HDFS 391 Final Exam Review

Relying on an authority to learn about behavior gives researchers a more accurate understanding of the causes of behaviors than other methods of gaining knowledge.

False

Simple random sampling guarantees that the sample will be representative of the population.

False

The Belmont Report is the first international code for ethical conduct in research.

False

Theories are provable in science.

False

Trials following Nazi war crimes led to the first international code of ethics called the Belmont Report.

False

Using a hypothesis to predict how people will behave demonstrates the use of induction.

False

Volunteer samples are uncommon in social science research.

False

You have dinner reservations at 7:30 at a restaurant that is 30 minutes away and it is already 7:20, leading you to conclude that you are going to be late. This is an example of using the empirical method.

False

A disadvantage of cluster sampling is that a portion of the population may be missed in the sample, giving the researcher a sample that is not fully representative of the population.

True

A large sample is generally more representative than a small sample.

True

A recent study reports that the more sexual content that adolescents watch on TV, the more likely they were to engage in sexual behaviors. However, it is equally likely that an increase in sexual behaviors is the result of increased substance use among some adolescents. This is an example of a confound.

True

A researcher who obtains informed consent to participate from each person before allowing them to participate in a research study is honoring the ethical principle of respect for persons.

True

All experiments contain at least one independent variable.

True

An important element of the scientific method is that research results should be made public.

True

Based on a few students whom you know, you decide that art majors wear funky clothes and that physics majors tend to be nerds. This is an example of inductive reasoning.

True

Dallas is using the rational method when, upon seeing that birds eating certain berries do not die, concludes that the berries are not poisonous.

True

Every institution that receives federal funding must have an IRB.

True

Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.

True

Important knowledge can still be gained about human behavior from studies where it is unclear how well the results generalize to everyday behaviors and populations.

True

In convenience samples the probability of an individual being chosen from the population cannot be determined, because individuals are not chosen randomly.

True

It is usually possible to survey the entire population in a research study.

True

It takes many studies conducted in many different contexts that produce results consistent with an explanation of behavior to support it.

True

Justice refers to equality and fairness in the treatment of human participants in scientific research.

True

Manipulation checks are particularly important for experiments to ensure that the manipulation is effective.

True

One advantage of simple random sampling with replacement is that the likelihood of selecting one specific individual does not depend on which other individuals are selected for the sample.​

True

Part of the scientific method involves using a hypothesis to make predictions.

True

Participants should give informed consent prior to participating in research.

True

Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher.

True

Research ethics identifies the actions that researchers must take to conduct responsible and moral research.

True

Research is the foundation of Social Science.

True

The Belmont Report identifies three principles for the ethical conduct of research with human participants: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

True

The purpose of an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible for causing changes in a second variable.

True

The use of deception is allowable in research in certain circumstances so long as human participants are protected from harm.

True

There is a strong possibility that a convenience sample will be biased.

True

To fabricate is to concoct methods or data that misrepresent aspects of a research study with the intent to deceive others

True

When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population, it is necessary to use a nonprobability sampling method.

True

Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a weak relationship? a. -.26 b. -.86 c. -.66 d. -.46

a. -0.26

If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation? a. 64 b. 36 c. 40 d. 60

a. 64

The ______ report lists the responsibilities of researchers as they conduct research with human participants and the rights of those participants before, during, and after a study. a. APA b. Zimbardo c. Milgram d. Belmont Report

a. APA

The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from ______. a. Authority figures b. Logic c. Intuition d. Observations

a. Authority figures

A(n) ______ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels. a. Independent b. Dependent c. Matched d. Causal

a. Independent

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations? a. Inductive b. Scientific c. Deductive d. Predicitve

a. Inductive

If you were to calculate the average of individual income, and you found no outliers, which measure of central tendency should you use? a. Mean b. Mode c. Standard deviation d. Median

a. Mean

This consists of the middle point of a set of values: a. Median b. Standard deviation c. Mode d. Mean

a. Median

What type of correlation exists if the more you exercise, the less you will weigh? a. Negative correlation b. Positive correlation c. Both a positive correlation and a indirect correlation d. Indirect correlation

a. Negative correlation

Students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample. This type of sampling is ______. a. Proportionate stratified random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Stratified random sampling d. Simple random sampling

a. Proportionate stratified random sampling

Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source with two authors in a research report when the authors' names appear outside the body of the sentence?​ a. (Smith and Jones, 2005) b. (Smith & Jones, 2005) c. (Sam Smith and Bill Jones, 2005) d. (Sam Smith & Bill Jones, 2005)

b. (Smith & Jones, 2005)

