HDFS adulthood and aging
programmed aging theories
-aging and death are built into the hard wiring of all organisms and a part of their genetic code -lifespans are this long for a specific reason -good genes gone bad theory- aging genes take over in post-reproductive years and lead to the destruction of the organism -replicative senescence- loss of ability of cells to reproduce
piaget's cognitive developmental theory
-attempted to explain processes underlying children's growth of cognitive abilities -hypothesized the existence of a set of underlying processes that allowed children to eventually achieve understanding and master the physical world
what makes you an adult
-physical dev -legal timepoints (drinking, driving) -marriage -social expectations for an adult
reciprocity
a cycle that goes in a circle, never ending people influence and are influenced by the events in their lives ex. you influence decisions your friends make which in turn influences you. it can lead to changed n your own behavior and attitudes 1 decisions that you have made and where you are in life are influenced by prior life events (college decision) 2 related tp effect you have on your environment- you affect the people around you
epigenetics
above genetics and how nature and nurture interact
experimental design
decide on conditions to manipulate and independent variable
sequential research designs
different combinations of the variables age, cohort and time of measurement, involves a sequence of studies time sequential design- data are organized by age and time of measurement cohort sequential design-cohorts are compared at different ages cross sectional design- cohorts are examined at different times of measurement
ethical issues
informed consent- awareness of study procedures, risks and benefits debriefing- info at study's completion about its true purpose suggest resources- provide info relevant to participants experiences right to withdraw- participant can withdraw without penalty confidentiality- participant will not be identifiable in published reports and data will be securely stored
contextual influences
life span change is a function of nature and nurture influences of bothe genetics and environment
presbyopia
loss of ability to focus on near objects
female pattern baldness
ludwig classification
schema
mental structures used to understand the world assimilation- fit a new experience into an existing category accommodation-changing schemas in response to new info equilibrium-when assimilation and accommodation are perfectly balances
nature vs nurture
nature-growth in childhood regarded as a clock like process that reflected the unfolding of the individual's genet makeup nurture-child's development=dependent on environment the parents provided niche-picking-genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child's life children pick out their niche (area in which they dev. their talents or abilities
developmental science
need to look at multiple factors in development usually step wise
Male pattern baldness
norwood classification
laboratory studies
participants are tested in systematic fashions using standardized procedures, often involving some type of task. ex. randomized controlled trials for cancer findings are due to variables being tested instead of extraneous factors inability to apply the stimuli presented to real life experiences of most adults
cross-sectional research
people compare groups of people with different ages at one point in time. shows differences between cohorts and the effects of current social and cultural influences problems: different age groups will act differently to the test materials, does not specifically show terminal decline, there are outside variables that affect the results of a cross sectional study
selective optimization with compensation model (SOC)
- selective: choose areas of focus——optimize: maximize performance in these areas -adults attempt to presence and maximize the abilities that are of most importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not -people begin to reduce efforts in one area to focus on more success in another -ex. when aerobic exercise becomes too difficult, people might switch to yoga
sociocultural models -bronfenbrenner: ecological perspective- microsystem, meso system, exosystem, macro system
-5 keels of the environment interact on the individual microsystem= setting in which people have their daily interaction and which therefor have the most direct impact of their lives ex family and friends mesosystem= interactions that take place among 2 or more micro systems ex. school, neighborhood exosystem= environments people do not closely experience on a regular basis but still impact them ex. community, extended family, siblings classroom, parents home environment marcosystem= includes the larger social institutions ranging from a country's economy to its laws and social norms. ex. policy, economics, society, culture, nationality chronosystem=changed that take place over time
erikson's stages
-adulthood (26-64) generatively vs stagnation. resolution or "virtue"- care. culmination in old age- caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern -old age (65-death) integrity vs despair. resolution or "virtue"- wisdom. culmination in old age- existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration
mechanistic model
-behavior changes gradually overtime shaped by outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environments (nurture side of the debate) no clear stages development is smooth depends on new experiences interactionist model- genetics and environment interact; individuals shape their own environment
functional age
-biological age-heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, muscle and bone strength -psychological age- reaction time, learning ability, memory, intelligence -social age-parental/grandparental status, work role, retirement
5 divisions of over 65 population
-classification: 65-74 young old, old old 75-84, oldest old 85-99, centenarians 100-109, super centenarians 110+
identity
