey is inattentive, impulsive, and unable to sit still. He might

All of these.

Physicians sometimes give depression a lower priority for treatment in older adults. However, depression is important to recognize and treat because it can:

All of these.

Studies show that children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to have:

All of these.

The concept of 'successful aging' counters negative stereotypes of aging as a time of decline. However, the disadvantages of this concept include:

All of these.

The most common cause of dementia in older adults, involving progressive neurological and cognitive degeneration and characterized by extreme forgetfulness, visual and spatial deficits, and deteriorating language, is

Alzheimer's disease.

According to the ACE study seen in the video, having increasing numbers of adverse childhood experiences increases the risk of a person:

All of these

Which of the following children is probably NOT experiencing a problem of "fit" between temperament and environment?

Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older, bookish parents.

According to the text, schools have adopted different approaches around second language learning. These include:

All of the above

People in middle adulthood are likely to be involved in

All of the above

Which of the following factors can create poor-quality sperm in men?

All of the above

According to your textbook, what are the elements of good pre-conception care?

All of the above.

Mrs. Doe just gave birth to her first baby. Immediately as the child was born, the ob-gyn team attending the birth assessed the newborn's appearance, pulse, reflex, activity, and breathing, using which test:

Apgar

Physical development during early childhood includes which of the following?

Cartilage turns to bone, and bones become harder.

In the movie "Secrets of a Wild Child", the psychologist who studied the child Genie also became her foster parent. He thus played multiple roles. This is an example of

Conflict of interest

In the video clip, Dr. Gottman identified which emotion as the "single best predictor of divorce":

Contempt

Krista suffers from asthma that frequently keeps her out of school and limits her participation in physical activities. Which of the following is a potential risk factor?

all of these

"Life-span studies" are based on which of the following ideas?

Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events.

During pregnancy, a lack of the nutrient _________ is a leading cause of the condition _________________

Folic Acid; spina bifida

Sometimes, a child can have a wider, more flexible range of gender expression or identity, with interests and behaviors that may change even from day to day. An example of this would be a child who feels like they are a boy one day and a girl the next day, a combination of both, or even may feel like neither term describes them accurately. According to your readings, the term for this is _____________.

Gender fluid

Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is TRUE?

In the second month of age, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

Your friends have just had a baby. They have some questions about their child's development. They want to know whether their child's genes (internal influences) will be more important for his development compared to the environment (external influences) in which they hope to raise him. What's your answer?

Internal and external influences are both important, and they interact and often cannot be separated to determine relative importance.

Which of the following statements about coregulation in middle childhood is true?

It is a transitional stage in which children begin to do more self-monitoring of emotions moment to moment, while parents provide general supervision.

The Hawaii Study, which followed children born in 1955 in Hawaii for several years, established which of the following findings?

Many children with multiple risk factors at birth, still did well later because of a supportive family environment

Identity exploration among emerging adults has been found to be different for racial/ethnic minorities. Which of the following statements about this group is true?

Many minority youth and young adults must take on adult responsibilities earlier than their peers.

According to research, which of the following is TRUE of stepfamilies, or blended families?

Mixed loyalties can cause stress.

Post-partum depression is a serious mental health condition found in many new mothers. Impacts on their infants can include

NOT Babies may become insecurely attached

Personality is a strong predictor of emotional well being. In old age, negative emotions _______ and positive emotions ____________.

NOT Increase; decrease

When children are learning to be storytellers themselves while parents become active listeners, they are engaging in a __________ style of reading.

NOT linguistic

One of the most important predictors of a baby's language comprehension is the mother's __________.

NOT relationship with the baby.

In Erikson's theory of lifespan development, the main developmental crisis or challenge of toddlerhood is between the notions of _______ and ______. Successful resolution leads to the development of _________.

NOT shame, guilt, autonomy

Which theory of development is accepted as the best theory that explains all facets of human development?

No one theory is able to do this.

Older people who have never married and do not have a partner, may experience "single strain" (difficulties from being alone). Single strain is more common among:

Older White women

Which of the following statements about older gays and lesbians is NOT true

Older gay and lesbian relationships in later life are typically weak.

When test results are mostly consistent from one time to another, they are said to be:

Reliable

In old age, people use their resources to maintain their health and manage loss. They select activities and companions, make the most of their resources to achieve their goals, and mobilize alternate ways to make up for what they can no longer do. The name of the theory that describes this process is:

Selective Optimization with Compensation

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, some pregnant women were prescribed the drug Thalidomide to control morning sickness. Subsequently their babies were born with deformed limbs. Thalidomide is a:

Teratogen

Children under age 3 find it difficult to understand scale models, maps, and such objects. This is because

They have not yet developed the capacity to hold two representations in their minds at the same time: the real object and its copy

Among humans, an individual's chromosomes that determine sex may range from XX or XY, to XXY, XYY, or a patchwork of different chromosomes in different cells (called mosaicism). Thus, nature does not fit into a neat sex binary.

