HDFS Quiz 1

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Pattern A - Insecurely avoidant Pattern B - Securely attached Pattern C - Insecure resistant Pattern D - Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Temperament Constructs are ______(1)________. Attachment Constructs are ______(2)________.

(1) Inherent, (2) relational.

Periods of Development

Infancy: 0-1 year Toddlerhood: 1-2 years Early Childhood: 2-6 years. Middle Childhood: 6-11 years. Adolescence: 11-18 years. Emerging Adulthood: 18-25 year.

Nature

Inherent, biological genetics. Based on genetic inheritance.

The brain involves a complex interaction between _____ and ____.

Experience and genetics

Three Basic Principles of Human Ecological Model (Sontag and Bubolz)

1. Families interact with their environment to form an ecosystem. 2. Families carry out the following for the good of itself as well as for the good of society... -biological sustenance. -economic maintenance. -psychological and nurturance functions. 3. All the people in the world are interdependent on the resources of the earth, there is a balance between... -cooperation and integration in the ecosystem AND -the demands of the individual for autonomy and freedom.

Dynamic Systems Perspective: Domains of Development- Social/Emotional

-Emotional communication. -Self-understanding, knowledge about others -Interpersonal skills & relationships -Moral reasoning & behavior.

Dynamic Components of the Family (Family Dynamics)

-Energy Energy is used in many forms in a family, (energy components in a relationship). Energy flows through family → activate decision making processes Fueling (relaxing and taking rests) → energy in future for decision making. -Time Measured in terms of succession or duration of activities. -Space and Boundaries. Individuals and families structure and regulate their interactions spatially. We allow some people to enter our space, others not.

Characteristics of Strong Families

-Family Communication -Family Adaptability -Family Cohesion

Environmental Contexts for Development: Culture Context for Raising Family

-This context determines the definition of extended family, and the significance of extended family. -Determines the role of society in raising children. -Collectivist VS. Individualistic Societies

Ten Things Every Child Needs...

1. Interaction 2. Touch 3. Stable Relationship 4. Safe/Heathy Environment 5. Self-esteem 6. Quality care. 7. Communication 8. Play 9. Music 10. Reading

Environmental Contexts for Development

1. The Family. 2.Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning. 3.The Impact of Poverty. 4.Community (Neighborhoods and schools) 5.The Culture Context.

The Difficult Child

10% of children. Irregular in daily routines Slow to accept new experiences. Tends to react negatively and intensely.

The Slow-to-Warm-Up Child

15% of children. Is inactive. Shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. Is negative in mood, and adjusts to new experiences slowly.

The Average Child/Blend

35% of children Blend of the three characteristics.

The Easy Child

40% of children. Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy. Generally Cheerful. Adapts to new experiences easily.

Macrosystem

The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Consists of cultural practices, laws, and resources. -The priority that the macrosystem gives to the child's needs affects the support that they get in the inner levels of the environment. -Example: How long countries give mothers time off after giving birth, affecting relations in the microsystem.

Mesosystem

The second level of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Involves the connections among the immediate surroundings, such as; home, school, neighborhood, etc. -Example: Parent involvement in school life affecting child's academic life.

Three Basic Issues, What are They?

-Nature vs. Nurture -Continuous vs discontinuous development. -One path vs. many (of development)

Piaget's Theory

Theorized that development occurs in stages as children actively manipulate and explore the environment. Sensorimotor --> Learn through exploration Preoperational --> Symbolic thought. Concrete Operational --> Reasoning=logical Formal Operational --> Abstract thinking.

Erikson's Theory

Theorized that normal development occurs in relation to the cultural context. Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt. Initiative vs. Guilt. Industry vs. Inferiority. Identity vs. Identity confusion. Intimacy vs. Isolation. Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair.

Information Processing Approach

Theorized that the human mind is viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. -The theory also uses diagrams or flowcharts to map problem-solving steps for task completion. -Like Piaget's theory, this approach regards children as active beings who modify their thinking in response to the environment. Unlike Piaget's theory, there are no stages of development

Social Learning Theory (relation to child behavior)

Theory that emphasizes modeling, (also known as imitation or observational learning) as a powerful source of development. Developed by Bandura. Example... Baby clapping their hands after watching their mother do it.

SES, Culture, and Attachment

There are variations with attachment patterns based on SES and Culture. -Lower SES, less secure attachment. -German= less secure, Japan= high.