-flavorable view of the self threshold experience- normal changes/illness identity assimilation-interpret new experiences in terms of a persons existing identity identity accommodation- make changes in identities in response to experience that challenge current view of self identity balance- self efficacy
life expectancy vs life span
-life expectancy= avg length of life for people born in a particular time interval life span-max age for a given species -health expectancy-number of years a person can live in good health -morbidity-burden of lifetime illness
emerging adulthood
-most of you are part of this group -transition prior to assuming the full responsibilities associated with adulthood -typically between 18-29
influences on development in 3 categories
-normative age graded influences= cultural norms. ex. age norms (when you graduate from college, get married, have children, etc.) -normative history graded influences= events that occur to everyone within a certain culture or geopolitical unit and include large scale occurrences ex. world wars, economic trends, sociocultural changes -non normative influences=random idiosyncratic events that occur throughout life ex. car accident, fire, winning the lottery, being fired from a job, etc
support for programmed theories
-species have different lifespans -ability to identify and control aging genes would change nature of aging -biologically shown that the ceasing of cell division can lead to abnormal growths and lessening of telomere length
random error theories
-wear and tear- body acquires more damage as it is exposed to daily wear and tear from the environment the human body is not built to last forever -cross linking- aging causes damaging changes in cells that make up connective tissue (ex. stiffness, pain, etc) -free radical- aging happens because cells accumulate free radical (atoms molecules with an unpaired election in outer shell) damage over time -auto immune theory- aging is due to faulty immune system; immune system attacks body's own cells -error theories- mutations acquired over organism's lifetime leads to malfunctioning of body's cells -error catastrophe-the extinction of an organism as a result of excessive mutations
principle of adult development and aging
1.changes are continuous over the lifespan (individuals remain the same even though they change) (changes in life build in a cumulative fashion, identity changes 2.only the survivors grow old (aging individuals are increasingly self-selected) (***survivor principle people who live to an old age outlived life threatening events) 3.individuality matters (people vary within and between age groups (***principle of individuality- as people age they become increasingly different from each other, inter individual differences- differences between people, intraindividual differences- variations in performance within the same individual, intraindividual differences are also multi directional= when development takes place in multiple directions) 4.normal aging is different from disease (intrinsic aging processes are different from those associated with illness) (***growing old vs growing sick, primary aging-the normal changes overtime that occur due to universal, intrinsic and progressive alterations in the bodes system, secondary aging- changes over time leading to impairment due to disease rather than normal gains, tertiary aging- experience rapid loss of functions across multiple areas of functioning, optimal aging- age related changes that improve the individual's functioning)
erikson's psychosocial theory
at certain points in life a persons biological, psychological and social changes come together to influence our personality
biopsychosocial model-
biological: physiological factors, genetics -psychological: cognition, emotions, personality -sociocultural: social context, history and culture
respiratory diesases
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic bronchitis- defined by the presence of chronic coughing and phlegm for 3 months per year for 2 or more years and is generally assessed by standardized questionnaires emphazema
multiple correlational design
control for confounds other than age, allow investigations of causality, provide ways to examine change overtime, relationship between more than 2 variables
contrasting life course theories
disengagement theory=the normal course of life is for older adults to loosen their social ties. criticism-disrespectful to older adults activity theory=older adults are better adjusted when they remain involved in their social roles. if forced to give up roles, older adults lose sense of identity continuity theory= the individual's personality determines whether activity or disengagement is optimal. depends on specific individual
psychometric criteria: validity
does a test measure what its supposed to measure? content- whether a test accurately assesses what its supposed to criterion- whether the test score accurately predicts performance on indicator measure construct-does the test measure the construct accurately? ex. does IQ=brain power? less used forms of validity convergent validity- needed to determine that one measure related to another measure that are theoretically similar CES-D measure= depression symptoms discriminate validity- demonstrates that a measure does not relate to other measures- that they have no theoretical relationship stai measure= depression symptoms
natural experiments
done in everyday environments- experimenter has no control over any variables. ex. policy changes such as a smoking ban
field experiments
done in everyday environments- experimenter manipulates the IV but in real life setting. ex bystander effect
life span perspective
emphasizes continuity of dev from childhood to old age
cardiovascular diseases
estimated 83.6 million american adults have 1 or more types of CVD of these 42.4 million are estimated to be over 60 years of age cardiovascular disease coronary heart disease- disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscles cerebrovascular diseae- disease of the blood vessels suppliting the brain peripheral heart disease- disease of the blood vessels suppling to arms and legs rheumatic heart disease-********
