Health Alterations 1 Modules 5, 6, & 7

What is the function of anabolic medications?

Stimulates osteoblasts to build bone matrix

How does fiber help with constipation?

Stimulates the muscles in GI tract to push bowel movements through

What is a transverse fracture?

Straight across the bone shaft

What three things can be used to manage malnutrition?

Supplements, enteral nutrition, & education on proper nutrition

How is dysphagia diagnosed?

Swallow study with barium contrast

Why are musculoskeletal diseases a risk factor for dysphagia?

Swallowing requires muscles and neurological functions, so any changes in those can affect swallowing ability

What is an example of an anabolic medication?

Teriparatide

What lung sounds will be heard if the patient has aspirated?

crackles at the bases of lungs

How long can a tracheostomy be used?

long-term, over 21 days

soft diet

low in fiber, easy to digest

What is an example of a salicylate?

Aspirin

What is an examples of a stimulant laxatives?

Bisacodyl

What organ does parenteral nutrition affect?

Liver

What are 3 examples of opioids?

Morphine, oxycodone, & hydrocodone

Ventilation

Movement of air from the atmosphere to the alveoli

What are 2 examples of obstructive atelectasis?

Mucus plug or foreign object

What is the function of antispasmodics?

Muscle relaxants that block nerve impulses/pain sensations

What medications can be used with dysphagia?

Muscle relaxants, botox to freeze the muscles and decrease muscle tone

Can osteoarthritis be treated?

NO

What can be used to unclog a feeding tube?

coca-cola or cranberry juice

full liquid diet

clears + dairy products, all juices

Why is oral care important for NG tube patients?

Helps keep the mouth moist and prevent thrush, tooth decay, etc.

What does a low level of transferrin indicate?

Hemolytic anemia

What is the function of a saline enema?

High sodium to pull water into the GI tract

Is tracheostomy care sterile or nonsterile?

Sterile

What is an example of a flat bone?

Sternum

What are three nursing interventions to prevent atelectasis?

Incentive spirometry, turning immobile patients frequently, ambulate post-op patients ASAP

What are the three causes of GERD?

Incompetent lower esophogeal sphincter, pyloric stenosis, or a motility disorder

What is a pathologic fracture?

Through an area of disease bone

When the hip is fractured, what will the nurse notice about the affected leg?

Leg is shorter than the other, away from the body, and externally rotated

When should the pneumonia vaccine be given?

2 injections one year apart = lifetime protection

What is considered morbid obesity?

2x IBW or BMI > 30kg/m^2

How long should an endotracheal tube be used?

10 days or less

How many bones are in the body?

206

What is the maximum amount of acetaminophen in 24 hours?

4000 mg

Less than __________ with the incentive spirometer is a risk for atelectasis and pneumonia.

500

What dose of aspirin is antiplatelet?

81 mg

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A disease state characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible; airflow limitation is associated with inflammatory response of the lungs

What is status asthmaticus?

A severe ongoing asthma attack that can lead to respiratory failure or multi-organ failure

What is needed for maximum effect of biphosphonates?

Adequate calcium and vit D

What are three weight-loss medications?

Adipex, mounjaro, ozempic

What medications are appetite supressants?

Adipex, mounjaro, ozempic

How do COX2 inhibitors differ from NSAIDs?

Affect only COX2, with less GI upset and bleeding

What are six risk factors for BPH?

African-american, smoking, heavy alcohol use, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes

What could cause a patient to have wheezing/stridor?

An obstruction in the lungs

What is clostridium difficile?

An opportunistic bacteria that causes infection in the large intestine

What are the function of opioids?

Analgesic

What is chemotherapy?

Antineoplastic agents used to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions like replication

McBurney's sign is used to rule out...

Appendicitis

Where does skin breakdown occur with NG tubes?

Around the nose, back of throat

What is the function of salicylates?

Anti-pain, anti-fever, anti-inflammation, anti-platelet

What is the function of NSAIDs?

Anti-pain, anti-fever, anti-inflammatory

What are the three classes of bronchodilators?

Beta-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines

What kills the c-diff spores?

Bleach

What is the sign that the drainage system for chest tube is leaking?

Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber

What type of catheter is used for BPH patients?

Coude catheters (curved tip to go around prostate)

What are the three most common manifestations of asthma?

Cough, dyspnea, and wheezing in a pattern of exacerbations

Someone with atelectasis would have what manifestations over a small area of the lungs?