Which of the following illustrates the range of possible values of a correlation coefficient? a. -2.0 to 2.0 b. -1.0 to 1.0 c. -3.0 to 3.0 d. -.01 to .01

b. -1.0 to 1.0

Research reports contain which of the following kinds of information? a. how the research was conducted b. All of the above c. how participants or subjects were measured d. who participated in the research

b. All of the above

Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers? a. Standard deviation b. Median c. Mode d. Mean

d. Mean

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by a person who says "I'll believe it when I see it?" a. Method of authority b. Method of Rationality c. Scientific Method d. Method of empiricism

d. Method of empiricism

Which of the following best describes the mode? a. Number of subjects collected b. Midpoint in a set of scores c. Sum of all values in a group d. Most frequently occurring value(s)

d. Most frequently occurring value(s)

Random assignment is useful because it removes all possibilities that groups will be biased.

False

A central characteristic of quasi-experiments is the random assignment of groups.

False

A researcher has the option to submit a research protocol for review and approval from an IRB; the researcher is not required to do so.

False

A simple experiment in which a researcher manipulates an independent variable and compares differences on the dependent variable between an experimental group and a control group is sufficient for inferrring causality.

False

According to ethical guidelines, social science studies can never involve deception.

False

Although potential participants have the right to decline or withdraw participation at any time, coercion may be used to avoid this problem.

False

Although the Tuskegee Syphilis Study continued for many decades, the study was not ethical and so was not supported by government agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and the American Medical Association.

False

In an experiment, the process of manipulation involves changing the value of the dependent variable from one treatment condition to another.

False

One lab observation is enough to be sure about the knowledge we are gaining.

False

Plagiarism is allowed so long as it is not done on purpose.

False

Pseudoscience is based on objective, empirical evidence.

False

​Research results show that participants who shout their favorite curse words over and over can endure a painful stimulus longer than participants who shout a neutral word. For this study, the dependent variable is the amount of time that the pain is endured.

True

To attempt to equate the groups, participants are assigned to the different experimental treatment groups, they aren't allowed to choose the group they prefer. This is an example of ______ to control confounds. a. Randomizing b. Counterbalancing c. Matching d. Squaring

a. Randomizing

When people make an observation, then form a hypothesis that explains the observation, and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis, they are using the ____. a. Scientific Method b. Method of rationality c. Method of authority d. Method of empericism

a. Scientific Method

If a distribution is "significantly distorted," what is this called? a. Skew b. Outliers c. Percentile d. Variability

a. Skew

Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source in a research report when the author's name appears as the subject of the sentence?​ a. Smith (2005) b. Smith, 2005 c. Sam Smith, 2005 d. Smith (in 2005)

a. Smith (2005)

Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source with two authors in a research report when the authors' names appear as the subject of the sentence?​ a. Smith and Jones (2005) b. Smith and Jones, 2005 c. Smith & Jones (2005) d. Smith & Jones, 2005

a. Smith and Jones (2005)

