Health Chapter 13

What is a "pill mill," and in what region(s) of our country might you currently find the largest number of them?

Doctor that gives out powerful narcotics for non-medical reasons (REGION?)

Which specific neurotransmitter in the brain is chiefly involved in the Pleasure/Reward pathway common to all psychoactive drugs?

Dopamine

What is K2 or "Spice"?

Dried leaf or powder form, most commonly smoked, with different chemical make up but effects similar to THC

What effects do CNS stimulants typically produce in the body or behavior?

-Effects similar to "fight or flight" reaction -May stimulate movement, fidgeting, talking -Produce intense feelings of euphoria and sense of well-being

What types of treatment options are available to treat drug addiction?

-Hospitalization -Residential programs -Halfway house -Self-help groups -Peer counseling

What are the physical/psychological effects of ingesting this club drug"?

-Increased serotonin, HR, body temperature, energy, euphoria, and empathy -Also blurred vision, anxiety, paranoia, cognitive, defects, clenched teeth, dehydration, sleep disturbances, heart of kidney failure, cognitive defects

Hallucinogens (3)

-LSD -PCP -MDMA

Cannabinoids (3)

-Marijuana -Spice -K2

Opioids (2)

-Morphine -Heroin

Inhalants (4)

-Paint thinner -Gasoline -Glue -Spray can

What personal factors tend to discourage drug abuse by college students?

-Parental attitudes and behavior -Religion and spirituality -Student engagement -College athletics -Healthy social network

Be able to identify several personal factors that increase the risk of drug abuse by college students.

-Positive expectations -Genetics and family history -Substance use in high school -Mental health problems -Sorority and fraternity membership -Stress

What are some examples of harm reduction strategies that are utilized in dealing with the illicit drug problem?

Focus on helping addicts reduce the harm associated with drug use, including needle exchange programs, drug substitute programs, and controlled availability; medicalization; decriminalization

The slide show we watched in class from the UCLA professor showed various spikes in brain levels of that specific neurotransmitter following what 2 types of activity besides drug use?

Food and sex

What are the hormones produced by the body that mimic the effects of opioid drugs?

Endorphins

Also known as psychedelics, drugs such as LSD, PCP, and MDMA belong to which category of psychoactive drugs?

Hallucinogens

Now that law enforcement is cracking down harder on those pill mills, what drug in the same general category have many users switched to, resulting in much larger number of overdose events than has been seen in many years for that drug?

Heroin

Which drug in the opioid category (that is most commonly administered by IV injection but can also be snorted or smoked) is produced in powder or "black tar" form, and is 3 times more potent than the drug mentioned above?

Heroin

CNS Depressants (4)

-Barbiturates -Anti-anxiety drugs -Rohypnol (roofies) -Gamma hydroxybutyrate (ecstasy)

Be able to identify the unique effects of psychedelic drugs when ingested.

-Capable of creating auditory or visual distortions -Unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings

CNS Stimulants (5)

-Cocaine -Amphetamines -Meth -Bath salts -Caffeine

What effects do CNS depressants produce in the body or behavior?

-Decrease nervous or muscular activity -Cause drowsiness or sleep -Reduce anxiety - but can also cause impaired coordination, slurred speech, confusion, irritability

Know the 7 categories of abused drugs discussed in class and be able to recognize examples of drugs from each category.

1. CNS Stimulants 2. CNS Depressants 3. Opioids 4. Hallucinogens 5. Inhalants 6. Anabolic Steroids 7. Cannabinoids

What is a psychoactive drug?

A drug that can alter a person's consciousness or experience; causes alterations in brain chemistry

What types of prescription drugs are most commonly abused on college campuses?

Adderall and ritalin

Which category of drugs are the most widely-prescribed CNS depressants, often used to treat anxiety or panic attacks?

Anti-anxiety drugs (tranquilizers)

Which category of CNS depressants such as Amytal, Nembutol, and Seconal were used more commonly in the past as sleep aids?

Barbiturates (downers/reds/yellows/barbs)

What stimulant designer drugs - often marked "not for human consumption" but are ingested, injected, smoked, or snorted - are marketed under names such as Ivory Snow, Snow Leopard, Vanilla Sky, Purple Wave, and Hurricane Charlie?