Crackles, decreased breath sounds, and decreased tactile fremitus

What is an example of mast cell stabilizer?

Cromolyn

What is an example of an antispasmodic?

Cyclobenzaprine

Salicylates should not be given to patients with what disease?

Liver

What are 2 examples of alpha-adrenergic blockers?

Doxazosin & tamulosin

What are the specific side effects for anticholinergics?

Dry mouth, dry eyes, dry mucus membranes, constipation

What is the most common symptom of esophogeal disease?

Dysphagia

Nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes are __________ nutrition.

Enteral

What are the functions of an NG tube?

Enteral feedings; stomach decompression, lavage, and pumping

When should pertussis vaccine be given?

Every ten years

What does comminuted mean?

Fracture in which bone has splintered into several fragments

What does greenstick mean?

Fracture in which one side of a bone is broken and the other side is bent

What type of bowel sounds are present with diarrhea?

Hyperactive, constant motion in the bowels

What does obstructive sleep apnea result in?

Hypoxia and hypercapnia

What are three other treatments for diarrhea?

IV fluids, fiber-rich diet, probiotics

What is dyspepsia?

Indigestion

What is the key underlying feature of asthma?

Inflammation that obstructs the airway

What is aspiration?

Inhalation of foreign substances into airway

How do salicylates reduce inflammation?

Inhibiting COX1 and COX2

What three foods should iron NOT be taken with?

Milk, antacids, whole grain cereals

What 2 medications are mainly used for atelectasis?

Nebulized bronchodilators or mucolytics

What is the action of antacids?

Neutralize the acid in the stomach

What is a benign tumor?

Noncancerous cell growth that grows slowly and does not spread

What 2 symptoms are required to diagnose chronic bronchitis?

Presence of cough (usually productive) and sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

What is the action of alpha-adrenergic blockers?

Relax smooth muscle of bladder neck and prostrate to improve urine flow

What herbal supplement is used to treat BPH?

Saw palmetto

All manifestations of BPH surround...

Urine incontinence

Why are recurrent UTIs an issue with BPH?

Urine stasis leads to bacteria build-up in warm, moist, dark places

Does ice vasoconstrict or vasodilate?

Vasoconstrict to decrease bleeding, edema, discomfort

Does noninvasive pulse oximetry read from a vein or artery?

Venous

What is dumping syndrome?

When the body receives too much feeding at one time and does not digest it, just pushes it through the body

Should iron be taken on an empty stomach or with food?

With food

clear liquids diet

apple/cranberry juice, jello, clear broth

mechanical diet

full liquid and diced/ground food

What is primary surgery treatment of cancer?

removing entirety or as much of tumor as possible and any involved surrounding tissue

amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

residual volume

The __________ number is the dosage of the opioid the ____________ number is the dosage of the acetaminophen.

first ; second

What are the six symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?

frequent, loud snoring; breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer; at least 5 episodes of sleep apnea per hour; awakening with loud snort as O2 level drops; excessive daytime sleepiness; insomnia

What is a tracheostomy?

A surgical opening made into the trachea, used to bypass upper airway obstruction

What is an endotracheal tube?

A temporary airway placed into the trachea between vocal cords

What lab values should be assessed in someone with malnutrition?

Albumin, electrolytes

What are 2 examples of beta-adrenergic agonists?

Albuterol & salmeterol (-terol)

What are 2 examples of biphosphonates?

Alendronate & ibadronate

What is an arthroscopy?

Allows direct visualization of a joint to diagnose joint disorders

A deficiency in ____________-________________ is a risk factor for COPD

Alpha1-antitrypsin

What are the three interventions to prevent post-surgical complications?

Ambulate ASAP, coughing/deep breathing, & incentive spirometer use

What does ferritin tell you?

Amount of iron in the blood

What is compressive atelectasis?

External forces compressing pleural and/or lung tissues

amount of forced expiratory volume in the 1st second

FEV1

What are the diagnostic criteria for COPD?

FEV1 of less than 80%, FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%

What does CPAP stand for?

Continuous positive airway pressure

What are 2 examples of histamine-2 antagonists?

Famotidine & cimetidine (-tidine)

Are females or males more at risk for urine incontinence?

Females

What are 3 examples of long bones?

Femur, tibia, humerus

What iron has fewer GI side effects?

Ferrous gluconate

What is a typical PO iron?

Ferrous sulfate

What is an example of a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor?

Finasteride

Osteoarthritis particularly affects what joints?

Hips, knees, fingers

To ensure stable glucose levels, how should parenteral nutrition be given?