True

Children's emotions are expressed differently in different cultures

True

Even though children do best in a stable two-parent family, a child is likely better off in a stable single parent family than in an unstable two-parent family. True or False?

True

Important cognitive milestones described by Piaget, such as categorization and causality, are nowadays shown to develop at much younger ages than he first observed.

True

In Flint, Michigan, old water pipes have corroded leading to the water supply being contaminated with lead. Many children have drunk and bathed with this water. This is a serious problem because lead is a major neurotoxin that can have lifelong negative impact on the cognitive development and behavior of children.

True

In early childhood, the majority of children develop the capacity to distinguish between a deliberate lie and a mistake.

True

In the US, most childhood deaths are caused by accidental injuries, rather than by illness.

True

Infants in different cultures reach their motor development milestones at different ages, because of the way parents encourage or discourage certain movements.

True

Relationships among siblings are shaped by gender, birth order, and culture.

True

The majority of mothers of young children in the US work. The more satisfied a woman is with her working conditions, the more effective she is as a parent. True or False?

True

Hunter and Twyla have a 6 month old baby. Twyla's mother reads to the baby during her frequent visits, saying "this will help the baby learn to speak and learn to love reading". Hunter and Twyla laugh at her, saying "the baby doesn't understand any words yet, this is a waste of time". Who is correct?

Twyla's mother, as research shows that being read to early promotes language and literacy

Which of the following is TRUE about cohabitation?

U.S. cohabitation rates have increased dramatically since 1960.

All of the following conclusions about teenage pregnancies in the US are true EXCEPT

U.S. teenagers are less likely to become pregnant and give birth than teenagers in most other industrialized countries.

With regard to how children develop language, most developmental scientists currently favor which of the following theories?

a combination of nativism and learning theory.

Generalizing from your text, which of the following children would likely be the tallest during middle childhood?

a middle-class African American child

For adolescents, the peer group serves all of the following functions EXCEPT

a source of financial security.

Working students fall into two groups ____________ who are seeking to enter the adult world as soon as they can, and ____________ who are looking for relevant experience that will enhance their qualification for higher education and higher SES jobs

accelerators; balancers

During middle childhood, __________ medical conditions are common and __________ medical conditions are rare.

acute; chronic

During which developmental period does a person make the transition from childhood to adulthood, while at the same time searching for a personal identity?

adolescence

The "sandwich generation" refers to

adults who are caring for children below age 18 and elderly parents simultaneously.

Parents of prosocial children tend to discipline them by

age appropriate reasoning.

Ageism is

age-based prejudice or discrimination, based on stereotype.

Primary sex characteristics are

body parts directly related to reproduction.

According to Sternberg, the ultimate pattern of love is __________ love, in which all three components of the triangular theory of love are present.

consummate

Most adolescents function at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

conventional morality

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes which dimensions:

creative insight, practical intelligence, analytic ability

Which of the following do many women experience during menopause?

depending on societal group, positive views of menopause

John's reading achievement is substantially below what can be expected based on his IQ age age. John likely has:

dyslexia

A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs is called

early intervention.

Studies of how newer interactive media, such as video games and internet games affect children have concluded that:

effects of child-initiated virtual violence (e.g. video games) is more profound than those of passive media (e.g., TV).

According to Erikson, the eight and final developmental crisis of the life span is:

ego integrity vs despair

A child who cannot see something from another person's perspective or point of view is showing

egocentrism.

Cultural socialization refers to parental practices that teach children (particularly among ethnic minorities) about their:

ethnic and cultural heritage

The measurement of socioeconomic status includes all of the following EXCEPT

ethnicity

The global population is aging (i.e. the percent at old ages is increasing). This is mainly due to:

falling birth rates.

Retired adults can use their time in various ways. ____________ is a lower cost lifestyle that revolves around pleasant activities with family; while ________________ is more equally allocated among family, work, and leisure.

family-focused lifestyle; balanced investment

The ability of young children to retain the meaning of a new word after having heard it used in conversation only once or twice is called

fast mapping.

For many young adults, friends are combined into "chosen family" networks. These close relationships are termed as

fictive kin.

A life stage that some researchers claim represents an adult child's accepting and meeting their elderly parents' needs is called

filial maturity.

Some women find the time when their adolescent children grow up and leave home difficult, but they are outnumbered by other mothers who

find the departure of children liberating.

According to Piaget, adolescents are now capable of formal logic, and are in which stage of cognitive development?

formal operations

Young adults in college continue to grow in their cognitive abilities, and their thinking progresses

from rigid thinking to freely chosen commitments from a diverse range of choices

Melissa is 4 years old, and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy." She talks about being "a mommy" when she grows up. Melissa is engaged in the process of

gender-typing.

The roles and expectations about what it means to be male or female is included in the word

gender.

According to Erikson, middle-aged adults are involved in the crisis of

generativity versus stagnation.