Bath Salts

Drugs such as Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Klonopin, and Quaaludes belong to which category of CNS depressants?

Benzodiazepines

Which stimulant drug can be administered by snorting powder, through intravenous injection, by free-basing, or by smoking the rock crystal form?

Cocaine

How does the use of marijuana affect driving abilities?

Increase in impaired coordination/balance/reaction time

Which 2 routes of administration of a drug allow the substance to reach the brain in the shortest time?

Inhalation and injection quickest. Mucous membranes, oral, skin

What veterinary tranquilizer, nicknamed "Special K," is also used illicitly as a recreational drug?

Ketamine

Which of the psychedelic drugs experienced probably its biggest period of popularity in the 1960's, often used by musicians and other artists with the goal of "expanding their minds" - and also their artistic inspiration - hopefully without resulting in a "bad trip"?

LSD

Which club drug, also known as "ecstasy" or "Molly" can actually be categorized in this category or as a CNS stimulant, as it has properties of both?

MDMA

Which drug is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States?

Marijuana

What 2 main drugs of abuse are derived from cannabis sativa, a variety of hemp plant?

Marijuana and hasish

Which illegal drug, typically cooked in "labs" and smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested, is currently considered the most addictive and dangerous stimulant?

Meth

Be able to name several negative social and economic effects of illicit drug use in the U.S. that encourage the "War on Drugs" efforts to continue.

Millions of arrests, tens of thousands of deaths, hundreds of thousands of ER visits, children born to drug-using mothers

What drug in the opioid category first received widespread use in the Civil War and is still used today, especially for treatment of chronic pain, and/or to make the patient more comfortable during palliative care?

Morphine

Drugs in the opioid category include natural and synthetic derivatives of the____________ plant, and have been used medically for relief of pain and as antidiarrheal agents, anesthetics, and cough suppressants.

Opium

Which prescription drug is often referred to as "Hillbilly Heroin," and how why did it get that nickname?

Oxycontin (WHYY)

Which of the psychedelic drugs is commonly known as "Angel Dust" and causes disturbances in body perception accompanied by irrational behavior, delusions, hallucinations, or possibly death at higher doses

PCP

What are some of the reported patient benefits for the use of medical marijuana, and what is the name (or abbreviation) of the active ingredient most commonly responsible for those effects?

Pain relief, reduce nausea, stimulate appetite (THC)

Be able to identify several inhalants that are often abused, particularly by "the younger generation."

Paint thinner, gasoline, glue, and spray can propellant, markers

What are some pros/cons for methadone treatment for dependency on heroin or other opioids?

Pros: less likely to engage in criminal activities to support their habits Cons: merely substitutes one addiction for another

What product in common cold remedies is commonly used (and whose purchase is often restricted or regulated) in the production of methamphetamine?

Pseudoephedrine

Which type of stimulant drugs can be used legally as bronchodilators, for weight loss, to combat drowsiness, and to treat patients with ADHD?

Ritalin and Adderall

Name the 2 club drugs that are considered CNS depressants. What other common nickname describes one of the best known negative outcomes that often follow unknown ingestion of these drugs?

Roofies and GHB - date rape drugs

Oxycontin, Percocet, Vicodin, Percodan and Demerol are all examples of what "sub-category" of legal prescription drugs that are now often used illicitly?

Synthetic opioids

The level of which active ingredient determines the degree of effect that marijuana will have on the user?

THC

What are some quite obvious symptoms of meth use in the abuser's appearance?

Tooth decay/loss

Be able to recognize both "pro" and "con" arguments for the legalization of recreational marijuana.

○ Pro: § Safer than alcohol or tobacco / not primary cause of death § Nationwide prohibition of alcohol in early 1900's was a big failure § Doesn't cause aggression/domestic violence § Legitimate medical uses § Money spent on enforcement could be redirected; government can tax marijuana to increase revenue and regulate production ○ Con: § Marijuana is not a harmless drug § May encourage more abuse and drug dependence § Alcohol and tobacco already major causes of death & disease § More money spent on drug treatment programs