HECO Ch 1-5
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fats?
"Fat" primarily refers to triglycerides, which make up 95% of all lipids in our foods.
What percentage of the population is affected by celiac disease?
1 percent
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend limiting the consumption of saturated fat to less than _______ of total calories.
10%
The Healthy People initiative sets new health improvement objectives every _____ years.
10/decade
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), LDL cholesterol should be kept below at least:
100 mg/dl.
When trying to choose healthy whole-grain foods, the American Heart Association recommends one should look for a total carbohydrate to fiber ratio that is no more than:
10:01
The carbohydrate content of which of the following foods suggests that it is most likely to be high in whole grains, and low in salt, sodium, trans fats, and added sugars?
10g carbs, 1.5 g fiber
The lowest fasting blood glucose concentration that would result in a diagnosis of diabetes is:
126 mg/dl.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that 45% to 65% of total caloric intake come from carbohydrates. If Shawn consumes a 3000-kilocalorie diet, how many kilocalories should he obtain from carbohydrates?
1350-1950 kilocalories
About how many total kilocalories does one serving of crackers provide if it contains 5 g of fat, 22 g of carbohydrates, and 3 g of protein?
145 kcal
Gestational diabetes affects approximately ____ of all pregnant women.
18%
The first food guide to caution against dietary excesses was developed in:
1979
What is the AMDR for total calories from dietary fat for adults?
20-35%
The elevated blood glucose level that is needed for a diagnosis of diabetes following an oral glucose tolerance test is:
200 mg/110 ml blood.
Blood triglyceride concentrations are first considered to be high when they reach:
200 mg/dl.
For adults, a healthy blood cholesterol level is considered to be less than:
200 mg/dl.
The Percent Daily Values (%DV) on food labels are based on a(n) _____ calorie diet.
2000
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is 45% to 65% of total calories. For a 1800 kilocalorie diet, how many grams of carbohydrates are recommended per day?
203-293 g
According to the American Diabetes Association, more than _____ of American adults have prediabetes.
33%
The acceptable AMDR range for fat is 20 to _____ percent of calories.
35
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends that adults consume _____ of their daily calories from carbohydrates.
45% to 65%
According to the DRIs, approximately of total calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates, particularly complex carbohydrates.
45-65%
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are revised every _____ years.
5
Colton is eating a bran muffin, and the Nutrition Facts for one muffin are 55 grams of total carbohydrate, 5 grams of dietary fiber, and 9 grams of sugars. There are _____ grams of digestible carbohydrates in the muffin.
50
If there are 250 calories per serving and 125 of those calories are from fat, then _____ percent of the calories are from fat
50
Although food labels are designed to inform people about how to make healthy food choices, a recent survey found that approximately _____ of people have difficulty understanding them.
50%
What portion of the carbohydrate in high-fructose corn syrup is fructose?
55%
A serving of cookies has 7 grams of fat. How many calories from fat would these cookies provide?
63 calories
According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), what is the maximum amount of fat in grams recommended for an 1800-kcalorie diet?
70 grams
If a meal contains 20 g of protein, how many calories will you consume from protein?
80 calories
At least _____ of individuals with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
90%
Studies demonstrate that ultra-processed foods contribute approximately _____ of the intake of added sugars to people's diets in the United States.
90%
Today about _____ of all people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.
90%
Which of the following meals contains foods from all food groups of the MyPlate food guide?
A wrap made with a flour tortilla, refried beans, cheese, and salsa; green salad, and a mango
What two DRI values will never coexist for the same nutrient?
AI and RDA
What DRI values are set to guide us in achieving a balanced intake of fat, carbohydrates, and protein?
AMDR
The name of the professional organization of registered dietitians in the United States is the:
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total daily calories?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
_____ requires a carrier protein and energy to transport nutrients into the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract.
Active transport
Which change to the Nutrition Facts Panel reflects new information about the relationship between diet and health in the 2016 revision?
Added sugars are listed, indicating the amount of sugars added during processing.
What is true about alcohol?
Alcohol is not a nutrient.
Which of the following is true with regard to a healthy diet?
All of the above.
Which of the following is NOT a message that is included in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)?
Americans are encouraged to try to meet most of the DGA recommendations.
Which of the following is an example of facilitated diffusion?
Amino acids move from an area of high concentration to the lower concentration into the cell via an embedded protein.
Which of the following statements regarding RDAs is true?
As a person's intake of a nutrient decreases relative to the RDA, his or her risk of a deficiency increases.
What is the relationship between the fat and water content of a food and energy density?
As fat increases and water decreases, energy density increases.
Which of the following statements regarding alternative sweeteners is NOT true?
Because aspartame is composed of two amino acids, it is considered a nutritive sweetener.
_____ aids in the digestion of dietary fats.
Bile
_____ is a fluid required for lipid digestion and absorption.
Bile
What occurs first in lipid digestion in the small intestine?
Bile acids emulsify triglycerides into aqueous digestive juices.
Why is bile important in lipid digestion?
Bile emulsifies fat, making it available to digestive enzymes.
How are muscular contractions involved in digestion?
Both peristalsis and segmentation involve the contraction of the circular muscles.
The new Nutrition Facts food label will become effective on Jan 1, 2020. Which of the following statements about the new label is NOT true?
Calories from fat are still required to be listed on labels.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding carbohydrate structure and function?
Carbohydrates provide 9 kilocalories per gram.
Which of the following is NOT true of celiac disease?
Celiac disease only affects the small intestine.
What happens after dietary fats have been packaged into chylomicrons by mucosal cells?
Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.
Which of the following is NOT a consistent recommendation of food guides from around the world?
Consume more milk and dairy products.
Which of the following is NOT true about nutrition and disease risk?
Consuming inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables and other plant foods will not affect disease risk.
What is the consequence of nutrient intake outside the adequate and safe range?
Consuming less than the adequate and safe range over time may lead to depletion of nutrient stores and malnutrition.
Which of these disorders is most likely to result in severe malnutrition?
Crohn's disease
A food color must be listed by name in the list of ingredients when it is:
Derived from synthetic chemicals.
Which of the following makes recommendations on fiber intake?
Dietary Reference Intakes
After gathering sufficient evidence to generate an _____ for a nutrient, that value is used to establish an RDA for the same nutrient.
EAR
_____ is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.
Elevated fasting blood glucose
_____ are protein molecules that catalyze (or speed up) the chemical reactions in the body.
Enzymes
Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?