Socioeconomic Status- SES

*SES is an index of a family's or individual's social position and economic well-being.* -SES is linked to timing of parenthood and family size. -SES groups also differ in child-rearing values and expectations. -SES is positively correlated with cognitive, language development, academic success and socio-emotional outcomes in children. -In all societies, there is a significant association between SES and health

Inclusive Definition of Family

- Includes persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption. - Also includes sets of interdependent but independent persons who share common goals, common resources, and a commitment to each other. -Family members are simultaneously autonomous and dependent.

Dynamic Systems Perspective: Domains of Development- Physical

-Body size & proportions, appearance. -Function of body systems, health. -Perceptual & motor capacities. -Brain development and physical health.

Temperament

A child's most enduring emotional mood disposition... Used to describe someone's' personality.

Human Ecological Model (Sontag and Bubolz)

Adaptation of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Sontag and Bubolz modified the model, making family the center unit (not the individual/child as Bronfenbrenner did). Microystem = Family Mesosystem = Human Built Environment Exosystem = Social-Cultural Environment Macrosystem = Natural-Physical Biological Environment

Relationship between BRAIN SIZE and EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Children raised in environments that are environmentally deprived vs. enriched experience fewer colors, sounds, pictures, interactions, and sights THEIR BRAIN IS SMALLER THAN THOSE WHO GROW UP IN SENSUALLY RICH ENVIRONMENTS W. MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIPS. -Abused and neglected children have brains that are *20-30%* smaller than most children their age (less dense).

Temperament and Goodness of Fit Model

Concept which describes relation between baby's temperament and her/his social environment surroundings. Model explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes.... Recognizes child's temperament, while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Environmental Contexts for Development: Physical Factors in a Community

Density Noise level Arrangement and types of house. Play settings Population characteristics.

Discontinuous Growth Patterns

Development where new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Continuous Growth Patterns

Development where skills are gradually added to the skills of the same type that were there to begin with. -Children gradually add more of the same type of skills.

Dynamic Systems Perspective:

Dynamic way of looking at a child holistically, domains of: (1) emotional/social, (2) cognitive, and (3) physical and their interactions. -Shows development as experiences build on top of eachother, scaffolding in a way.

Human Ecological Systems Theory

Ecological systems theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. Developed by Bronfenbrenner. -"Bioecological" system as emphasizes both components of nature and nurture.

Thomas and Chess Four Types of Temperament

The Easy Child The Difficult Child The Slow to Warm up Child "Blend"/Average

Family Dynamics

Family- A network of interdependent relationships; each person influences the behavior of others in *direct* and *indirect* ways. Development is Shaped by the Family... Focusing on structural aspects (ie. family stability, divorce, etc). The developmental pathways are also considered directly or indirectly influenced by the parental characteristics or the family's social background.

Normative Approach Theory

Many measures were gathered on large numbers of individuals, yielding descriptions of typical development.

Ethological Theory (Bowlby)

Most widely accepted view of attachment. The Pre-attachment Phase- Birth-6 weeks. The Attachment in the Making Phase- 6 weeks - 6/8 months. The Clear-Cut Attachment Phase- 6/8 months - 18 months/2 years. Formation of Reciprocal Relationship- 18 months - 2 years+

Nurture

Physical and social world Influence biological and psychological development.

Environmental Contexts for Development: Factors of a Community (Non-physical)

Provide a sense of belonging. Provide friendships. Provide socialization of children. (Neighborhoods are often stratified by economic status.)

Mary Roberts.

Showed overlapping dimensions of Thomas and Chess and other researchers. Three underlying components of temperament... 1) Emotion → Fearful distress, irritable distress, positive affect, and suitability. 2) Attention → Attention span/persistence. 3) Action → Activity level. These three are INTEGRATED!

Harlow's Monkeys

Strong, affectionate tie we feel for special people in our lives (mother/father/psychological parent). Pleasure/joy when interacting with them. Comforted by their "nearness" in times of stress.

Microsystem

The innermost level of the environment. Consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings. -Bidirectionality of relationships. (ie. a child's physical attributes, temperament, etc. influence the treatment they receive from adults/parents) -Example: Mother & Child Relationship

Chronosystem

The temporal dimension of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, (chrono means time). -Life changes can be imposed on the child... Examples: Birth of a sibling, divorce of parents, etc. -Life changes can also occur within the child... Examples: Children select, modify, and create their own experiences.

Attachment Theory

The tendency to seek closeness to another person and feel secure when that person is present (secure attachment).

Exosystem

The third level of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Consists of the social setting that does not directly involve the child, but nevertheless affect's the child's experience in their immediate surroundings. -Example: Parent's place of work, parent's social setting, church/religious functions, etc.

Dynamic Systems Perspective: Domains of Development- Cognitive

Thought processes and Intellectual abilities, including... -Attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language.

How to Measure SES

Ways to measure SES: some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status