Which method of sampling divides a population into subgroups then selects participants from each subgroup using simple random sampling and combines all participants into one overall sample? a. Stratified random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling

a. Stratified random sampling

In experiments, an independent variable is ______. a. A manipulated variable b. A measured variable c. An extraneous variable d. Rarely included in experiment

a. a manipulated variable

The method section of an APA-style research report ____.​ a. begins immediately following the introduction, not on a new page b. gives a report of the results c. always begins on a new page after the introduction d. provides a general description of the study

a. begins immediately following the introduction, not on a new page

If a study uses deception, the debriefing process must thoroughly explain the nature of the study and the ______. a. deception used b. results of the study c. IRB approval process d. record of the participant stress

a. deception used

Using the scientific method, we typically analyze and evaluate data in order to ______. a. determine whether the pattern of data shows support for a research hypothesis b. avoid the need to conduct a study c. avoid using statistical techniques d. determine whether or not to measure data

a. determine whether the pattern of data shows support for a research hypothesis

Informed consent involves ______. a. informing participants about what they will experience in a study b. keeping participants' data confidential c. debriefing participants after a study is conducted d. keeping participants' data anonymous

a. informing participants about what they will experience in a study

Which is the correct order of the sections of a research report?​ a. introduction, method, results, and discussion b. introduction, references, method, results, and discussion c. abstract, introduction, method, and results d. abstract, discussion, introduction, method, results, and discussion

a. introduction, method, results, and discussion

When is the abstract for a research report usually written?​ a. last, after the entire report is completed b. first, before any other part of the report c. after the title page is written d. after the data are collected

a. last, after the entire report is completed

Informed consent is an important element of the ______ principle. a. respect for persons b. justice c. beneficence d. harm reduction

a. respect for persons

An ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted is ______. a. the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks b. participation in research can be involuntary c. all data must be collected anonymously d. all data collected must be stored by the researcher for at least 20 years

a. the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks

Researchers select a sample of girl scouts by randomly selecting girl scout troops from a list of members of troops in the State of Nevada, then surveying all of the girl scouts in each of the selected troops to represent all girl scouts in Nevada ages 8 -13. This sampling method is ______. a. Convenience sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

b. Cluster sampling

What is the method of sampling in which subgroups of individuals are identified in a population, and then a portion of subgroups that are representative of the population are selected such that all individuals in the selected subgroups are included in the sample? a. Stratified random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling

b. Cluster sampling

When interested in examining how one variable changes in relation to another, which of the following descriptive statistics would you want to use? a. Standard deviation b. Correlation c. Variance d. Mean

b. Correlation

What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples? a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Predicitve d. Scientific

b. Deductive

Based on observations of his own children, Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children. This is an example of ____ reasoning. a. Predicitve b. Inductive c. Scientific d. Deductive

b. Inductive

Relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world is referred to as the ______ method of knowing. a. Authority b. Intuition c. Observation d. Deduction

b. Intuition

A measure has construct validity in that _____. a. It can be observed consistently over time b. It measures the concept it is intended to measure c. It is reliable d. Multiple items used to measure the same variable are related

b. It measures the concept it is intended to measure

If you were to calculate the average of individual income, and you found many extreme scores, which measure of central tendency should be used? a. Mode b. Median c. Mean d. Standard deviation

b. Median

Which of the following defines the median? a. Most frequently occurring value(s) b. Midpoint in a set of scores c. Sum of all values in a group d. Average variability in a set of scores

b. Midpoint in a set of scores

If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called? a. Negative causation b. Positive correlation c. Positive causation d. Negative correlation

b. Positive correlation

What type of correlation exists if the less money you put in the bank, the less interest you will earn? a. Negative correlation b. Positive correlation c. Indirect correlation d. None of the other answers are correct

b. Positive correlation

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population at random where the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample is ______. a. Simple random sample b. Proportionate stratified random sampling c. Stratified random sample d. Cluster sample

b. Proportionate stratified random sampling

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected is ______. a. Cluster sample b. Simple random sample c. Proportionate stratified random sample d. Stratified random sample

b. Simple random sample

A conceptual variable that is known to exist but cannot be directly observed is called ______. a. A hypothesis b. A construct c. An independent variable d. An operation

b. a construct

Where should tables and figures be placed in a manuscript?​ a. on the page immediately following their location in the text b. at the end of the manuscript c. at the beginning of the manuscript d. in an appropriate place in the text