Enzymes are unaffected by acidic conditions.
What Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) value is used in setting the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Identify a benefit of consuming dietary fat in your diet.
Fats provide more satiety than carbohydrates.
One of your friends is concerned about her dietary fat intake. What might you recommend to her?
Focus on consuming higher-quality fats, especially foods high in omega-3 fats.
Which of the following foods is typically the LEAST nutrient-dense?
French fries
Why is active transport necessary to move glucose molecules from digested food into the cells?
Glucose is found both in the intestinal lumen and inside of cells, meaning it moves against a concentration gradient.
Emphasizing nutrient-dense foods and reducing intake of energy-dense foods while meeting overall energy needs typically results in:
Greater likelihood of achieving recommended intake of essential nutrients.
Having more _____ cholesterol in the blood decreases the risk of heart disease.
HDL
Increased amounts of cholesterol in this lipoprotein reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
HDL
What lipoprotein transports excess cholesterol from cells throughout the body to the liver?
HDL
Which lipoprotein is made in the liver and contains very little lipid?
HDL
_____ is the densest of all the lipoproteins.
HDL
A serving of cream of tomato soup contains 26 grams of total fat, 13 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of polyunsaturated fat, 5 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 3 grams of trans fat. What is a correct interpretation of this information?
Half of the total fat in the soup is saturated fat.
What initiative identifies a broad range of goals and objectives to improve the health of Americans?
Healthy People 2020, Healthy People initiatives are 10-year national objectives.
Which statement about type 2 diabetes is false?
If untreated, ketoacidosis often develops.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding lipid structures?
In an unsaturated fatty acid, a carbon-carbon double bond replaces the missing C-H bond so that each carbon still has four bonds.
_____ contributes "bulk" to stool, fostering regular bowel movements.
Insoluble fiber
Which of the following is NOT true about insulin?
Insulin stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in both liver and muscle.
Which of the following micronutrients is a trace mineral?
Iron
Which statement about the Whole Grain Stamp is true?
It identifies products that contain a meaningful amount of whole grains.
Which statement about type 1 diabetes is true?
It is an autoimmune disease.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about glucagon?
It stimulates the liver to increase glucose production.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of peristalsis?
Its primary responsibility is to mix the contents in the GI tract with digestive fluids.
_____ is an increase in the acidity of the blood, which can lead to coma and death.
Ketoacidosis
Which statement represents an appropriate use of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?
Kiko wants to get pregnant, so she takes a supplement that, combined with her diet, meets the RDA for folic acid.
"
LDL
"Which lipoprotein is associated with having ""bad cholesterol?""
LDL
Having more _____ cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of heart disease.
LDL
High levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDL
What lipoprotein delivers its lipid cargo to all cells in the body?
LDL
Which of the following would decrease dramatically if triglycerides in VLDL were not broken down?
LDL
A higher risk of CVD is associated with higher levels of:
LDL cholesterol.
While research is still being conducted to identify beneficial species of bacteria, two species, _____ and _____, are known to be beneficial.
Lactobacillus sp.; Bifidobacterium sp.
Which of the following is NOT an explicit recommendation found in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)?
Limit the intake of added sugars to no more than 20% of calories.
_____ is an omega-6 polyunsaturated, essential fatty acid.
Linoleic acid
What is true about lycopene?
Lycopene may reduce the risk of cancer in humans.
Which diet was recently designed to specifically include foods that have proven cognitive benefits?
MIND
Which of the following correctly describes how foam cells are formed?
Macrophages within vessel walls take up oxidized LDL.
What is the first step in the scientific process?
Make observations.
Which of the following statements CANNOT appear on a food label without FDA approval?
May reduce arthritis pain
_____ is a cluster of risk factors that include excessive abdominal fat associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome
How do minimally processed and ultra-processed foods compare?
Minimally processed foods are more nutritious since light processing can make some foods and nutrients easier to digest and absorb.
All of the following are true about MyPlate EXCEPT:
More than one quarter of your food choices at a meal should be from protein sources.
"_____ is a term used to describe the contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
Motility
_____ cells are the site where dietary lipids are absorbed by the body.
Mucosal
This solution protects and lubricates the GI tract.
Mucus
_____ is a viscous solution that lubricates and protects the gastrointestinal tract.
Mucus
Which of the following statements is NOT true of saturated fats and added sugars?
Neither cheese nor pizza contribute significantly to solid fat intake.
If Americans were to reduce intake of ultra-processed foods and increase intake of minimally and least processed foods, how would this impact dietary quality?
Nutrient density would increase.
What is true about obesity?
Obesity is a public health concern.
_____ fatty acids provide the greatest health benefit.
Omega-3
Which statement BEST compares the functions of essential fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids decrease heart disease risk, whereas omega-6 fatty acids promote blood clotting and inflammation.
Which statement BEST describes the function of omega-6 fatty acids?
Omega-6 fatty acids can raise blood pressure.
Which of the following correctly matches a digestive enzyme with its action on a nutrient?
Pepsin aids in protein digestion.
Which of the following is NOT true of bacteria in the large intestine?
Probiotics assist in absorbing carbohydrates and amino acids.
Which statement is NOT true about processing?
Processed foods only include those containing added sugars, fats, and/or salt.
Based on an understanding of enzymes and digestion, how does the enzyme protease aid in digesting protein?
Protease breaks apart the chemical bond that holds amino acids together, creating smaller peptide compounds.
Which of these recommended nutrient intake meets or exceeds the requirements of nearly all (97-98 percent) healthy individuals?
RDA
After her vitamin A intake has been determined, Nora observed that it was adequate and safe, meaning her intake was greater than the _____ but did not exceed the _____.
Recommended Daily Allowance; Upper Limit
The standard legal title for someone having extensive knowledge and training in foods, nutrition, and dietetics is:
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist.
The standard legal title for someone having extensive knowledge and training in foods, nutrition, and dietetics is:
Registered dietcian
What is the LEAST effective dietary substitution that Sam can make to reduce his risk of coronary heart disease?
Replace boiled potato with mashed potato.
Which person is potentially at risk for malnutrition?
Salma, whose intake of vitamin C is approximately the Estimated Average Requirement
_____ involves muscle contractions in the small intestine that mix its contents with digestive juices.
Segmentation
What is the role of segmentation in the digestive process?
Segmentation mixes the contents of the intestines with digestive juices.
