hdfs 2810 final
Children exhibit prosocial behavior as early as:
1 year of age
The newborn is born with all of its brain cells, but very few synaptic connections. Through sensory and responsive, interactive experiences, the brain begins to develop connections at the rate of:
2 million per second
By age three a baby's brain grows to about what percentage of its adult size?
90%
How does the parents' marital relationship influence infant behavior?
Aggressive marital conflicts predicted infant withdrawal at 6 months
Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. She recognizes which of the following temperamental traits in Joey?
Approach/withdrawal and adaptability
While all of the following strategies are important, if you were to provide training for an infant/toddler center that wanted to support the language development of young children, which of the following is the most important thing to tell them?
Be an empathic language partner.
Dara's parents both work for a corporation that expects them to work 50 hours a week. Dara's child care center is close to her parents' worksite and now stays open longer each day to accommodate the needs of the families who work in the corporation. Because of the center's responsiveness to them, Dara's parents experience less stress and Dara has thrived. Which theory best explains why Dara has thrived?
Bioecological theory
Which of the following is likely to happen when infant-toddler teachers acquire more education?
Children have better outcomes
Which of the following stages of peer play (Howe's, 1988) is the most advanced developmentally?
Complementary and reciprocal social play
If teachers understand the importance of "windows of opportunity," what would they do with infants and toddlers?
Converse with infants and toddler and name objects often
What does documentation primarily involve?
It includes observing children's experiences through a variety of media.
The New Science of Learning theory emphasizes which of the following?
Learning uses mirror neurons and is social.
Event sampling:
focuses on a specific behavior as well as what happened before and after
bilingual children:
generally reach developmental milestones at the same time in both languages
The primary defense against illness in a program for children is:
handwashing
Postural reflexes:
help the baby resist gravity and develop posture, balance, and voluntary movements
Early intervention services (including a physical therapist, speech-therapist, occupational therapist, and educational services) are required by law to be provided in natural environments. Which setting(s) would this include?
home and community settings
Genes provide the blueprint for how the body will develop. However, early experiences, including prenatal experiences, tell the gene whether or not to express itself (turn on) through:
hormones
Kevin seems to want to play with other children, but he shows his interest by toddling over and hugging another child very tightly. To understand why Kevin may be doing this, a teacher will first want to explore:
how Kevin is developing in all domains
The strongest factor determining how involved a father is in nurturing and providing physical care, cognitive activities and warmth with an infant is:
how important he feels his contribution is
Child Find is the service that::
identifies, locates, and evaluates every child who may have a disability
Cindy realized that George needed more space around him than other children or he becomes upset. She is respecting:
individual and cultural differences
Reflective supervision is especially useful in the infant-toddler field because:
infant's vulnerability stirs our strong feelings
Recent research on prosocial development demonstrates that:
infants and toddlers are capable of sophisticated social judgements
Transactional theory emphasizes that:
infants/toddlers and their parents are constantly affecting each other
Metabolic disorders occur because of:
inherited deficiencies of particular enzymes
When Marisol picked up one rattle after another and shook them, listening to the noises that they made, but did not pick up the ball and shake it, she was using:
invisible information
A newer perspective on temperament has to do with how reactive or the level of vitality the child expresses in response to events. The child with high vitality can:
invite interactions but have strong, physiological reactions to frustration
Human milk is the best food for infants because:
it carries immune agents and is well absorbed
The purpose of observation is not to:
learn how children are more alike than different
Donald's teacher provided blocks of different colors to sort and use to build. She is primarily supporting Donald's:
literacy and math development
Current studies suggest that gender:
makes boys more interested in moving and things that move
Regulation refers to the ability to:
manage one's reactions to internal and external events
The term "working model" of relationships refers to the fact that:
mental models can change if circumstances change
Research on children learning sign language found that the children's :
minds were more open to their parents' minds
When a child chooses to create with crayons and papers with several peers close by, the child is developing his:
motor skills
Infant-toddler teachers learn to become advocates because:
much of the field is determined by laws and policies
Central nervous system disorders may be caused by:
natural or environmental factors
A teacher understanding a child's need to "learn to learn to move" would:
not expect an infant to use earlier postural or spatial knowledge as he/she tries a new mode of movement
When a child learns about how objects and people continue to exist despite changes in settings or emotional tone he is learning about:
object permanence
Infant/toddler teachers determine how an infant or toddler perceives and processes information by using:
observation
Licensing of child care and learning programs:
often provides minimal requirements for safety
To be safe, infants should always sleep:
on their backs (supine)
Synapses form when:
one neuron's axon attaches to another neuron's dendrite
When the older toddler put one doll in each doll bed, which math concept was she demonstrating?