b. at the end of the manuscript

Each subsection of the method sections of an APA-style research report begins with a heading (such as Subjects or Participants) ____.​ a. centered and typed in boldface type b. at the left margin and typed in boldface type c. at the left margin and typed in italics d. centered and typed in italics

b. at the left margin and typed in boldface type

Fair selection of participants is covered by the ______ principle. a. respect for persons b. beneficence c. justice d. harm reduction

b. beneficence

The APA Code that states "Data should be shared with other researchers to allow verification of results" addresses the ______ research issue. a. coercion b. ethics in reporting c. reduced harm d. informed consent

b. ethics in reporting

Debriefing in research is defined as ______. a. showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks b. fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study c. having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate d. telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate

b. fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study

In the scientific method, a prediction is evaluated by ____.​ a. using it to explain established phenomena b. making systematic, planned observations c. determining the hypothesis of best fit d. logically evaluating the implications

b. making systematic, planned observations

According to the APA Publication Manual, information describing the sample of humans that participated in the study would be found in which subsection of the method section?​ a. procedure b. participants c. subjects d. apparatus

b. participants

When describing the research, a research report should typically use ____ tense a. conditional b. past c. future d. present

b. past

The ______ is the group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about in a study, whereas the ______ is the group of individuals tested in a study. a. sampling error; population b. population; sample c. sample; population d. population; sampling error

b. population; sample

The second time you cite a publication with four authors in your report, what should be included in the citation?​ a. all four authors' names and the date b. the first author's last name followed by et al. and the date c. the first author's last name followed by op. cit. and the date d. the first two authors' last names and the date

b. the first author's last name followed by et al. and the date

The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in all but one of the following. a. cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards b. the study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants c. the study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants d. adverse stress reactions from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners

b. the study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants

Of the following, ______ would violate ethical standards for social science research. a. keeping participants' identities anonymous b. using another author's ideas in one's report without citing that author c. keeping participants' identities confidential d. deceiving participants about the purpose of a study

b. using another author's ideas in one's report without citing that author

In the materials subsection of an APA-style methods section, you tell the reader ____.​ a. who participated in the study b. what questionnaires were used in the study c. what equipment was used in the study d. the preliminary results of the study

b. what questionnaires were used in the study

The introduction section of an APA-style research report begins on page 3, ____.​ a. headed with the word Introduction at the left margin and typed in boldface type b. without a heading of "Introduction" c. headed with the word Introduction at the left margin and typed in italics d. headed with the word Introduction centered and typed in boldface type

b. without a heading of "Introduction"

What is the median for the following amounts: $13,400; $17,560; $45,440; $68,550; $96,400? a. $96,400 b. $13,400 c. $45,440 d. $48,240

c. $45,440

Which of the following correlations would be interpreted a moderate relationship? a. .25 b. .65 c. .45 d. .15

c. .45

APA guidelines for word processing include ____.​ a. single spacing b. hyphenating at end of lines c. 12-point Times New Roman font d. 1 ½ " margins

c. 12-point Times New Roman font

If you know the sample mean is 5, and the sum of all of the participants' scores is 20, what is the size of the sample? a. 100 b. 25 c. 4 d. Need more information

c. 4

If the correlation between variables is .70, what percentage of the variance is shared variance? a. 30% b. 70% c. 49% d. 51%

c. 49%

Individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study. This type of sampling is ______. a. Cluster sample b. Stratified random sample c. Convenience sample d. Simple random sample

c. Convenience sample

Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling method? a. Chance sampling b. Stratified random sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Simple random sampling

c. Convenience sampling

Manipulation of an independent variable in a study ______ the internal validity of the study. a. Decreases b. Does not impact c. Increases d. Can increase or decrease

c. Increases

________ research works with a small group of individuals to make inferences about a larger group, whereas ________research makes a specific prediction form a larger set of samples. a. Emperical; Oberved b. Intuitive; Emperical c. Inductive; Deductive d. Scientific; Pseudo-Scientific

c. Inductive; Deductive

What impact do extreme scores have on the median? a. Positive skew b. Nullify the value c. Minimal impact d. Negative skew

