Health Chapter 15: Protecting against Sexually Transmitted Infections

A blister filled with clear fluid teeming with the virus forms

Second phase of herpes?

15 to 45%

Approximately _____ to _______% of HIV-positive pregnant women will transmit the virus to their infant.

- Exchange of body fluids - Contaminated needles

The majority of HIV infections arise from what 2 things?

6 to 8 weeks after contact

Typical incubation period for HPV?

Genital warts

Warts that appear in the genital area or the anus; caused by the human pillomavirus

Protease inhibitors

What act to prevent the production of the virus in chronically infected cells that HIV has already invaded and seem to work best in combination with other therapies?

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

What can detect the genetic material of HIV instead of the antibodies to the virus and can identify HIV within the first few weeks of infection?

Syphilis spirochetes begin to invade body organs, causing lesions called gummas. By now, rarely transmitted to others except during pregnancy

What happens in latent syphilis?

Development of a chancre

What happens in primary syphilis?

A rash or white patches on the skin or on the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, or genitals. Hair loss, enlarged lymph nodes, slight fever, headache

What happens in secondary syphilis?

Heart and central nervous system damage. Blindness. Deafness. Paralysis. Dementia. Possible death.

What happens in tertiary/late syphilis?

HPV

What is the most common STI?

A burning sensation and redness at the site of infection

What is the precursor phase of a herpes infection?

Thrush

When the candidiases microbe infect the mouth and whitish patches form

sub-Saharan Africa

Where are the vast majority of HIV infected individuals?

HSV-1

Which type of herpes is more common?

Young women and non-Hispanic blacks aged 15 to 24, and men who have sex with men

Who has the highest rates of chlamydia infection?

Young black men who have sex with men

Who is most seriously affected by HIV?

Only about 10% of infected men and 5-30% of infected women show symptoms

Why is chlamydia called the "silent infection"?

Its symptoms resemble those of several other infections

Why is syphilis known as the "great imitator"?

Seroconversion occurred. The person should then take another ELISA test and the Western blot test to confirm the presence of HIV antibodies?

Why would a person who previously tested negative for HIV have a subsequent test that is positive?

8 to 10 years

Without treatment, it takes an average of ___ to ____ years for the HIV virus to cause the slow, degenerative changes in the immune system that are characteristic of AIDS.

4 to 10x

Women are ____ to _____ times more likely than men to contract HIV through unprotected heterosexual intercourse.

Candidiases

Yeast-like fungal infection often transmitted sexually; also called yeast infection

4 in 10

______ in 10 sexually active active teenage women have had an STD that can cause infertility and even death.

Dysplasia

Changes in cells that may lead to precancerous condition

A Pap test done as a routine screening for women aged 21 to 65

What can prevent cervical cancer?

Primary syphilis Secondary syphilis Latent syphilis Tertiary/late syphilis

4 distinct stages of syphilis

Preexposure prophylasis (PrEP) for HIV

A daily pill, taken by those having sex with someone with HIV or otherwise at high risk, to help prevent HIV infection

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A disease caused by a retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that attacks the immune system, reducing the number of helper T cells and leaving the victim vulnerable to infections, malignancies, and neurological disorders

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A group of viruses, many of which are transmitted sexually; some types can cause genital warts or cervical cancer

age 13-19

Age range of males that make up 80% of HIV diagnoses?

75%

Among 13 to 19 year olds, males account for more than ______% of HIV diagnoses.

Conjunctivitis

An eye infection that affects adults who don't wash their hands after intimacy and touch their eyes

Chancre

Bacteria-oozing sore located at the infection site of syphilis that usually appears about a month after initial infection

Chlamydia

Bacterially caused STI of the urogenital tract. Transmitted via sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of a person who is infected.

Syphilis

Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, transferred only through direct sexual contact or from mother to fetus. Occurs in 4 distinct stages

Oral herpes

General term for a family of infections characterized by sores or eruptions on the skin cased by herpes simplex virus type 1

Early 20s

Gonorrhea most frequently occurs in what age?

It enters the body when another person's infected body fluid (semen, vaginal secretions, blood) gain entry through a breach in body defenses. Then the virus enters and begins to multiply, invading the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid.

How is HIV transmitted?

When the infected person has either a dangerously low CD4 (helper T) cell count or has contracted one or more opportunistic infections characteristic of the disease (Kaposi's sarcona, tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, invasive cervical cancer)

How is a diagnosis of AIDS made?

20

How many known types of STIs are there?

Kidney damage

If left untreated, what can a UTI cause?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Infection, more common among women than men, of the urinary tract; causes included untreated STIs

Opportunistic infections

Infections that gain a foothold when the immune system is not functioning effectively

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmitted through some form of sexual contact

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the area near the testicles

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Inflammation of the female genital tract that may cause scarring or blockage of the fallopian tubes, resulting in infertility

No

Is HIV/AIDS contagious?

No

Is there a vaccine that is protective against genital herpes?

Trichomoniasis

Protozoan STI characterized by foamy, yellowish discharge and unpleasant odor. Spread by sexual contact and contact with items that have discharged fluids on them

Chlamydia

One of the most common cases of PID, and also one of the most common preventable causes of infertility in the US?

Public lice

Parasitic insects that can inhabit various body areas, especially the genitals. Transferred during sexual contact

Genital herpes

STI caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2. Affects nearly 16% of the population aged 14 to 49 in the U.S.

Gonorrhea

Second most common bacterial STI in the U.S. Caused by the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, primarily infects the linings of the urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum. If untreated, may cause sterility.

83%

Since the 1990s, the U.S. death rate from AIDS is down nearly _______%.

True

T/F: A mother can transmit chlamydia to her baby during childbirth

False! They often occur at the same time

T/F: Chlamydia and gonorrhea cannot occur at the same time

True

T/F: Men are about 4x more likely to develop cancers of the oropharynx than are women.

True

T/F: Nearly half of the 20 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed each year occur in 15- to 24-year-olds

False! Herpes may be spread when no obvious sores are present and there continues to be viral shedding

T/F: You can only pass herpes on by contact with herpes sores.

True

T/F: Zika can be spread via vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The virus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells