Healthcare foundations prepU ch. 40 Oxygenation and Perfusion

clubbing Clubbing refers to the rounding and enlargement of the tips of the fingers and toes. It is a common phenomenon seen in many clients with chronic hypoxia due to respiratory or cardiac disease. Clubbing occurs in lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, and lung diseases such as lung abscess and COPD. Hemoptysis, edema, and discolored sputum do not result from hypoxia

The nurse is assessing a client with lung cancer who has been receiving treatment for many months. What manifestations may suggest that the client has chronic hypoxia?

Document these expected apneic episodes The newborn's breathing pattern is characterized by occasional pauses of several seconds between breaths. This periodic breathing is normal during the first 3 months of life, but frequent or prolonged periods of apnea (cessation of breathing 20 seconds or longer) are abnormal. In the absence of symptoms of hypoxia, referrals and further interventions such as suctioning are unnecessary.

The nurse is assessing a neonate whose breathing ceased for 4 to 5 seconds on three different occasions. What is the nurse's best action?

"He is using his chest muscles to help him breathe." The client will use accessory muscles to ease dyspnea and improve breathing.

A child is admitted to the pediatric division with an acute asthma attack. The nurse assesses the lung sounds and respiratory rate. The mother asks the nurse, "Why is his chest sucking in above his stomach? The nurse's most accurate response is:

Corticosteroids In many cases, bronchodilators and corticosteroids are required to open airways and ease breathing. Corticosteroids relieve inflammation but bronchodilators do not. Antibiotics address infection, not inflammation. Expectorants loosen secretions rather than relieving inflammation.

A client has been diagnosed with asthma and has been prescribed inhaled medications to relieve inflammation in the lung tissue. What medication will the nurse administer?

Congestive heart failure A client who has edema and a cough that is productive with frothy sputum is manifesting heart failure as a result of alterations to circulation. Pulmonary embolism presents with more acute signs of hypoxia. MI and lung cancer are not characterized by productive cough and frothy sputum.

A client has edema of the feet and ankles, along with crackles in the lower lobes and a frothy, productive cough. The nursing care plan will address implications of what medical diagnosis?

Apply oxygen as prescribed The nurse should first apply oxygen, which will help to improve oxygen saturation and health status. The client may not require intubation, once oxygen is provided. Although the client may require education on incentive spirometry, the immediate priority intervention is to stabilize the client's oxygen saturation. Similarly, raising the head of the bed may help with the client's comfort but may not have sufficient effect on oxygen saturation.

A client is admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath, cyanosis and an oxygen saturation of 82% (0.82) on room air. Which action should the nurse implement first?

pulse oximetry Pulse oximetry is useful for monitoring clients receiving oxygen therapy, titrating oxygen therapy, monitoring those at risk for hypoxia, and postoperative clients. Peak expiratory flow rate is used to monitor severe respiratory diseases and the degree of disease control. Spirometry is used in the postoperative period to measure the volume of air in liters exhaled or inhaled. Spirometry also evaluates lung function and airway obstruction but does not specifically monitor the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. Thoracentesis is a procedure that allows the health care provider to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

A client returns to the telemetry unit after an operative procedure. Which diagnostic test will the nurse perform to monitor the effectiveness of the oxygen therapy ordered for the client?

Remove the airway, turn the client to the side, and provide mouth suction, if necessary If the client vomits as the oropharyngeal airway is inserted, quickly position the client onto his or her side to prevent aspiration, remove the oral airway, and suction the mouth, if needed. It would be inappropriate and unsafe to leave the airway in place. Rinsing the client's mouth with water is not a priority

A client vomits as a nurse is inserting his oropharyngeal airway. What would be the most appropriate intervention in this situation?

"You should never smoke when oxygen is in use." The nurse will educate the client about the dangers of smoking when oxygen is in use. Oxygen is not flammable, but it oxidizes other materials. Other answers are inappropriate.