c. Minimal impact

If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this called? a. Positive correlation b. Negative causation c. Negative correlation d. Positive causation

c. Negative correlation

What does a correlation of zero represent? a. Positive correlation b. Negative correlation c. No correlation d. None of the other answers are correct

c. No correlation

______ represents a true experiment. a. Participants take an anxiety inventory to look for a relationship between handedness and anxiety level b. Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task c. Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance d. Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups

c. Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance

Which potential problem can occur the rational method is used? a. This method typically requires preconceived assumptions. b. While useful for minor issues, this method is inadequate for important matters. c. People are not necessarily very good at logical reasoning. d. There is no mechanism for testing the accuracy of the claims.

c. People are not necessarily very good at logical reasoning

Individuals are selected at random from a list of phone numbers to be called for a survey making the sampling used a ______. a. Stratified random sample b. Convenience sample c. Simple random sample d. Cluster sample

c. Simple random sample

Which of the following is an appropriate operational definition for academic student success? a. Quality of school b. Social inclusion c. Student GPAs d. Job success after graduation

c. Student GPAs

An experiment is defined by the following statements except for ______. a. Control of confounding variables b. Tests of causal relationships c. The manipulation of dependent variables d. The manipulation of a variable

c. The manipulation of dependent variables

When one encounters reports of research in the media, asking questions to ascertain credibility would not include ______. a. Who were the research subjects? b. Was an appropriate sample tested? c. What is the gender of the researcher(s)? d. Was an appropriate method used to investigate the question?

c. What is the gender of the researcher(s)?

Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method? a. a linear process that moves directly to a final answer b. a circular process that leads to a final answer c. a circular process that leads to a tentative answer d. a linear process that leads to a tentative answer

c. a circular process that leads to tentative answer

Adherence to ethical guidelines in social science studies with humans is currently monitored by ______. a. a group of judges b. a committee that is part of the federal government c. a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB d. just the researchers themselves

c. a review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)

Figures and tables are located in the _______ section, which appears directly behind the reference section of a research paper. a. method b. introduction c. appendix d. discussion e. results

c. appendix

To identify the construct validity of a measure, we must ______. a. construct an appropriate research plan to test a theory or hypothesis b. identify an appropriate statistical analysis needed to evaluate outcomes c. establish an appropriate operational definition for the construct being measured d. choose an appropriate research design for a study

c. establish an appropriate operational definition for the construct being measured

As part of the respect for person's aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers ______. a. conduct a risk-benefit analysis b. reduce risks of harm c. include an informed consent process d. ensure that all groups of individuals can benefit from the research

c. include an informed consent process

Without the manipulation of a(n) ______ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the ______ variable. a. confounding; independent b. dependent; independent c. independent; dependent d. dependent; confounding

c. independent; dependent

Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example of the ______ method of knowing? a. Deduction b. Authority c. Observation d. Intuition

c. observation

The method section of an APA-style research report ____.​ a. provides a general description of the study b. gives a report of the results c. provides enough detail for others to replicate the study. d. includes a results subsection

c. provides enough detail for others to replicate the study.

If researchers become aware of unexpected harm to participants, they must take reasonable measures to reduce harm, including ______ if necessary. a. termination of the study b. clinical assistance c. reassignment of participant roles d. debriefing with counselors

c. reassignment of participant roles

Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source in a research report when the author's name appears outside the body of the sentence?​ a. (2005, Smith) b. (2005, Sam Smith) c. (Sam Smith, 2005) d. (Smith, 2005)

d. (Smith, 2005)