Inititate slowly, advance gradually, and discontinue slowly

What is the assessment sequence for the abdomen?

Inspect, auscultate, percuss, then palpate

What is a healthy ferritin level for females?

11 to 307

What is hypoxemia?

Low levels of O2 in the blood

What is hypoxia?

Low levels of cellular O2

With atelectasis, what is the first symptom noticed?

Low-grade fever

What are three risk factors for clostridium difficile?

Antibiotic therapy, loss of gut flora, and impaired immune system

What is the action of NSAIDs?

Blocks action of COX1 and COX2

Perfusion

Blood flow to tissues and organs

What is the most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea?

CPAP

The patient complains of "having something stuck in their throat," and you notice that they gag, cough, drool, and have regurgitation and frequent heartburn. what does the nurse suspect?

Dysphagia - classic s/s

What do solid tumors often result from?

Errors in DNA replication or exposure to carcinogens

Physiologically, what can malnutrition lead to?

Fluid volume deficit, electrolyte imbalance, poor wound healing/infections

What two things can occur from diarrhea?

Fluid volume deficit, impaired skin integrity around rectum/sacrum

What are three common causes of constipation?

Frequent laxative use, inadequate fluid and fiber intake

Where is CO2 exchanged?

From the blood to the lungs

Where is oxygen exchanged?

From the lungs to the blood

What is the action for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors?

Interferes with conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to decrease prostate size

What is reflex incontinence?

Involuntary loss of moderate amount of urine r/t CNS impairment

What is an example of anticholinergic drug?

Ipratropium

What is in hemoglobin that helps transport oxygen?

Iron

What does a high level of transferrin indicate?

Iron deficiency anemia

What iron is given IV?

Iron sucrose (venofer)

What are the three risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?

Males, neck obesity, alteration in upper airway

What is an example of leukotriene modifier?

Montelukast

Are regurgitation/aspiration more likely in NG tubes or gastrostomies?

NG tubes

What are 2 examples of compressive atelectasis?

Pleural effusion or pneumothorax

Atelectasis is a precursor to what respiratory disease?

Pneumonia

What is compression used for?

Reduces edema and provides support for injured tissues

What is the function of tap water enemas?

Shoots water into GI tract to stimulate the muscles

What kind of fracture remains contained with no disruption of the skin integrity?

Simple

What is the number one risk factor for COPD?

Smoking

3 side effects of bronchodilators are ...

Tachycardia, nervousness, and heart palpitations

How should the nurse educate the patient regarding use of incentive spirometer?

Take a deep dreath and let it out, place incentive spirometer in mouth, inhale in, hold for 3 counts, exhale out

What is diagnostic surgery used for?

Take a sample of tissue to confirm diagnosis ex biopsy

What is the patient education for biphosphonates?

Take on empty stomach with full glass of water first thing in the morning, sit upright for 30-60 mins

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons

Why is a pleural effusion a risk factor for atelectasis?

The buildup of fluid between layers of lung tissue puts pressure on the lungs leading to compressive atelectasis

Why are vegetarians at risk for iron-deficient anemia?

Their diet might be inadequate in iron because they don't eat red meat or liver

What is shunting?

Ventilation is impaired and perfusion is adequate

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Vertebrae

What is tactile fremitus?

Vibrations of the chest wall

What vitamin helps iron to better absorb in the body?

Vitamin C

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins, minerals

What test identifies size, shape, support, and function of bladder, obstruction (ex BPH), residual urine?

Voiding cystourethrography

What is most important to assess before interventions for BPH or urine incontinence?

Voiding pattern of patient to get a baseline

Because COPD is a permanent disease, how does this affect lung volumes and capacities?

Volumes may never change, will only decrease or remain the same

What is the gold standard for assessing osteoarthritis?

X-rays

What is the function of acetaminophen?

anti-pain, anti-pyretic

Why does diarrhea often occur with tube feedings?

liquid food = liquid stool

What are 3 important risk factors for osteoporosis?

small-framed, nonobese Caucasian women, and diet poor in calcium and vit D

How is parenteral nutrition given?

through a central or PICC line, 2-3L of solution over 24 hours

What cell types make the bones, secrete bone matrix, and repair the bone?

Osteoblasts

What cell types destroy or dissolve old bone, so the blasts can make new bone?

Osteoclasts

What cell types are mature bone cells involved in maintenence?

Osteocytes

Surgical openings into stomach or jejunum are often preferred for ...