A client who uses portable home oxygen states, "I still like to smoke cigarettes every now and then." What is the appropriate nursing response?

Ask the client what factors contribute to nonadherence The nurse must first assess the reasons that contribute to nonadherence; interventions cannot be determined without a thorough assessment. Then, the nurse can work with the health care provider to find alternate treatment options if necessary, and then document the care

A client who was prescribed CPAP reports nonadherence to treatment. What is the priority nursing intervention?

Nasal cannula A nasal cannula is used to deliver from 1 L/min to 6 L/min of oxygen. Masks are used with higher flow rates of oxygen.

A client with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been ordered oxygen at 3 L/min as needed for treatment of dyspnea. What delivery mode is most appropriate to this client's needs?

Pleural effusion Thoracentesis involves the removal of fluid from the pleural space, either for diagnostic purposes or to remove an accumulation of fluid in this space (pleural effusion). Tachypnea and wheezes are not symptoms that directly indicate a need for thoracentesis. Pneumonia would necessitate the procedure only if the infection resulted in pleural effusion

A client's primary care provider has informed the nurse that the client will require thoracentesis. The nurse should suspect that the client has developed which disorder of lung function?

Instruct the client to inhale deeply and then cough. The client should be instructed to inhale deeply and cough; if this results in sputum, it should be collected in the container. The client should be placed in a semi-Fowler's position and instructed to clear the nose and throat and rinse the throat with water.

A health care provider orders the collection of a sputum specimen from a client with a suspected bacterial infection. Which action best ensures a usable specimen?

Ambu bag If the client is not breathing with an adequate rate and depth, or if the client has lost the respiratory drive, a manual resuscitation bag (Ambu bag) may be used to deliver oxygen until the client is resuscitated or can be intubated with an endotracheal tube. Oxygen masks may cover only the nose and mouth and can vary in the amount of oxygen delivered. A nasal oxygen cannula is a device that consists of a plastic tube that fits behind the ears, and a set of two prongs that are placed in the nostril. An oxygen tent is a tentlike enclosure within which the air supply can be enriched with oxygen to aid a client's breathing. Oxygen masks, nasal cannula, and oxygen tents are used for clients who have a respiratory drive.

A nurse assessing a client's respiratory effort notes that the client's breaths are shallow and 8 per minute. Shortly after, the client's respirations cease. Which form of oxygen delivery should the nurse use for this client?

adequate tissue perfusion Pulse oximetry is often used as a measure of tissue perfusion. An oxygen saturation of greater than 94% is typically indicative of good tissue perfusion

A nurse is admitting a 6-year-old child after a tonsillectomy to the surgical unit. The nurse obtains the client's weight and places electrocardiogram (EKG) leads on the chest and a pulse oximeter on the left finger. The client's heart rate reads 100 bpm and the pulse oximeter reads 99%. These readings best indicate:

Bronchitis Bronchitis refers to a condition in which the airways become inflamed, commonly due to respiratory irritants such as air pollution and high humidity. Exposure to such irritants leads to the release of inflammatory mediators, which in turn, lead to inflammation and narrowing of the airways and increased mucus production. Atelectasis refers to the partial or complete collapse of the small air sacs in the lungs, common after surgery or with obstruction or compression of the airways or lungs. Bronchiectasis results from chronic inflammation or infection causing an excess accumulation of mucus. Croup is an infection of the airways, most commonly viral in origin

A nurse is providing care in an area which is plagued by high levels of air pollutants from industry and motor vehicles. The nurse will expect a high incidence and prevalence of what respiratory disease?

Bronchospasm When allergic responses take place in the lungs, breathing difficulties are far more severe. Small airways become edematous, mucus production increases, and inflammatory chemical mediators cause bronchospasm. Bronchitis and bronchiectasis are chronic respiratory effects and bronchiolitis is infectious.

A nurse is volunteering at a day camp where a child is stung by a bee and develops wheezing in the upper airways. The nurse will provide interventions to address what health problem?