Which of the following correlations would be interpreted a strong relationship? a. .59 b. .39 c. .89 d. .79

d. 0.79

An survey was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. Participants were asked to report how many hours per week they exercise. Then all the participants were given a recognition test their memory. The results indicated that better memory was associated with higher rates of exercise. The most likely population for this study is ______. a. All Americans b. All people c. All adults who exercise d. All adults over 60

d. All adults over 60

When there is an even number of scores, how is the median calculated? a. The median cannot be calculated. b. Use the smaller of the two middle scores. c. Use the larger of the two middle scores. d. Average the two middle scores

d. Average the two middle scores

The purpose of surveys is to________. a. All of the above b. Assess causality c. Validate theoretical concepts d. Describe phenomenon

d. Describe phenomenon

The generalizability of outcomes in a research design directly relates to ______. a. The certainty of truth b. Internal validity c. Cause and effect d. External validity

d. External validity

The method section is designed to answer what questions? a. How were the data analyzed? b. What was the hypothesis of the study? c. What was the purpose of the study? d. How was the study conducted?

d. How was the study conducted?

Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ______ the internal validity of the experiment. a. Can increase or decrease b. Decreases c. Does not impact d. Increases

d. Increases

In which section of a psychological research report should the hypothesis of the study be stated?​ a. References b. Results c. Method d. Introduction

d. Introduction

A procedure used to check or confirm that a manipulation in a study had the effect that was intended is called a ______. a. Construct corroboration b. Participant procedure c. Procedural confirmation d. Manipulation check

d. Manipulation check

This measure of central tendency can be considered the most precise. a. Standard deviation b. Median c. Mode d. Mean

d. Mean

I want to know if the amount of sleep students get affects academic performance. I conduct a survey of students to learn how much sleep students get per night. I then run a statistical analysis to see if their is a meaningful relationship between the amount of sleep students report and their GPA. This is an example of ______. a. A quantitative study b. A qualitative study c. Deductive reasoning d. Observation

d. Observation

A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____. a. science focuses on the theoretical, not the practical b. science aims to make definite conclusions about a topic c. science examines a topic that has never been investigated d. science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable

d. Science is based oh hypotheses that are testable and refutable

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? a. Mean b. Mode c. Median d. Standard deviation

d. Standard deviation

A type of population that constitutes all members of a group of interest to a researcher is called ______. a. Sample frame b. Population sampling c. Accessible population d. Target population

d. Target population

In class we discussed the concept of power. Power refers to ____________. a. The number of variables needed in a study. b. The strength of the relationship between two variables c. The ability to generalize to the broader population d. The ability to detect an effect assuming one exists

d. The ability to detect an effect assuming one exists

The brief summary found at the beginning of most research reports is the ____.​ a. synopsis b. introduction c. preface d. abstract

d. abstract

In APA style, where do page numbers appear?​ a. at the center bottom of the page b. at the upper left hand corner of the page c. at the lower right hand corner of the page d. at the upper right hand corner of the page

d. at the upper right hand corner of the page

The method section of an APA-style research reports is headed with the word Method ____. a. centered and typed in italics. b. at the left margin and typed in italics. c. at the left margin and typed in boldface type. d. centered and typed in boldface type.

d. centered and typed in boldface type.

Plagiarism can be ______. a. neither intentional nor unintentional b. unintentional c. intentional d. intentional or unintentional

d. intentional or unintentional

Which subsection of the method section describes everything that happened during the study?​ a. materials b. participants c. apparatus d. procedure

d. procedure

________ research relies on the use of numerical data, while __________ research relies on narratives. a. Intuitive; Empirical b. Scientific; Pseudo-Scientific c. Empirical; Observed d. Quantitative; Qualitative

d. quantitative; qualitative

______ is not a method of empiricism used to learn about behavior. a. Observing people in their normal environment b. Asking people to complete a survey c. Asking people to come into a lab and complete a task on a computer d. Relying on common sense

d. relying on common sense

Which of the following is an example of a construct? a. College class enrollment b. Time in seconds c. Age in years d. Stress

d. stress

How should author names be shown in the reference section of an APA-style research report?​ a. the last name and initials for the first author only b. the first and last name for every author c. only the last name for every author d. the last name and initials for every author

d. the last name and initials for every author

Studies with children generally require ______. a. full committee IRB review b. consent from a parent or guardian c. consent from the child d. assent from a parent or guardian e. consent from a parent or guardian and assent from the child

e. consent from a parent or guardian and assent from the child