Lina wants to know more about the carbohydrate content of the cereal options in her mom's pantry. What information can she interpret from the Nutrition Facts Panel?
She can identify which cereal has the least amount of sugars added during processing.
Why is it misleading to say that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is "good cholesterol" and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is "bad cholesterol"?
Since both lipoproteins transport cholesterol, they both can raise an individual's risk of heart disease.
_____ helps to lower blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
Soluble fiber
_____ reduces the rise in blood glucose following a carbohydrate-containing meal, which may improve blood glucose control in people with diabetes.
Soluble fiber
Which of the following statements regarding claims on food or supplement labels is NOT true?
Structure/function claims must always use "may" or "might" when describing the potential benefit of the product.
Why should the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) be used with caution?
The EER represents average energy needs, so it meets or exceeds the needs of half of the individuals in a group.
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act gives the _____ authority to regulate the nutrition labeling of almost all processed foods in the United States.
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act gives the _____ authority to regulate the nutrition labeling of almost all processed foods in the United States.
What is the relationship between Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
The RDA is higher than the EAR because it accounts for a safety factor to meet the needs of most healthy individuals in a population.
Which of the following is NOT true about the small intestine?
The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum are sections of the small intestine.
Which of the following statements regarding the information on the nutrition facts panel is CORRECT?
The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about a randomized controlled trial?
The main purpose of this research design is to observe variables in a population.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding triglyceride digestion?
The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the stomach.
Juan is planning to consume one serving of a frozen dinner. He wants to know more about the nutritional qualities of the dinner and reviews the Nutrition Facts Panel. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the percent Daily Value (%DV)?
The meal provides 14% DV of fiber, meaning it meets 14% of the recommended amount of fiber, based on average needs in a 2000-calorie diet.
What do we know about heart disease among young people?
The more risk factors young people have, the higher their risk of developing heart disease.
What is the relationship between the serving size and the nutritional information on the Nutrition Facts Panel?
The nutritional information is based on one serving of a product.
Which of the following is TRUE of transporters?
The only transport mechanism that requires energy is active transport.
Why were changes made to the Nutrition Facts Panel in December 2016?
The original Nutrition Facts Panel was confusing to consumers, so changes were made to improve understanding.
What do chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) all share in common?
The primary function of all three lipoproteins is to transport lipids to different locations in the body.
A study is published in a scientific journal and is the first to report that regular intake of high amounts of green tea is associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer disease. What is the BEST reason why we should not immediately accept the results of this study?
The results of the study have not been repeated.
Which statement is NOT true regarding the body's organization from the smallest to the largest?
The small intestine is a tissue that makes up an organ.
Which statement about micronutrients is true?
They are essential nutrients, Vitamins and minerals cannot be synthesized in the body.
Which statement about micronutrients is true?
They are essential nutrients.
Which of the following is TRUE of both essential and nonessential nutrients?
They are required for maintaining body functions.
How are chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) similar?
They both transport primarily triglycerides.
What characteristic of lipids is unique to phospholipids?
They contain a phosphate group.
Which statement describes a function of enzymes?
They facilitate chemical reactions in the body.
Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered "good cholesterol?"
They pick up cholesterol from the body cells.
What is a primary feature of segmentation contractions?
They primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles.
Why is excess consumption of foods rich in refined carbohydrates and added sugars in the diet a concern?
They reduce our ability to meet our nutrient needs within our energy budget.
_____ fatty acids are the MOST harmful to health.
Trans
Which statement BEST describes the process of lipid digestion?
Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids, emulsified with bile, and then absorbed by the mucosal cell
Why are foods high in unsaturated fats often liquid at room temperature?
Unsaturated fatty acids bend at the double bond and do not stack well.
Marnie is pregnant and taking vitamin A supplements to boost her immune system and prevent night blindness. However, she is concerned that she may be increasing the risk of serious birth defects in her unborn child. Which DRI would inform Marnie about the maximum amount of vitamin A she could consume without risk of side effects?
Upper Limit (UL)
Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) standard is least effective when planning for adequate intake of nutrients in your diet?
Upper Limit (UL)
Which lipoprotein originates in the liver and transports primarily triglycerides?
VLDL
Which lipoprotein would increase MOST dramatically if someone ate a considerable amount of excess calories from carbohydrates that required the liver to synthesize fat for storage?
VLDL
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
Vitamin D
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the circulatory system and its transport of nutrients?
Water-soluble nutrients leave the small intestine via lymph.
What is the primary location where fructose and galactose are converted into glucose?
What is the primary location where fructose and galactose are converted into glucose?
Which statement about Type 1 diabetes is false?
When the pancreas stops producing insulin, it only affects adipose tissue.
Plaque rupture promotes the formation of _____ that will further block blood flow through the blood vessel.
a blood clot
An example of an ultra-processed food is:
a frozen dinner.
Healthy People 2020 is:
a government-sponsored initiative that sets goals and guidelines for the health of Americans.
The food with the highest nutrient density is:
a leafy, green vegetable.
What is an enzyme?
a protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Which of the following is an action of the large intestine?
absorption of water
The process by which nutrients are removed from the lumen of the GI tract is called:
absorption.
What type(s) of transport mechanism(s) can transport substances against a concentration gradient?
active transport
What type(s) of transport mechanism(s) require(s) energy?
active transport
Which transport mechanism moves nutrients against a concentration gradient from lower to higher and requires both a carrier protein and ATP?
active transport
When the nutrient intake falls between the RDA and the UL, it is likely that the intake is:
adequate and safe, The UL establishes the upper limit of a nutrient intake.
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of linolenic acid?
almonds
Which two lipids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid
When blood glucose is low, new glucose molecules can be synthesized from:
amino acids
Which enzyme does NOT break disaccharides into monosaccharides for absorption?
amylase
What type of person might have difficulty digesting fats?
an individual who has their gallbladder removed
Which of the following choices is the BEST example of a food that has a low energy density?
an orange
An experimental protocol requires that a nutrient deficiency be induced to assess its effects on memory. What is the most appropriate study design to use to address this question?
animal experiment
Which types of foods are usually high in saturated fat?
animal products
To which compound(s) would linolenic acid be converted in the body?
anti-inflammatory eicosanoids
Which factor is LEAST likely to injure the blood vessels?
antioxidants
To which compound(s) would linoleic acid be converted in the body?
arachidonic acid
In type 1 diabetes, cells in the pancreas:
are destroyed by the body's immune system.