"Is your mask causing discomfort?" It is possible for anyone using a mask to try and readjust it if it is uncomfortable. Depending on the older adult's cognitive status, he or she may have tried to make it more comfortable and in the process caused it to no longer fit correctly. This could also occur if the client removed their dentures, as some individual's choose to let the dentures soak overnight. If the mask was fitted with the dentures in, the mask will likely be loose with the dentures removed. The other questions could possibly be asked to see if someone else may have tried to help the client feel more comfortable with the mask on

An older resident at a long-term care facility has been placed on oxygen via a partial rebreather mask due to COVID-19. While helping the resident prepare for sleep, the nurse notices the mask is no longer fitting properly. Which question should the nurse prioritize?

Vesicular Vesicular breath sounds are normal and described as low-pitched, soft sounds over the lungs' peripheral fields. Crackles are soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds heard on inspiration. Medium-pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi describe bronchovesicular breath sounds. Bronchial breath sounds are loud, high-pitched sounds heard over the trachea and larynx.

During data collection, the nurse auscultates low-pitched, soft sounds over the lungs' peripheral fields. Which appropriate terminology would the nurse use to describe these lung sounds when documenting?

Wheezing The nurse expects to document wheezing in the lungs of a client with asthma, which would be more pronounced when the client has a respiratory infection. Wheezing is a high-pitched, musical sound heard primarily during expiration but may also be heard on inspiration. Wheezing is caused by air passing through constricted passages caused by swelling or secretions. Stridor and crackles are other abnormal breath sounds caused by fluid, infection, or inflammation in the lungs. Absent breath sounds are not normally found in asthmatic clients; they are characteristic of pneumonia

The nurse auscultates the lungs of a client with asthma who reports shortness of breath, sore throat, and congestion. Which finding does the nurse expect to document?

Arterial blood gas Arterial blood gases include the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH. Blood gases determine the adequacy of alveolar gas exchange and the ability of the lungs and kidneys to maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.

The nurse is caring for a client who has a compromised cardiopulmonary system and needs to assess the client's tissue oxygenation. The nurse would use which appropriate method to assess this client's oxygenation?

tracheostomy collar A tracheostomy collar delivers oxygen near an artificial opening in the neck. This is appropriate for a client who has had a PCT. All other devices are less appropriate for this client

The nurse is caring for a client who has had a percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) following a motor vehicle accident and has been prescribed oxygen. What delivery device will the nurse select that is most appropriate for this client?

high respiratory rate A client diagnosed with Impaired Gas Exchange has difficulty in breathing, so the nurse is likely to find a high respiratory rate. As a compensatory mechanism to impairment in gas exchange, the peripheral temperature drops, and the pulse rate and blood pressure increase

The nurse is caring for a client who is diagnosed with Impaired Gas Exchange. While performing a physical assessment of the client, which data is the nurse likely to find, keeping in mind the client's diagnosis?

Provide suggestions of high-protein, high-calorie meals The client should have sufficient caloric and protein intake for respiratory muscle strength, so promotion of a high-calorie, high-protein diet is appropriate. Protein shakes and dietary supplements may be appropriate but should complement, rather than replace, meals. Intermittent fasting promotes weight loss, not increased calorie intake

The nurse is caring for an older adult homebound client with advanced respiratory disease whose has inadequate nutrition. What recommendation will the nurse provide?

"Inhale slowly over three seconds, purse your lips, contract abdominal muscles, and exhale slowly." Pursed-lip breathing is a form of controlled ventilation that is effective for clients with COPD. Other answers are incorrect techniques for deep breathing.

The nurse is preparing discharge teaching for a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which teaching about deep breathing will the nurse include?

"Breathing through your nose first will warm, filter, and humidify the air you are breathing." Nasal breathing allows the air to be warmed, filtered, and humidified. Nose breathing does not encourage the client to sit up straight. The purpose of nasal breathing is not to prevent germs from entering the stomach or to discourage snoring.