Prolonged enteral nutrition support; comatose patients

what is transferrin?

Protein to regulate absorption of iron into the body

What is disimpaction?

Removal of impaction with gloved, lubricated finger; ensure no vagal nerve stimulation

What are six risk factors for dysphagia?

Smoking, obesity, pregnancy, hiatal hernia, musculoskeletal disease, and alcohol consumption

What two systems are used to assess the growth of tumors?

Staging system and grading system

What are the five manifestations of COPD?

dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, barrel chest, clubbing of nails

How long should the patient sit upright after a bolus feeding?

1 hr minimum

What is a healthy prealbumin level?

16-30mg/dL

A patient with GERD should avoid eating or drinking how many hours before bedtime?

2

What percentage of oxygen is in the air?

21%

What is a healthy transferrin level?

215-380

What is a healthy ferritin level for males?

24 to 336

What is a healthy albumin level?

3.5-5.4

How many mls should the feeding tube be flushed with?

30 mls

What dose of aspirin is used for pain?

324 mg

What is a junction of two or more bones called?

A joint

What is an example of absorptive atelectasis?

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

What are five symptoms of clostridium difficile?

Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, fever, dehydration, increased WBC

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Abnormal growth of the prostate that may obstruct urethra, causing incomple emptying of bladder and urinary retention

What are solid tumors?

Abnormal mass of tissue that does not contain cysts or liquid areas

What are the three types of atelectasis?

Absorptive, obstructive, and compressive

What are two other common names for GERD?

Acid reflux & heartburn

What lab value only changes with severe malnutrition?

Albumin

How is malnutrition diagnosed?

Albumin and prealbumin levels

What conditions that often require the use of parenteral nutrition?

Burn victims, severe malnutrition, Crohn's, paralytic ileus

What is pyrosis?

Burning sensation in the esophagus

What is GERD?

Backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus

What is a major complication of GERD?

Barrett's esophagus - tissue change that can lead to esophogeal cancer

Where should the chest tube drainage system be kept?

Below the level of the chest at all times

What does BiPAP stand for?

Bilevel positive airway pressure

What is osteogenesis?

Bone formation

What is a compression fracture?

Bone has been compressed

How does fiber help with diarrhea?

Bulks up loose stool, soaks up excess water

What foods should be avoided with GERD?

Caffeine, tobocco, alcohol, milk, peppermint/spearmint, carbonated beverages

What are 2 examples of antacids?

Calcium carbonate & sodium bicarbonate

What is a malignant tumor?

Cancerous cell growth that grows rapidly, invades and destroys normal tissues, and spreads throughout body

What are macronutrients?

Carbs, fats, proteins

Osteoarthritis is the end result of what three factors?

Cartilage degradation, bone stiffening, reactive inflammation of synovium

What is an example of a COX2 inhibitor?

Celecoxib

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

Cessation of breathing during sleep

What is the priority treatment for pneumothorax and hemothorax?

Chest tube

How is NG tube placement confirmed?

Chest xray

Murphy's sign is used to rule out...

Cholecystitis

What is the function of surfactant?

Coats the alveoli and decreases surface tension

What does surfactant prevent?

Collapse of alveoli

What is atelectasis?

Collapse of alveoli

What is a pneumothorax?

Collapsed lung

What are the two most common side effects of iron supplements?

GI upset and dark, tarry stools

What is proper education on antibiotic use?

DON'T take unnecessarily, take the full course of antibiotics

What is the function of corticosteroids?

Decrease inflammation and supress the immune system

What would an ABG show in someone with atelectasis?

Decreased PaO2, possibly respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

Deep breathing from the diaphragm

What are 2 major side effects of opioids?

Dependence/addiction, respiratory depression

What are three major risk factors for iron-deficient anemia?

Diet low in iron, intestinal disorders, & menstruation/pregnancy

What is dysphagia?

Difficulty swallowing

What are 3 examples of antihistamines?

Dipenhydramine, loratadine, & cetirizine

How does radiation therapy work?

Disrupts malignant cell proliferation through altering DNA of the malignant tumor

What are the six manifestations of atelectasis?

Dyspnea, cough, leukocytosis, diminished breath sounds, sputum production, and fever

Why is chemotherapy repeated multiple times?

Only a percentage of the tumor cells are destroyed each time, so multiple sessions are necessary

What is tidaling in relation to chest tubes?

Elevation of the water level in drainage system with inhalation

What two disease fall under COPD?