Each of the six classes of nutrients:
are essential for growth, development, and reproduction.
Pregnant women who live farther away from a full-service grocery store:
are more likely to give birth to overweight babies.
All of the following are true with regard to complications from diabetes, EXCEPT that they:
are much more prevalent in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes.
Prebiotics favor the growth and replication of beneficial bacteria over pathogenic bacteria because prebiotics:
are nutrients that beneficial bacteria consume but pathogenic bacteria do not.
Absorption occurs when nutrients and other substances:
are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. the small intestine.
Characteristics of lipids include all of the following, EXCEPT that they:
are structurally similar compounds with specific functions.
The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is:
as a source of energy.
The non-nutritive sweetener _____ can be destroyed at baking temperatures.
aspartame
Specific RDAs do NOT exist for which of the following population groups?
athletes
Before Jamie knew he had celiac disease, he became malnourished because:
autoimmune cells destroy the villi of the small intestine.
For people living in a food desert, one challenge is that:
available foods are high in calories, unhealthy fats, and refined carbohydrates. With limited access to and availability of grocery stores, people may increase their reliance on fast foods, packaged snacks, and processed food.
Which types of foods are usually high in trans fat?
baked goods
Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY describes the component of a healthy diet and its expected outcome?
balance—consuming equal amounts of foods from each of the food groups
A visual cue representing a portion size of 1 cup is a:
baseball
The DGAs recommend that sodium intake should:
be restricted to 1500 milligrams/day for individuals with high blood pressure.
As plaque develops in blood vessels, the plaque may:
become vulnerable to rupture.
The digestion of starch:
begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase.
On a nutrition label, the list of ingredients:
begins with the ingredient that comprises the highest proportion of the product's weight.
The liver can use excess cholesterol to make _____ for digestion of lipids.
bile
What compounds are synthesized only in the liver and are required to emulsify dietary lipids in the small intestine?
bile acids
Which compound in the body makes it possible for dietary lipids to be digested in the aqueous environment of the small intestine?
bile acids
Emulsification of fats in the small intestine requires the presence of:
bile acids.
Enzymes react with specific compounds that:
bind at their active site.
Vitamin A toxicity can cause liver disease and:
birth defects.Vitamin A toxicity can be dangerous during pregnancy.
Michael is trying to increase his fiber intake. A serving of _____ would provide the most fiber.
black beans
Which of the following foods in the protein category contains the most grams of carbohydrates?
black beans, ¼ cup
Which of these ingredients CANNOT be on the food label of a product that bears the "100% whole grain" stamp?
bran
What are all of the portions of a whole grain that are removed when it is refined?
bran and germ
Everett has constipation. He should eat _____ if he wants to increase his intake of fiber from whole grains.
brown rice
Which food category contributes the greatest percent of saturated fat to the U.S. diet?
burgers and sandwiches
Which of the following choices CORRECTLY identifies a food as either a prebiotic or a probiotic?
buttermilk—probiotic
It will be easier and clearer for consumers to read and interpret the new Nutrition Facts Panel because:
calories, serving size, and servings per container are listed in larger, bold type.
Ketone bodies in the blood:
can be used as an energy source when glucose use is impaired.
Diabetes increases the risk of all of the following complications EXCEPT:
cancer
Which of the following foods, in equal amounts, would have the LOWEST energy density?
cantaloupe
There is essentially no absorption of _____ in the large intestine.
carbohydrates
Enzymes located on the brush border complete the digestion of:
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
What structural characteristic is common to sterols but different from the other lipids?
carbon rings
Insulin resistance occurs when:
cells respond poorly to insulin.
Which of the following is the correct order of the body's organization from smallest to largest?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Which of these carbohydrates would be found primarily in the cell wall of plants?
cellulose
The "developmental origins hypothesis" states that:
certain diseases originate from conditions during pregnancy and infancy.
What single food contributes the highest amount of saturated fat to the diet of Americans?
cheese
Heart disease can begin as early as:
childhood.
Plant sterols and stanols can interfere with:
cholesterol absorption.
The germ of a grain contains all of the following EXCEPT:
cholesterol.
Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting which type of diseases?
chronic diseases
Which lipoprotein carries all lipids present in our diet?
chylomicron
The LEAST dense lipoprotein is:
chylomicron.
Lipids need _____ to be transported from the intestine to the cells.
chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein has the highest proportion of triglyceride?
chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein transports dietary fats from the small intestine?
chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein will increase MOST quickly and dramatically after consuming a meal containing fat?
chylomicrons
Which two lipoproteins primarily transport triglycerides?
chylomicrons and VLDL
During digestion, the stomach gradually ejects small amounts of semiliquefied content called into the .
chyme; small intestine
One serving of an ice cream topping provides 40% DV for saturated fat. The ingredient list reads as follows: Sugar, corn oil, coconut oil, milk, palm oil, soy lecithin, natural and artificial flavor.
coconut oil
Scientists generally agree that eating "whole" grains is better than eating "refined" or "enriched" grains because whole grains:
contain the entire seed and its nutrients, phytochemicals, and fiber.
Which of the following dietary patterns is most consistent with a low-energy-density diet rather than a diet higher in energy density?
contains a larger volume of food
Adding sugars to food reduces the nutrient density of the food, because added sugars:
contribute energy but not micronutrients or phytochemicals.
Which of these is a characteristic of insoluble fiber?
contributes to fecal bulk to reduce constipation
What change in the structure of dietary lipids results in those lipids being harmful to health?
conversion of cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids
Carbohydrates are found primarily in plant sources. The only other food source for carbohydrates includes:
dairy foods.
Diagnosed with diabetes, Bill regularly monitors his blood glucose levels. All of the following are benefits of blood glucose monitoring EXCEPT:
delivering insulin.
The ingredients on the food label are listed in what order?
descending order by weight
The study of nutrition does NOT typically involve which one of the following activities?
determining if food additives used in commercial food packaging enter foods
Percent daily value (%DV) on processed food packages is:
developed specifically for use on food labels.
Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy are a higher risk of _____ later in life.
developing type 2 diabetes
All of the following are true with regard to insulin resistance, EXCEPT that it:
develops in the latter stages of type 2 diabetes.
A common symptom of ulcerative colitis is:
diarrhea
Only since about 1980 have food guides in the United States been concerned with addressing:
dietary excesses.