6. The largest underlying factor in African Americans' health problems is poverty, which leads to all of the following EXCEPT

genetic variability

Intelligence tests used in middle childhood are

good predictors of achievement in school, especially for verbal children.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an ego-resilient adult?

good sense of humor

Which of the following best describes the major changes that occur in the brain during adolescence?

growth and pruning of gray matter

Diane is 15 years old and is pondering her own talents, interests, and needs, as well as her place in society. According to Erikson, this struggle represents the crisis of

identity versus identity confusion.

During middle adulthood, crystallized intelligence tends to __________, and fluid intelligence tends to __________.

increase; decrease

You have been hired to conduct a study of how active play influences mood in young children. In this study, hours of active play is the ___________ variable, and mood is the _________ variable.

independent, dependent

According to Erikson, which of the following is the central issue of early childhood?

initiative versus guilt

Bill, age 30, is searching for the right woman to share his life and future. According to Erikson's theory, Bill is at the stage of

intimacy versus isolation.

Play is called "the business" of early childhood because

it is not just a diversion, but foundational for all domains of development: physical, cognitive, psychosocial

By ________, most children can count to 20 or more and know the relative sizes of numbers 1 through 10; some can do simple single-digit addition and subtraction.

kindergarten age

The specialization of brain functions by the two hemispheres of the brain is called _______________. The process where neural pathways become sheathed by a fatty insulation is called ______________.

lateralization; myelination

Compared to first marriages, remarriages tend to be __________ stable.

less

Researchers interested in separating how heredity and environment each contribute to development, use which of the following study designs?

longitudinal studies.

According to the text, most siblings

lose touch with one another during middle adulthood, but reestablish contact during late adulthood.

The negative effects of ______ on cognitive and physical development and functioning may be long lasting.

malnutrition

According to the text, losses in strength that occur in the elderly

may be mitigated by weight training.

A 'mnemonic device' is a

memory aid

Among US seniors, ________ are more likely to live with a spouse, and __________ are more likely to live alone.

men, women.

Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the home. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological approach, Dr. Willard is studying the children in their

microsystem.

Cognitively speaking, __________ are said to be in their prime.

middle aged adults

All of the following are valid criticisms of the concept of the midlife crisis EXCEPT

midlife stress found mostly among professional men and is thus not widely relevant.

Kendrick thinks he wants to be an engineer but is not sure and is agonizing over the decision. Meanwhile, he is trying to get information about several other careers. According to Marcia, what is his identity status?

moratorium

Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?

rapid processing of perceptual information

For girls, the time when puberty begins seems to depend on

reaching a critical weight and percent body fat level

Nia's little sister knocked down a tower of blocks Nia has carefully constructed. Nia then teases her little sister until she cries. Nia is displaying

relational aggression.

Some research suggests that marital satisfaction over a lifetime appears to follow a U-shaped curve; this means that

satisfaction is highest in the early years of a marriage, dips in the middle years, and then rises high again in late adulthood.

Aging that results from disease, abuse, and disuse of the body is called ______________ aging.

secondary

Puberty began for Molly when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 years. For her grandmother, the onset was at 13 years of age. These changes in the age of the onset of puberty over time are referred to as a _____ trend.

secular

A system of descriptive and evaluative mental representations about the self is called

self-concept.

Identity has been described as the accumulated perceptions of the self, both conscious and unconscious. This means which of the following is TRUE:

self-perceptions are confirmed or denied throughout a person's lifetime and adjustments are made to this view.

According to your text, the leading preventable cause of death among young adults in the US is

smoking

A child born today in Iraq will have different experiences than children born in the United States or Mexico. These experiences will affect the course of development for these children because each child develops within a unique

social and historical context.

The term used for society's norms or expectations for the appropriate timing of life events is the:

social clock.

The existence of the concept of adolescence as part of the life span in many industrialized societies is an example of

social construction.

Practical and integrative thinking actually tend to improve throughout most of adult life, but some abilities, such as _____________, may decline with age.

speed of mental processes

The damage that occurs when coping abilities are inadequate to meet environmental demands is called

stress

After a divorce, which grandparents typically have the least amount of contact with their grandchildren?

the father's parents when the mother has remarried

The most important factor of the following that determines whether or not a student will finish high school is

the student's active engagement in schooling

Higher income and education are associated with better health because

they enable a lifestyle that leads to better health

Young adults more at risk of sexually transmitted infection include:

those who consume alcohol and illegal drugs

Adolescents more at risk of sexually transmitted infection include all of the following groups EXCEPT

those who use a variety of contraceptive methods especially condoms.

Which is the first 'sense' to develop among newborn babies?

touch

A child is told that Bob is older than Sally, and Sally is older than Fred. When asked, "Who is older, Bob or Fred?" the child replies, "Bob." This child is demonstrating __________ ability.

transitive inference

increase; decrease

uncritically accepting new information at face value.

Non-normative influences on development are:

unusual events that affect individuals, or a common event that affects individuals at an unusual time of life

Which of the following is not a risk factor for drug use by adolescents?

well accepted by peers

During young adulthood, working couples face extra demands on time and energy. According to the text, the family is most demanding when

women are employed full time and they have young children.

Studies of factors influencing intelligence indicate that:

younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life as genetic factors reassert themselves.