Emphysema (damaged alveoli) and Chronic Bronchitis (inflammation that narrows the bronchioles)

Diffusion

Exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveolar-capillary membrane

What are four risk factors for diarrhea?

GI infections, food intolerance (ex lactose), stimulants (caffeine), and antibiotics

What is the most common identifiable predisposing factor for asthma?

Genetic predisposition for development of IgE-mediated response to allergens (atopy)

What does TPN typically have a high concentration of?

Glucose

What is the function of a BiPAP?

Has a higher pressure on inspiration and lower pressure with expiration to keep the alveoli open

What are the nodes that form with osteoarthritis are called?

Heberden's or Bouchard's

Why is iron important in the body?

Helps transport oxygen in the form of hemoglobin

What are the four steps of healing bone fractures?

Hemotoma formation, inflammation, reparative, remodeling

What is the most common injury in older adults?

Hip fractures

What is used to treat c-diff?

IV vancomycin, probiotics like lactobacillus

What is an example of a NSAID?

Ibuprofen

Who is the most at risk for osteoporosis?

Immobile, elderly

What are 4 important side effects of corticosteroids?

Immune supressions, hyperglycemia, mood swings, hunger

What would appear on the x-ray of someone with atelectasis?

Opacity or patchy infiltrates underlying affected tissue

What is urge incontinence?

Inability to stop urine flow long enough to reach bathroom

What is absorptive atelectasis?

Inactive surfactant

The nurse is teaching a client about the risk factors for developing osteoporosis. what is the most important information for the nurse to include? select all that apply. A. Inadequate dietary intake of calcium blood pressure meds B. Family history C. Smoking D. Oral hypoglycemics

Inadequate dietary intake of calcium Smoking Family history

What are the two main causes of diarrhea?

Increased production and secretion of water from intestinal mucosa or unabsorbed product in the stool like bacteria that pulls excess water into the gut

What is the action of GI stimulants?

Increases motility of the GI smooth muscle without acting as a purgative

What is the action of stimulant laxatives?

Increases muscle contractions along intestinal wall to move stool mass

What is the most common type of anemia in all age groups?

Iron-deficient

What is the action of proton pump inhibitors?

Irreversibly inhibits proton pumps in stomach, most potent

What 2 disease processes are risk factors for diarrhea?

Irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's)

What is the function of soap suds enema?

Irritates the mucosa of the GI tract

If the patient is at risk for aspiration pneumonia, what type of feeding tube will they have?

Jejunostomy is preferred

Someone with iron-deficient anemia would have what signs and symptoms?

Lack of energy, SOB, dizzy/lightheaded, brittle nails, pica, paleness

Do ligaments or tendons take longer to heal?

Ligaments

What connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

What kind of fracture happens when damage involves the skin and mucous membranes, also called a compound fracture?

Open

What is the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage called?

Osteoarthritis

What is an example of an antidiarrheal?

Loperamide

Someone with osteoporosis would present with...

Loss of height from vertebral collapse, progressive kyphosis

What does atelectasis lead to?

Loss of lung volume

What is stress incontinence?

Loss of small amounts of urine from increased abdominal pressure with laughing, sneezing, or lifting

What is functional incontinence?

Loss of urine due to cognitive, mobility, or environmental barriers

What is an example of osmotic stimulant?

Magnesium citrate

What is obstructive atelectasis?

Mechanical obstruction of the airways

What two things are used to manage osteoarthritis?

Medications for inflammation and OT for physical function

What medication is an appetite stimulant for those with chronic illnesses?

Megace

What medication is an appetite stimulant?

Megaze

What is an example of a short bones?

Metacarpals

What is an example of a GI stimulant?

Metoclopramide

What is dead space?

NO O2 OR CO2 exchange is happening

When placing a patient on oxygen, the nurse knows to educate on what two important points?

NO smoking or use of vaseline

What IV fluid will be used to treat diarrhea?

NS or LR

What is the only noninvasive method of oxygen delivery that can give 100% FiO2?

Nonrebreather mask

What are two examples of an opioid combo medication?

Norco & percocet

What four things are vital to note with any disease process?

Nutrition, hydration, mobility, & skin integrity

What is impaction with constipation?

Occurs when an accumulated mass of dry feces cannot be expelled

What is a reduction in bone density and change in bone structure called?

Osteoporosis

What is loss of bone mass called?

Osteoporosis

What are five risk factors for hip fractures?

Osteoporosis, falls, MVC, diseases like bone cancer and Paget's, advanced age

What do anabolic medications also facilitate?