one to one correspondence
Mattie (2-years-old) struggled but continued to stack the blocks in a certain way. She is demonstrating:
persistence through frustration
A phrase such as "an infant with cerebral palsy" is an example of:
person-first language
Amber listens intently when her mother talks to her. Then Amber takes a turn in the conversation. This is an example of:
pragmatics
Core Knowledge suggests that infants learn through:
predisposition to pay attention to aspects of the environment necessary for survival
What is the first step to a win-win conflict management strategy?
prepare powerfully
Knowledge, skills, and dispositions make up:
professional standards
The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that:
programs make reasonable modifications
A teacher may send home a questionnaire about how families celebrate holidays so that she could:
provide culturally sensitive care
A child who signals distress is:
providing an opportunity for the adult to help and become the infant's partner in learning about the world
Damika (12-months-old) watched as his infant-toddler teacher put two dolls in the box. The box had a hole in it so that he could pull out one doll at a time. We would expect him to:
reach in the box 2x and pull out one doll each time
Marcy, a toddler teacher, is concerned that the toddlers in her room are developing a good foundation for learning to read when they are older. While all of the following are important, the most important thing that she can do is:
read to the children
Service Coordinators work with families whose children are eligible for Part C to:
receive their services and rights
If others miss a meeting and you let them know they were missed you are demonstrating:
respect
Maria usually chose to put together the puzzles with four pieces. One day she watched how her friend put an 8-piece puzzle together. After that she always chose the 8 piece puzzles and put them together successfully. This is an example of peer:
scaffolding
When an adult adjusts the amount of help given in response to a child's level of performance to support the child to achieve what he could not do alone it is called:
scaffolding
When Alan talked about the car going by, his teacher said, "Yes, a blue car." She was using:
semantic elaboration
The Infant CLASS and Q-CCIIT assess:
sensitivity of infant-toddler teacher's interactions
Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. Joey's temperamental traits, if grouped, may be called:
slow to warm up
The Moro reflex communicates to adults that the baby is:
stressed and needs to be comforted
The primary purpose of guidance is to:
support the child's competence and self-regulation
A primary goal of establishing relationships with families is to:
support the parent/child relationship
The term that refers to the rules governing the sequence of words and the relationships among part of a sentence is:
syntax
Bromwich's (1997) six-step approach to problem-solving is primarily a method for:
teacher-parent mutual investigation and brainstorming solutions
There are three relationships that are particularly intense and intimate for an infant-toddler professional. They are:
teacher/child, teacher/family, and teacher/ teacher
Gender affects whether a toddler will approach a frightening parent with:
tend and befriend or fight or flight
Having a dialogue with a parent requires a belief:
that each person has reasons for what they do
Social competence is:
the ability to engage in social interactions that are mutually satisfying
Inclusion works best when:
the adults involved are committed to making it work
Early language experience affects:
the child's capacity to learn language
"Wiring the brain" refers to:
the connections made among neurons
When an infant-toddler teacher advocates for young children they are usually advocating for:
the improvement of children's quality of life
Tisa turns a toy around and around to see what it looks like from all directions. This is an example of:
the interrelationship of cognitive and motor development
This book recommends that early care and learning programs be organized around:
the natural motivation and competence of the child
According to research discussed in this chapter, in order to determine the effects of child care and learning programs on children's outcomes we need to study:
the quality of the program and child temperament
Infants' and toddlers' expectations for relationships are primarily due to:
the quality of their first relationships with adults
Sociocultural theory emphasizes:
the role of the adult in teaching or supporting the child's learning
Women are often most surprised in the first months after birth by:
their marital dissatisfaction
It is important for teachers to understand the terms "risk" and "resilience" because:
they may need specialized training to provide responsive services
It is critical that teachers understand that there are many reasons why families choose different kinds of child care programs because:
they will understand the need for options for families
A sensitive, responsive adult partner helps an infant regulate his/her reactions to allow for some quiet, alert time. This is necessary because:
this is when an infant can attend to an interaction or other learning opportunities
If Damon clenches his fist toward another toddler, he is using gestural language that communicates:
threatening
Identity development occurs:
through moment-by-moment experiences of emotional communication
"Hello" and "Goodbye" times are:
times for transitions of trust for the child
Infants are calmed through the sense of:
touch
Josh, an Early Head Start teacher, gave brochures to pregnant mothers on the effects of lead, cleaning products, and alcohol on the developing fetus. He obviously knew about:
toxins and teratogens
When a teacher relates by using responsive interaction strategies, s/he is recognizing that children always need:
understanding and assistance to learn new behaviors
Because Hanna (an infant/toddler teacher) understood the concept of habituation she:
used different sounds when cooing with a baby
Sharie sings and talks to infants and toddlers when she is diapering them. She knows the importance of:
using routines to build relationships
Caesar's toddler teacher knows that learning is integrated so she:
values whatever the child chooses to play with as having learning possibilities in all domains of development
The large size and complexity of the human brain at birth assures that babies will be able to learn:
whatever they need to survive in a unique environment
Executive function involves:
working memory, self-control, and mental flexibility
Play is the way that children learn. Which of the following is not likely to support play?