Structurally, fatty acids:
differ in their degree of saturation.
When you eat a cheeseburger, the burger, cheese, and bun are broken down into tiny particles, releasing nutrients and other food components. This process is called:
digestion.
Which of these lipids must be digested further to be absorbed?
diglycerides
All of the following symptoms would be experienced by someone with untreated type 1 diabetes EXCEPT:
diminished appetite.
Current nutrition research and policy focuses primarily on:
diseases of overconsumption.
What digestive disorder occurs when pouches form in the wall of the digestive tract?
diverticular disease
Which of these fatty acids is abundant in fatty fish?
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Anti-inflammatory _____ is elevated due to increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids.
eicosanoid
Hormone-like _____ compounds, which are produced from essential fats, modulate blood pressure and inflammation in the body.
eicosanoid
Pro-inflammatory _____ is elevated due to increased consumption of omega-6 fatty acids.
eicosanoid
Which of these fatty acids can be directly used to synthesize omega-3 eicosanoids?
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Which factor is LEAST likely to reduce flow through the blood vessels?
elevated HDLs in the blood
Increasing intake of any of the following is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, EXCEPT for:
enriched grains.
Before nutrients can be absorbed, _____ is (are) required for chemical digestion.
enzymes
It is observed that the people in a study who report the highest intake of added sugars in their diet are at an increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. What kind of study is this?
epidemiologic study, An epidemiologic study observes the relationship between variables in a population
Which of the following types of studies is NOT an experiment?
epidemiological study
Cells that absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract are of what tissue type?
epithelial cells
Jorge suffers from acid reflux so food and stomach acid are occasionally regurgitated back into his:
esophagus.
All of the following are true in regards to adipose tissue, EXCEPT that:
excess is associated with improved fertility.
The process in which undigested material is removed from the body is:
excretion.
Dona is interested in cutting back on her calorie intake. Which nutrient offers the highest number of calories per gram?
fAT
The science of nutrition includes knowledge of economics and culture. What aspect of nutrition science knowledge is influenced by these sciences?
factors affecting availability and choices
An unmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is:
family history.
The primary factors that determine energy density are the _____ content of foods.
fat, fiber, and water
As a component of the cell membrane, _____ provide insulation for the body.
fats
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to:
fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Ana controls her symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by avoiding:
fatty foods.
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT broken down by human enzymes?
fiber
Which of these carbohydrates may contain glucose as well as other monosaccharides?
fiber
Which of these types of polysaccharides can be composed of more than just glucose?
fiber
Which choice correctly identifies all the substances that are depleted from whole grains when they are refined?
fiber, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and essential fatty acids
Foods typically available in food deserts provide people with food that contains excess amounts of all of the following EXCEPT:
fiber.
Plants link glucose together to form starch and:
fiber.
Which food(s) will increase levels of omega-3 fatty acids and DHA?
fish
Which food is an excellent source of linolenic acid?
flaxseed oil
What is MOST directly responsible for causing the deposits that form atherosclerotic plaque?
foam cells
To obtain a healthy range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and total fat, people with diabetes:
follow the AMDR.AMDR stands for acceptable macronutrient distribution range.
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense for protein?
food mass, 85 g; energy, 175 kcal; protein, 19 g
Which of the following lipids would NOT be found in cell membranes?
free fatty acids
The food with the lowest energy density is a(an):
fresh apple.
Which of the following is the sweetest of the simple carbohydrates?
fructose
Which of these choices lists all the sugars that can be absorbed without additional digestion?
fructose, galactose, and glucose
Which of these foods will typically provide the highest percentage of total calories from carbohydrates?
fruit
Which of the following ingredients, if added to foods in equal amounts, would have the LEAST impact on the energy density of the food?
fruit juice
Inadequate consumption of which foods is associated with increased risk of disease?
fruits and vegetables
Because of its health benefits, the indigestible carbohydrate _____ has been added to food products.
functional fiber
Cholesterol is a sterol that:
functions as a precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones.
The _____ stores bile acids.
gallbladder
If there were no bacteria in the GI tract, which of these symptoms would never be experienced?
gas
Chemical digestion of food includes:
gastric acids in the stomach.
Essential fatty acids are found primarily in what part(s) of a grain?
germ
What portion(s) of a whole grain is/are susceptible to spoilage?
germ
Processing grains removes the _____ and _____, leaving only the starchy portion of the grain.
germ; bran
Which of these foods is high in both saturated fat and added sugar?
glazed doughnut
Insulin stimulates the production of all of the following EXCEPT:
glucose
What carbohydrate(s) can enter cells and be used as an immediate source of energy by all cells in the body?
glucose
The disaccharide sucrose is formed from:
glucose and fructose.
Which of the following can be absorbed into the bloodstream rather than incorporated into a micelle?
glycerol
Which part of a phospholipid allows a lipoprotein to be transported through the blood?
glycerol head
Skeletal muscles use _____ to fuel muscle contractions during intense exercise.
glycogen
The highly branched polysaccharide _____ is the storage form of glucose.
glycogen
Emphasizing nutrient-dense foods and reducing intake of energy-dense foods while meeting overall energy needs typically results in:
greater likelihood of achieving recommended intake of essential nutrients.
Currently, health claims that can appear on food labels:
have been approved by the FDA.
Expectant mothers with gestational diabetes:
have increased risk of complications during pregnancy.
Which of the following foods is highest in healthful monounsaturated fats?
hazelnuts
A symptom that is usually NOT associated with celiac disease is:
headache.
After absorption, what organ will fats encounter first?
heart
The leading cause of death in the United States is:
heart disease
The risk for which of the following is NOT reduced with an increased intake of insoluble fiber?
heart disease
What are laboratory tests that measure cholesterol levels in the blood trying to determine?
heart disease risk
Jose includes high-fiber foods in his diet because they:
help him feel full longer.
All of the following are true with regard to inflammation of blood vessel walls, EXCEPT that it:
helps keep vessel walls flexible and protects against heart attack.
Living in a food desert, Rachel finds it difficult to eat a healthy diet because the foods available are:
high in unhealthy fats. Most of the foods available are packaged snack foods and sweets, which can be high in unhealthy fats.
To control constipation, Erick's dietitian prescribed a _____ diet.
high-fiber
Miguel replaced his usual snack of potato chips with a fresh orange. His snack is now:
higher in fiber.