Overall calcium absorption

What are six risk factors for GERD?

Overweight, pregnant, excess alcohol use, weakened muscle diseases, hiatal hernia, smoking

What is odynophagia?

Pain with swallowing

What are 2 examples of proton-pump inhibitors?

Pantoprazole & omeprazole (-prazole)

What is the loss of movement, possibly from nerve damage called?

Paralysis

Why is it important to asess recent travel?

Parasites in water can cause diarrhea, cholera, malaria

What does PEG stand for?

Percutaeneous endoscopic gastrostomy

People with osteoporosis have bones that progressively become...

Porous, brittle, and fragile; fracture easily under stress

Following surgery, when is the patient most at risk for developing atelectasis?

Post-op day 3

What lab level is the earliest indicator of malnutrition?

Prealbumin

What is an example of a corticosteroid?

Prednisone

What are 2 examples of glucocorticoids?

Prednisone & beclomethasone

What is a major occurrence with urine incontinence?

Pressure ulcers

What is the function of a CPAP?

Provides positive pressure to prevent collapse of alveoli on exhalation, splints the upper airway and trachea open to allow for airflow

What is enteral nutrition?

Providing nutrients to the body by delivery to the stomach and small intestines via feeding tube

What is parenteral nutrition?

Providing nutrients to the body by peripheral or central IV route

What bone is fractured in hip fractures?

Proximal femur

What is the action of osmotic stimulants?

Pulls water from surrounding tissue to soften stools

What is an example of shunting?

Pulmonary embolism

After a joint replacement, what is important to assess?

Range of motion

What is the function of biphosphonates?

Reduce spine and hip fractures associated w/osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity

What is the action of histamine-2 antagonists?

Reduce the amount of stomach acid secreted by glands in the lining of the stomach

What occurs if osteoclast activity is inhibited?

Reductions in skeletal turnover and bone loss

What is the function of bronchodilators?

Relieve bronchospasms, reduce airway obstruction, and aid in secretion clearance

What is the funtion of antidiarrheals?

Relieve the diarrhea symptoms, do not eliminate the cause

What is a stress fracture the result of?

Repeated loading of bone and muscle

Why are probiotics used to treat diarrhea?

Replenish the gut biome

Nursing interventions for asthma focus on...

Resolving the exacerbation and preventing complications

What acid-base imbalance occurs with shunting?

Respiratory alkalosis

What does RICE stand for?

Rest, ice, compression, elevation

What is overflow incontinence?

Retention from bladder overdistention & frequent loss of small amounts of urine due to obstruction

What is transient incontinence?

Reversible incontinence due to inflammation, UTI, meds, disease process, etc.

What is the priority in managing COPD?

Smoking cessation

How does asthma affect lung volumes and capacities?

Theoretically, numbers can reverse, because disease is restrictive, not permanent

Why do antibiotics often cause diarrhea?

They kill the good bacteria in the gut as well as the bad

What three things can be used to manage dysphagia?

Thickened liquids, pureed foods, & education

What are some common manifestations of fluid volume deficiency?

Thirst, low BP, decreased urine, dry skin, skin tenting, weak pulses

How is obesity diagnosed?

Through body weight and lab values

Why is physical activity important with osteoporosis?

To build strength and increase bone density

Why should the NG tube be assessed before every use?

To ensure tube is still in stomach and not lungs

What is the function of antihistamines?

To help dry up mucus secretions

Why are casts needed for bone fractures?

To immobilize the bone and prevent misalignment during healing

What is palliative surgery for cancer?

To improve comfort when a cure isn't possible

What is the function of glucocorticoids, mast cell stabilizers, & leukotriene modifiers?

To reduce airway inflammation

Someone with atelectasis would have what manifestations over large areas of the lungs?

Tracheal deviation toward atelectatic area, decreased fremitus, bronchial breath sounds, egophony, and asymmetrical chest

How is iron-deficiency anemia diagnosed?

Transferrin and ferritin levels

Why are post-op patients, immobile patients, obese patients, and those with chronic lung disease at risk for atelectasis?

Unable to take deep breaths to fully expand the lungs

What is urinary incontinence?

Unintentional leaking of urine

What is obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by?

Upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation

What three things are used to assess for BPH?

Urinalysis, renal function tests, & urinary retention

Osteoarthritis pain is...

Worsened by activity and relieved by rest

the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

total lung capacity

amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

tidal volume

How are NG tubes measured for placement?

tip of nose to earlobe to xiphoid process