ageism
form of stereotyping based on age that can have many negative consequences
surveys and questionnaires
gain info about a sample that can be generalized to a larger population typically through short answer or multiple choice questions ex. state trait anxiety inventory strengths-efficient data collection attitude or opinions can be measured limitations- no causal conclusions, self report is difficult to verify, biased samples, low response rates
geriatrics
he medical specialty in which aging is the main focus
epigenetic principle
he notion that we develop through an unfolding of our personality in predetermined stages and that our environment and surrounding culture influence how we progress through these stages. preprogrammed and built into us
organismic model
hereditary determines the course of dev. throughout life (nature side of the debate) specific behaviors at certain ages
cardio vascular system
includes heart and arteries that circulate blood through the body and veins that bring blood back to the heart overtime walls of the left ventricle
COPD
progressive. hard the breathe can cause coughing that produces a large amount of mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and other related symptoms cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD less air flows in and out oth the airways: airways and air sacs lose elastic quality, walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed, walls of the airways become thick and inflamed, airways make more mucus than usual, which can clog them ,globally COPD is underreported
descriptive research design
provides differences, but doesn't rule out social or historical factors
multiple threshold model
purposes that individuals realize that they are getting older through a gradual process as aging related changes occur affects of aging on identity- each age related change (wrinkles, gray hair) brings potential of a new threshold to be crossed identity accommodation tends to have more negative effects on the individual
interviews
qualitative explores complex relationships in situations that don't lend themselves to restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods ex. semi structured open ended interviews strengths- accurate screening, capture of verbal and nonverbal cues, capture emotions and behaviors, increases participant focus limitations-high cost, small sample size, maul data entry, interrupter coder issues
psychometric criteria: reliability
reliable if it yields consistent results every time its used internal consistency- indicates whether respondents answer similarly on comparable items test retest- giving the same test one two or more occasions to assess whether respondents receive similar scores
longitudinal research
researchers sample a population before they develop a particular type of illness or experience a particular type of life event problems: having a hard time distinguishing if it was bec of aging or bec of change in environment in which the person functions, it takes years to see the study actually come to life, problem of attrition
respiratory system
respiratory muscles lose ability to expand and contract the chest all lung tissue is less able to expand and contract avoid smoking regulate body weight obesity relate to poor respiration strengths the muscles of the chest wall
correlational research design
shows the extent of a relationship between 2 variables, can be negative or positive, strengths is indicated by how close it is to 1 or -1, cannot prove causality!!!
Digestive disorders of the small intestine
small intestine is the only thing that doesn't dramatically change with age
cohort effects
social, historical and culture influences that affect people during particular period of time
ageism origins
terror management theory=seeing older adults reminds us that we're going to be old and die someday modernization hypothesis= assumption that older adults can no longer be productive multiple jeopardy hypothesis= older adults who fit more that one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations age as leveler= older adults become regarded as targets regardless of prior status age takes the forefront of all personal characteristic inoculation hypothesis= older adults, especially women and minorities, become immune to ageism years of discrimination and stereotyping- build up a tolerance upper income caucasian populations may find it more difficult to accept these stereotypes
independent variable
the factor that the researcher manipulates
UTI in aging adults
the infection can occur at different points in the urinary tract including: cystitis- an infection in the bladder pyeclonephritis- an infection of one or both kidneys ureters- the tubes that take urine from each kidney to the bladder are only rarely the site of infection urethritis- an infection of the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside increases chance of UTI: diabetes, advanced age and conditions of personal care, problems emptying bladder completely, urinary catheter, bowel incontinence, enlarged prostate, narrowed urethra, kidney stones, staying still for a long period of time, pregnancy
attrition
the number of the people in the study is going down bec participants are dropping out
dependent variable
the outcome the researcher observes
archival research
using existing resources containing data relent to a question about aging ex. searching alreading existing databases (US census, NIH illness databases) strengths- no additional data collection required, rare instances can be studied limitations- no causality, records not available, can be manipulated, data collected by nonscientists, correlational
correlation
value can range from 1 to -1, positive and negative
life course perspective
the progression of a person's life events, shaped by society's views of what is appropriate and expected to occur in connection with particular ages the social clock sets age norms and expectations
time of measurement
the year or period in which a person is tested