Fran selected ½ cup of nonfat fruit yogurt. Compared with ½ cup of strawberry ice cream, the yogurt is:
higher in nutrient density.
Which chemicals regulate motility and appetite?
hormones
Chemical messengers that participate in the control and regulation of body processes are known as:
hormones.
Chemical substances that act as messengers between organs to cause the release of secretions needed for digestion and other body processes are termed:
hormones.
If a fatty acid is chemically modified to make it less unsaturated, this will change the number of _____ atoms in the molecule.
hydrogen
What term in the ingredients list of the food label would indicate that a food contains trans fat?
hydrogenated
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting sodium intake to 1500 mg for people with
hypertension.
The effects of celiac disease are felt throughout the body because:
immune cells go to different parts of the body.
Where does most lipid digestion occur?
in the small intestine, where bile emulsifies and pancreatic lipase digests the triglycerides
All of the following are true with regard to nonnutritive sweeteners, EXCEPT that they:
include sorbitol and mannitol.
A high LDL-to-HDL ratio can _____ the risk for heart disease.
increase
Adam started taking probiotic supplements. Adam can expect the health benefits of:
increased mineral absorption.
Adding sugars to foods:
increases their energy density and decreases nutrient density.
When higher levels of omega-6 fatty acids are consumed, the production of eicosanoids:
increases.
Gluten causes _____ in the small intestine of people with celiac disease.
inflammation
Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the digestive disorder with its description and/or cause?
inflammatory bowel disease—may cause open wounds (ulcers) to develop in the GI tract
Which of the following is likely to be the LEAST credible source for nutrition information?
information found on a website selling dietary supplements
Atherosclerosis is theorized to begin with:
injury to the lining of the artery.
The cause of lactose intolerance is:
insufficient levels of the enzyme lactase.
All of the following are true of type 2 diabetes early in the progression of the disease EXCEPT:
insulin concentrations in the blood are low.
The enzymes that digest disaccharides are produced by:
intestinal mucosal cells.
A digestive disorder that affects the muscle contractions of the colon and is characterized by a group of symptoms that include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and other possible GI symptoms is termed:
irritable bowel syndrome.
Type 2 diabetes:
is characterized by insulin resistance and obesity.
A peer-reviewed paper is one that:
is critiqued by independent experts in the discipline to determine that the study followed the scientific method.
All of the following are true for the hormone insulin, EXCEPT that it:
is required for release of glucose from glycogen stores.
The focus of the RDA reference value:
is to meet the nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people.
One reason why hypertension is a risk factor for heart disease is because:
it can damage arterial walls.
All of the following are true regarding the USDA MyPlate food guide, EXCEPT:
it is designed specifically for use by children rather than adults.
All of the following are true regarding the Adequate Intake (AI) value, EXCEPT:
it represents the average amount of calories allowed for maintenance of a healthy body weight.
Scientists and health authorities categorize fiber according to its source in foods, whether naturally occurring or added during manufacturing, as well as by:
its solubility in water.
During starvation, there is an increase in the synthesis of _____ as insulin levels drop, which decreases the rate of skeletal muscle loss.
ketone bodies
The disaccharide _____ consists of glucose and galactose.
lactose
Which organ of the GI tract absorbs water and some minerals?
large intestine
Compared with whole grains, enriched grains in the United States contain:
less fiber.
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
linoleic acid
Which fatty acid is an omega-3 essential fatty acid?
linolenic acid
Bile is necessary for the efficient digestion of:
lipids.
Which enzyme breaks down triglycerides in the capillaries of adipose tissue?
lipoprotein lipase
What clinical indicator can be used to monitor the amount of lipid in the blood?
lipoproteins
Probiotics can be defined as:
live, beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods such as yogurt.
What organ produces nonenzymatic substances that are necessary for the digestion of lipids?
liver
When glucose is needed to maintain proper blood sugar levels, the _____ release(s) it into the blood.
liver
Chylomicrons originate in the small intestine and VLDLs originate in the:
liver.
Which of the following does NOT correctly identify a function of fluids produced by the listed organ?
liver—carbohydrate digestion
Foods with a high nutrient density are those that are:
low in energy and high in essential nutrient content.
The highly processed foods common in the "Westernized" diet are:
low in potassium.
All of the following are among the cluster of conditions that characterize metabolic syndrome, EXCEPT:
low levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.
The risk of cardiovascular disease increases for men when HDL level is:
lower than 40 mg/dl.
The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) dietary component for individuals with increased risk of CVD focuses on all of the following, EXCEPT:
lowering intake of monounsaturated fats.
From inside the cells of the brush border, most fats are absorbed into:
lymph vessels.
Most fats first enter the _____ before reaching the bloodstream.
lymphatic system
Which enzyme completes the digestion of starch into absorbable units?
maltase
Which of the following cannot be absorbed without further digestion?
maltose
In general, which sugars directly occur in only very small amounts in the foods we eat?
maltose and galactose
Which of these choices list all the products of starch digestion by pancreatic amylase?
maltose and oligosaccharides
Diets that emphasize foods with a low glycemic index (GI):
may help in blood glucose control.
What structures deliver products of lipid digestion to the surface of mucosal cells in the small intestine so they can be absorbed?
micelles
Products of lipid digestion, together with bile acids, assemble to form:
micelles.
Individuals who appreciate that they must make wise choices regarding how much energy-dense food they eat (like ice cream), and how often they eat it, typify the application of which characteristic of a healthy diet?
moderation, Moderation means not overindulging in any one type of food, but particularly those that contain excess amounts of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fat.
Olive oil is rich in _____ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
All of the following are changes incorporated into the new food label EXCEPT:
monounsaturated fats now must be listed.
Glucose is stored as a polymer in primarily which cells or tissues in the body?
muscle and liver
What is peristalsis?
muscular contractions that move food forward throughout the gastrointestinal tract
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid:
must be consumed through the diet to meet the body's needs.
Sucrose, lactose, and fructose produce a less dramatic rise in blood glucose than starchy foods do because these sugars:
must be converted to glucose in the liver.
Essential nutrients:
must be supplied by food.
You can recognize digestive enzymes by their:
names.
Damage to _____ and blood vessels can cause lack of feeling in the extremities resulting in amputations.
nerves
A nutrition scientist would typically study:
nutrient transportation within the body.
Which of the following is NOT a type of FDA-defined label claim?
nutrient-profile claims
Absorption is the process by which:
nutrients pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.