The nurse is teaching the client with a pulmonary disorder about deep breathing. The client asks, "Why is it important to start by breathing through my nose, then exhaling through my mouth?" Which appropriate response would the nurse give this client?

Provide oxygen for consistent hypoxia In practice, the oxygen saturation range of 92% to 100% is generally acceptable for most clients, so an oxygen saturation level of 91% is not within a normal, acceptable range and the client is experiencing hypoxia. When an abnormal finding is identified, the next step is to act to correct the issue, in this case, provide oxygen for the client's hypoxia. While monitoring levels and promoting spirometry may be needed in certain postoperative and nonambulatory clients, this is a preventative measure and will not immediately address the need for oxygen. The oxygen level is not low enough to warrant testing for hemoglobin

The nurse provides care for a client with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome whose oxygen saturation fluctuated between 86% and 90% over the past few days. The oxygenation saturation is consistently at 91%. Which step would the nurse take next?

Residual Volume (RV) During a pulmonary function test the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration is called residual volume. Tidal volume refers to the total amount of air inhaled and exhaled with one breath. Total lung capacity is the amount of air contained within the lungs at maximum inspiration. Forced expiratory volume measures the amount of air exhaled in the first second after a full inspiration; it can also be measured at 2 or 3 seconds.

The nurse schedules a pulmonary function test to measure the amount of air left in a client's lungs at maximal expiration. What test does the nurse order?

Pulse oximeter Ventilator The medulla houses the respiratory center, which regulates respirations. If damaged, the client will need monitoring of oxygenation (pulse oximeter) and a mechanism for breathing, getting oxygen, and clearing secretions from the airway (endotracheal tube). There is no indication that the client's lungs have collapsed, so a chest drainage system is not needed. A communication board would be used if the client could not be understood. It is important to record temperature, but the most important items are pulse oximeter and endotracheal tube.

The nurse working in the intensive care unit is preparing to admit a client from the emergency department who had a stroke located in the medulla. What equipment should the nurse have present in the room upon the client's arrival into the unit? Select all that apply.

air flow through the respiratory passages Auscultation of the lungs assesses air flow through the respiratory passages and lungs. The nurse listens for normal, as well as abnormal, breath sounds. Abnormal chest structures would be assessed when inspecting the chest and thoracic region. Presence of edema would be assessed as part of the cardiovascular status of the client. Volume of air exhaled and inhaled would be performed during a pulmonary function test

What assessments would a nurse make when auscultating the lungs?

Poor tissue perfusion Chronically poor perfusion may result in hair loss in the affected area, discolored skin, thickened nails, and shiny, dry skin indicative of inadequate tissue nutrition

When a nurse observes that an older client's skin is dry and shiny and his nails are thickened, the nurse determines that the client is most likely experiencing

The chest should be slightly convex with no sternal depression. The adult chest contour is slightly convex, with no sternal depression. The skin of the thorax should be warm and dry, and the anteroposterior diameter of the chest should be less than the transverse diameter. The contour of the intercostal spaces should be flat or depressed

When inspecting a client's chest to assess respiratory status, the nurse should be aware of which normal finding?

It determines whether the client is getting enough oxygen The oxygen analyzer measures the percentage of delivered oxygen to determine whether the client is receiving the prescribed amount. The flowmeter is a gauge used to regulate the amount of oxygen that a client receives. The provider prescribes concentration. The humidifier produces small water droplets that are delivered during oxygen administration to decrease dry mucous membranes.

Which teaching about the oxygen analyzer is important for the nurse to provide to a client using oxygen?

pattern of thoracic expansion The nurse can assess patterns of thoracic expansion through palpation. Fluid-filled and consolidated portions of lungs can be assessed through percussion, not through palpation. Presence of pleural rub can be assessed through auscultation.

While examining a client, the nurse palpates the client's chest and back. What would the nurse expect to identify with this technique?