hel

hook (as in ę)

a diacritic used in Polish and Lithuanian, and by modern editors under the Middle English vowels ę to represent their open varieties.

circle (as in å)

a diacritic used in Swedish or Norwegian

bar (as in ł)

a diacritic used in polish writing

cedilla

a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s (French)

haček (wedge), ˇ

a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation used in Czech language and as part of phonetic symbols

tilde, ~

a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization

assimilation

a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound

metathesis

a linguistic process of transposition of sounds

diacritical mark (diacrit)

a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation

folk etymology

a popular but false notion of the origin of a word, that sometimes changes the word's form

allomorph

a variant phonological representation of a morpheme

dialect

a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area.

homograph

a word spelled the same as another word

orthography

a writing system for representing the words or sounds of a language by visible marks

ideographic (logographic) writing

a writing system in which basic units represent word meanings

Cyrillic

an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Russian and Slavic languages

hypercorrection

an analogical nonstandard form created under the misimpression that an error is being corrected

rune

any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages

phonogram

any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

ligature, œ

character consisting of two or more letters combined into one

diagraph

combination of 2 letters possessing a single sound. ex sh

synchronic

concerned with phenomena (especially language) at a particular period without considering historical antecedents

homophone

pronounced the same as another word

futhorc

runic alphabet

thorn, þ

a Germanic character of runic origin

alphabet

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

register

A variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in particular circumstances

edh, ð

Old English letter ð; crossed 'd'

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

accent marks

marks used to indicate stress on certain syllables

transcription

something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation

æsc (ash), æ

the diagraph æ used in old english and so called after runic letter æsc representing the same sound

diachronic

used of the study of a phenomenon (especially language) as it changes through time