Some foods are naturally rich in heart-healthy fats, such as:
nuts.
"To reduce the level of fat in his blood, Juan includes prebiotics such as _____ in his diet.
oatmeal and barley
The final step in the scientific method is to:
obtain peer reviews and publish.
Which food contains the LEAST amount of cholesterol?
oil-roasted peanuts
When _____ fatty acids are consumed, the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids increases.
omega-3
A fatty acid that is 18 carbons long and contains its first double bond at the third carbon molecule from the methyl end is called an:
omega-3 fatty acid.
A fatty acid that is 18 carbons long and contains its first double bond at the sixth carbon molecule from the methyl end is called a(n):
omega-6 fatty acid.
All healthy diets have a few qualities in common. Which quality is LEAST associated with healthy diets?
omission of one or more food groups, When a food group is eliminated, it may be more difficult to meet certain nutrient requirements.
Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and:
oxygen.
Which of these types of oil would remain solid at the highest temperature?
palm oil
An organ that produces digestive enzymes and releases bicarbonate is the:
pancreas.
Which of the following CORRECTLY matches an organ of the digestive system with one of its primary functions?
pancreas—produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
The practice of scientists reviewing papers submitted for publication by other scientists in the same or related field is called:
peer review
Which of these foods is high in sodium?
pepperoni pizza
The mechanical digestion process that moves the contents through the GI tract is called:
peristalsis
The mechanical digestion process that moves the contents through the GI tract is called:
peristalsis.
What portion of the lipoprotein is able to interact with both water and lipid molecules?
phospholipid
The primary component of a cell membrane is
phospholipid.
Egg yolks are added to mayonnaise to prevent the oil and the water-containing ingredients from separating. What kind of molecule in egg yolks has this effect?
phospholipids
What lipid can surround fat droplets and keep them stably suspended in water so that the water and fat do not separate?
phospholipids
Which type of lipid is considered non-essential?
phospholipids
Although not nutrients, _____ are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and are beneficial to human health.
phytochemicals
Fruit and vegetables supply _____ that reduce LDL oxidation and blood clotting.
phytochemicals
Which of the following chemicals provide health benefits and give plant foods their color, aroma, and flavor?
phytochemicals
All of the following are primary factors used to determine the energy density of a food EXCEPT:
phytonutrients.
A perceived worsening of someone's condition that occurs after the person is given an inactive treatment or substance is called a(n)
placebo effect.
Which type of fat would melt (become liquid) at the lowest temperature?
polyunsaturated fats
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs the type of fatty acid with foods that are significant sources of it?
polyunsaturated fats—tropical oils
Findings from The Nurses' Health Study found that women who consumed the most _____ were least likely to develop heart disease.
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Undernutrition can be caused by:
poor absorption of nutrients.
The Westernized diet is low in which nutrient?
potassium
he highly processed foods common in the "Westernized" diet are:
potassium
Foods that promote the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine are called:
prebiotics.
Fructose and galactose are taken up and used:
primarily by the liver.
"All of the following statements are true about processed foods EXCEPT:
processed foods should completely be avoided. Processed foods encompass a wide range of foods, some of which can actually contribute favorably to nutrient intake and overall dietary quality.
Dietary fat contributes to satiety by:
prolonging the time food stays in the stomach.
Proteases digest _____, a nutrient found in foods.
protein
To keep her blood glucose from falling too low, Remi includes some _____ in her intake, along with carbohydrates in meals and snacks.
protein
two food groups shown on MyPlate are:
protein and grains
Which one of these choices provides the correct AMDR for the listed macronutrient?
protein, 10-35 percent
Gastric acid assists in the digestion of:
protein.
Omega-3 fatty acids:
provide a source of alpha-linolenic acid.
Which represents a function of triglycerides?
providing energy
Which type of claim is the following: "Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces per day of most nuts as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease?"
qualified health claim
The type of hypoglycemia that may occur in a few individuals following a meal is termed:
reactive hypoglycemia.
The amylase enzyme breaks down starch because the enzyme:
reacts only with specific compounds that can bind at its active site.
Which of these cells or tissues can obtain energy from carbohydrates only?
red blood cells
An increase in the intake of soluble fiber would be LEAST likely to provide which of the following benefits?
reduced risk of constipation
The World Health Organization's dietary guidelines:
reinforce recommendations from other countries around the world.
Maria is preparing lunch for her friend with celiac disease. A dish that her friend can safely eat is:
rice and beans.
Modifiable CVD risk factors do NOT include:
risk factors such as family history, increasing age, and race.
Which food would increase the production of inflammatory eicosanoids?
salad dressing
Which food would increase the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids?
salmon
Coconut oil contains more _____ than any other type of fat.
saturated fat
Which term on the food label can tell you the amount of unhealthy fat in a food product?
saturated fat
Current evidence indicates that reducing saturated fats in the diet is most effective in reducing the risk of CVD when:
saturated fats are replaced by unsaturated fats.
The term "tropical oils" in the food label would indicate the presence of which type of fat?
saturated fatty acids
he results of many similar experiments must be consistent for a hypothesis to become a(n):
scientific theory.The research must be peer reviewed.
Which factor contributes to developing type 2 diabetes?
sedentary lifestyle
Which of the following snacks is considered the LEAST processed?
sliced apples with squeezed lemon juice
Which food has the lowest energy density?
sliced fresh tomatoes with basil and balsamic vinegar
Which organ of the GI tract has villi?
small intestine
The majority of chemical digestion occurs in the:
small intestine.
The primary organ for digestion and absorption in the body is the:
small intestine.
Because Andy has high blood pressure and heart disease, he must lower his intake of
sodium.
Most Americans diets exceed the recommended amount for:
sodium.
Saturated fats are usually _____ at room temperature.
solid
Foods that are good sources of _____ can lower blood cholesterol concentration.
soluble fiber
When cooking or baking, which fat would be the healthiest for cardiovascular health?
soybean oil
Both facilitated diffusion and active transport of nutrients into cells require:
specific transport proteins.
Which of the following carbohydrates are classified as polysaccharides?
starch and dietary fiber
Sandra is at a wedding with a buffet line with four items. She wants to try all four, but doesn't want a very high-calorie meal. Using the concept of energy density, which item should take up the greatest proportion of her plate?
steamed broccoli with lemon and garlic
Cholesterol falls under which category of dietary lipid?
sterols
Which lipid structure contains carbon rings?
sterols
"Calcium builds strong bones" is an example of a _____ claim on a food label.
structure/function
A vitamin/mineral supplement has this claim on the label: "Boosts immunity." Which type of claim is this?
structure/function claim, "Boosts immunity" is a structure/function claim because it doesn't mention any specific disease.