Supporting children as they move in groups to interact with materials
Which of the following best describes the meaning of the term "dancing the developmental ladder"?
Teachers observe and respond to children's individual skill differences.
Which of the following is not an aspect of mental health as defined in the chapter?
The ability of the child to think clearly.
If an infant or toddler attends a poor quality child care and learning program, which of the following could be affected?
The ability to relate to others
A researcher (discussed in the chapter) observed two toddlers (13 and 14 months old). What did she conclude about these young toddlers' ability to demonstrate friendship?
The young toddlers demonstrated their friendship through expressions of joy and affection toward each other.
What do observers bring to the observation?
They bring their past experiences, beliefs and values.
When talking about creating a quality environment, Jim Greenman asked, "What do babies do for a living?" His answer included which of the following?
They explore, test, and discover.
What information do developmental profiles primarily provide?
They provide sequences of a child's development.
Infants and toddlers are competent learners. Which of the following is an example of how competent they are?
Tia Marie became stressed because of her mother's depression.
There are four social capacities discussed in this chapter. Which one of the following is not one of them?
To react intensely to emotional situations
Which theory emphasizes how children's attributes and capacities influence the ongoing reciprocal nature of the child's relationships with others?
Transactional theory
Infants and toddlers with disabilities have Individualized Family Service Plans which are developed together by the family and professionals. These plans include goals that the family has determined are important for their child. Most of these goals are met with which of the following?
Typical toys and materials
Albert, a teacher of a multi-age infant/toddler home-room in a center always asked the families about their children's development as well as use the High/Scope COR to observe development. What primary NAEYC Code of Ethics principle was he following?
Use at least two methods of observation to collect information.
The nucleus of each cell contains 6 feet of DNA packed into 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. The one set of sex chromosomes determine gender. Women have chromosomes:
XX
A relationship-based model recognizes that the quality of:
a child's network of relationships affects children's sense of self-worth and competence
The OUNCE Scale is an example of:
a developmental profile
Concepts are:
a generalized mental representation
Gender segregation is of concern when:
a group usually wants to play away from the care teacher
Cerebral Palsy is:
a non-progressive disorder of the motor control area of the brain
The traditional theory of motor development proposes an ages and stages progression. Recently, though, Karen Adolph (2008) emphasizes that infants and toddlers learning to move is:
a process of learning
Specialized knowledge, standards of practice, and codes of ethics make up:
a profession
Exuberant children are outgoing and demonstrative. Researchers also found that these children may demonstrate more:
aggression with peers
An example of a type of program that serves primarily children with disabilities in a variety of settings is:
an early intervention program
Coaching is an important part of professional development because:
applying new skills needs support beyond training
Lena doesn't feel that she has the education to serve a child with a disability in her program. She may ethically and legally:
ask her local Child Find Office for assistance
Which of the following is most accurate? Children will learn to walk:
at different times in order to live effectively in their own culture
Jareem, the infant teacher, notices that Alice (9 months-old) is about to cry. He sits down on the floor beside her to let her know that he is emotionally available. Jareem is:
attuned to Alice's distress
Responsive routines are important because they:
begin the formation of a child's identity
Karen analyzed why she reacted so strongly when parents brought their children to her family child care program when the parents obviously had a day off. She was:
being self reflective
Same sex parents is an increasing phenomenon in our country. The infant toddler teacher may need to deal with:
beliefs and biases of other families
Parents must care for their newborn children because humans are born with large but not fully developed brains. This is an example of:
biological effects on parenting
Which of the following best describes an anxious-ambivalent attachment? The child:
both requests and resists comforting
Which of the following best describes a secure attachment? The child:
can be comforted fairly easily when distressed
Hirsch (1996) identified six stages of block development. They are (in order):