Which type of claim must include the following disclaimer: "The FDA has not evaluated the claim and the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease"?
structure/function claim, Structure/function claims require a disclaimer.
Although aspartame products provide 4 kcal/g, they are deemed non-nutritive sweeteners because:
such a small amount is used to achieve the same level of sweetness as with sucrose.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause diarrhea when consumed in excess?
sucralose
Following a meal, which of these sugars would never be found in blood?
sucrose
When we eat foods with resistant starches, these foods help to keep our hunger satisfied because:
sugars within the resistant starch are released slowly.
All of the following about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are true EXCEPT:
symptoms are controlled by eating large meals.
Which source of nutrition information is the LEAST trustworthy?
the Internet
Which end of the fatty acid is attached to the glycerol backbone in a triglyceride?
the carboxylic acid end
Francis's lunch is an avocado and cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato, a mixed greens salad with a canola oil vinaigrette, and a side of onion rings (fried in corn oil). Which food in her lunch has the highest amount of saturated fatty acids?
the cheese
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is defined as:
the estimate of a safe daily level of nutrient intake that should not be exceeded.
Which factor helps to distinguish between fatty acids
the length of the carbon chain
Glycogen in _____ is broken down and released into blood when blood glucose is low.
the liver
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other animals found primarily in:
the liver and skeletal muscles.
Ketone bodies are synthesized in:
the liver.
Through which system do chylomicrons travel in order to carry dietary lipids to the cells?
the lymphatic system
Homeostasis can be defined as:
the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the face of external variability.
The enzyme that digests the majority of triglycerides is produced by:
the pancreas.
All of the following are functions of the mouth in digestion, EXCEPT:
the secretion of protease to begin protein digestion.
Where does a chylomicron originate?
the small intestine
Which of the following does NOT need to be included on a food label?
the specific name of all artificial colors
The majority of mechanical digestion occurs in:
the stomach.
Polysaccharides in plant foods may function as a stored form of energy (starch) or an indigestible material (fiber) depending on:
the type of bonds between the monosaccharides.
All of the following are true about the use of fish oil EXCEPT that:
there is scientific evidence that fish oil supplements provide the same benefits as eating whole fish.
All of the following are true regarding enzymes that participate in the process of digestion, EXCEPT:
they are changed by the chemical reactions they facilitate.
All of the following are true regarding phytochemicals, EXCEPT:
they are classified as an essential micronutrient.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:
they are updated every 10 years.
Randomized control trials encompass all of the following characteristics, EXCEPT:
they observe, without specific interventions, the association between variables in a population.
What are two functions of phospholipids in the body?
to aid in the digestion of lipids and to form cell membranes
Which one of the following servings of food will have the highest glycemic load?
total mass: 150 g, total carbs: 60 g, GI: 60
Excess consumption of _____ poses the greatest risk to our health.
trans fats
Janice has high LDL cholesterol. What types of fats might she have in her diet that could contribute to her high cholesterol levels?
trans fats
The intake of what type of dietary lipid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease most severely?
trans fats
The inclusion of partially hydrogenated oils in foods increases their content of:
trans fats.
All of the following are true statements regarding trans fatty acids, EXCEPT:
trans fatty acids are produced by complete hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids.
A primary function of HDLs is to:
transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):
transport cholesterol to essentially all cells in the body.
Which of the following is present in a chylomicron but not in a micelle?
triglycerides
Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches the lipid with one of its primary functions in the body?
triglycerides—a major component of cell membranes
The MyPlate icon differs from the food guides of Japan, Paraguay, and France in that:
unhealthy foods to limit are featured.
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds are called _____ fatty acids.
unsaturated
All of the following are dietary factors associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, EXCEPT:
unsaturated fat intake.
the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that we limit our intake of all of the following EXCEPT:
unsaturated fat.
Based on current evidence, the best overall strategy for a heart-protective diet is to replace saturated fatty acids with:
unsaturated fatty acids.
The adequate and safe intake range of nutrients:
varies from one nutrient to the next; some ranges are wide; others are narrow.
Applying which characteristic of a healthy diet can best ensure a sufficient intake of phytochemicals?
variety
Consuming many different fruits and vegetables that provide a broad range of essential nutrients describes what diet planning principle?
variety
Most Americans exceed the recommended amount for all of the of following EXCEPT:
vegetables.
Structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine are called:
villi.
Currently, all of these nutrients need to be included in the nutrition facts panel EXCEPT:
vitamin E.
All of the following impact blood glucose levels EXCEPT:
vitamin supplementation.
Organic compounds that are required in small quantities belong to which class of nutrients?
vitamins
Which nutrients are organic compounds that are required in small amounts by the body?
vitamins
Which of the following nutrients do NOT supply energy?
vitamins
Which of the following foods is highest in healthful polyunsaturated fats?
walnuts
Which of the following is a good source of linolenic acid?
walnuts
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 requires all of the following, EXCEPT:
warning if a food product contains excessive amounts of sugar or sodium.
Leafy, green vegetables are low in energy density because they are high in _____ content.
water, Water content generally decreases energy density.
Trans fatty acids:
were banned by the FDA in 2018.
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of soluble fiber?
wheat
A food label cannot display the 100% Whole Grain Stamp if _____ has been added to the food.
wheat germ
Carlos avoids _____ on the ingredient list of packaged foods because he has celiac disease.
wheat, rye, barley
When is an Adequate Intake (AI) established?
when insufficient data exist to determine an RDA for a nutrient
What characteristic of a fat determines whether it is unsaturated?
whether the fat has double bonds
What characteristic of a fat determines whether it is saturated?
whether the fat has single bonds
The Health and Medicine Division classify fibers based on:
whether they are naturally occurring versus extracted or synthesized.
Which food is the BEST source of the type of fiber that has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease?
whole-grain barley
Which snack is the BEST source of prebiotics?
whole-grain toast with chickpea hummus
Consuming a large quantity of which of these foods would be MOST likely to cause reactive hypoglycemia?
whole-wheat bread
Researcher Mari Gallagher believed that people living in neglected areas:
would eat healthy foods if they became available.
Probiotics are found in:
yogurt.