carrying, stacking and placing in rows, bridging, building enclosures, creating patterns, and representational play
Contingency is an important aspect of the child's learning about:
cause and effect
The term used to indicate that voluntary muscle control progresses from the head down is:
cephalocaudal
Erik Erikson's theory reminds us to observe how:
children demonstrate trust versus mistrust
The foundation for thinking about guidance is that:
children need to feel that you really care for them
Because of attachment theory we now understand that:
children use an adult's presence to feel safe enough to explore
PITC, High/Scope, the Creative Curriculum for Infants and Toddlers, and Reggio Emilia all emphasize:
children's capabilities as active learners
A child's challenging behavior:
communicates a need
The young brain needs a steady diet of:
consistent, predictable messages of love and communication
Family support programs are characterized by:
coordinating a variety of services and supports to create a strong infrastructure for fragile families
The outcomes for children of parents who use a more authoritarian parent style may differ according to:
culture
In the first trimester, the cells:
differentiate and become blood cells, liver cells, bone cells, etc.
Cultural beliefs may influence children's behavior because of the culture's:
emotional display rules
Interactive storybook reading strategies include:
encouraging the child to talk about the story
Which of the following is most correct? Attachment between a child and parent occurs to:
ensure that the child feels safe
Carmen continued saying "da, da" as she looked at her teacher. Her teacher would look at Carmen, smile, and repeat the sounds each time Carmen said them. Carmen's primary purpose is to:
establish human connection
An instrument such as the ITERS is used to:
evaluate and improve the quality of programs
Mentors are different than supervisors because, in addition to fulfilling many of the same roles as the mentors, the supervisors also:
evaluate the teacher's job performance
In regard to sensory experience infants:
expect that their senses will provide coherent information
Knowing about attachment helps teachers understand the child's:
expectations for relationships
When a child tries to figure out how to make a peer laugh, that child is:
exploring an idea or concept
Strategies—A mobile infant or toddler will let you know that you and he have a strong, positive relationship by:
exploring and then returning to you for emotional energy
A reflective practice model has two major characteristics. Which of the following is one of the two characteristics?
A supervisor is always involved to help the teachers make decisions.
When children are anxious or vigilant, they probably are not feeling:
defiant
What do teachers and families observe?
Depends on the questions that they ask.
The Reggio Emilia approach uses which of the following observation/assessment approaches?
Documentation of children's interests, goals, and strategies
Juanita's parents, whose family's home was ruined in a hurricane, are living in a shelter. Which of the following irreducible needs, although challenging to do, are Juanita's parents most likely to be able to meet?
Ongoing nurturing relationships
Milo, a toddler teacher talked about a child's development to a parent of another child. Which ethical consideration was Milo violating?
Protecting the confidentiality of children and families
The term "responsive opportunities" has which of the following meaning for teachers creating an environment for young children?
Provide experiences that take into account each child's interests and development.
Which of the following did the NICHD (2000b) study find influenced the language development of children attending a child care program?
Quality of child care, environment, and language stimulation
In the book which of the following is not considered a Relate strategies?
Separate children from other children when they do not listen
A teacher is trying to apply Erikson's theory to her organization of her toddler classroom. While she will do all of the following to meet the needs of the children, which of the following is an application of Erikson's theory?
She first develops trust and then supports autonomy.
What does the term "communicative-linguistic parameters" refer to?
The language, communication patterns, and values underlying those patterns used in the home
As Damiko's mother excitedly plays "pat-a-cake" with Damiko, his father joins them to play the game, too. This example most likely represents which of the following reasons for variations in parenting?
The mother's influence on paternal involvement
Which of the following is an example of a teacher scaffolding a young child's learning?
The teacher encourages a child to turn a puzzle piece to make it fit.
Zoe picked up the toy cup and pretended to give her doll a drink. She was engaged in:
decentered symbolic play
