Henretta APUSH Chapter 27R

UFW

"United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers. p. 858

Langston Hughes

(1902 - 1967) born in Joplin, MO and grew up in Lawrence Kansas, Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist descended from African slaves and Scottish & Jewish slave traders (of Kentucky). African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance. p. 852

Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

(1929-1968): An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), he was assassinated outside his hotel room in Memphis, TN. (All chapter 27)

Mendez v. Westminster

(1947) was an important desegregation precedent prior to Brown. p. 858

Cesar Chavez

(Again!) 1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. pp. 877-878

A. Philip Randolph

(Again!) America's leading black labor leader whose group, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a march on Washington D.C. in 1941 to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries. p. 852

The Great Migration

(Again!) The migration of more than 6 million African-Americans from the South to the North & West between WWI and the 1970s. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North. During FDR's New Deal they joined his democratic party. p. 855

"equal protection clause"

14th Amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination in virtually every civil rights movement. p. 859

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court decision that overruled Plessy, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. A critical aspect of the ruling was that it utilized the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment to overturn the "separate but equal" doctrine from the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that legalized Jim Crow laws. p. 859

Emmett Till

1955: 14 year old boy from Chicago, Illinois and came to Money, Mississippi to visit relatives. Was supposedly seen talking to a white woman in a grocery store. Later he was captured, tortured, murdered, and thrown into a river. JET magazine published pictures of his mutilated body which brought national attention to the crime. p. 862

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class. p. 1957

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 -- SCLC: An organization founded by MLK Jr. & Ralph Abernathy, to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love (based on teachers of Ghandi), and its tactic direct, though non-violent confrontation. p. 862

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

1960 -- SNCC "snick": Grassroots organization formed by black and white students after the Greensboro, Nashville, and Atlanta sit-ins in 1960. They established a summer of voting registration in 1963; thinking influenced by the radicalism of Malcolm X; formed by Ella Baker and young blacks advocating for black power; scornful of integration and and interracial cooperation; eventually broke with MLK Jr., to advocate greater militancy. p. 866 to end of chapter.

Greensboro Four

1960 four black freshmen at North Carolina A&T State University, Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., and David Richmond, took seats at the segregated lunch counter of F. W. Woolworth's in Greensboro, N.C. They were refused service and sat peacefully until the store closed.p. 863

Greensboro Sit-Ins

1960: Four freshmen students who staged sit-in at segregated lunch counter in Woolworth's 5 & Dime; this desegregated the lunch counter and sparked "lunch counter campaign." p. 863

Black Nationalism

1960s and '70s: Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK. pp. 871 - 873

Freedom Rides

1961 Organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists, mainly college students, tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses. p. 866

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

1963: A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. p. 867

Eugene "Bull" Connor

1963: Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

Birmingham Demonstrations

1963: Birmingham, AL had a notoriously intolerant local police chief, Eugene "Bull" Connor, known for his rough treatment of civil rights demonstrators; chief arrested 2,000 peaceful marchers for not having a parade permit and turned fire hoses, clubs, attack dogs, cattle prods on peaceful demonstrators while TV cameras captured the images for the world; demonstrations succeeded when the city's business community agreed to negotiate with the protesters; demonstrations also created a national crises in which (reluctant) Kennedy could not ignore. p.867-868

Medgar Evers

1963: The evening of JFK's historical TV speech announcing a new civil rights bill, Evers, the head of NAACP, was shot and assassinated his own driveway in Jackson, Mississippi. Like the murdered of the child, Emmitt Till, the KKK member who shot Evers, Byron De La Beckwith, was set free, wasn't till year 1994 that he was sent to jail. p. 868

Freedom Summer

1964: Blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. SNCC, NAACP, and the SCLC formed a coalition to achieve this. This voter registration drive motivated white supremacists to murder 4 civil rights workers and bomb or burn 37 black churches. p. 868

James Bevel

1964: From his position in the SCLC, Bevel called for the March from Selma to Montgomery, AL to protest the murder of a voting-rights activist. The march began at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. p. 870

Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party

1964: MDFP -- Political party founded in 1964 to force Democrats in Mississippi to admit blacks. P. 869

Civil Rights Act, Title VII

1964: Title VII of the Civil Rights act of 1964 prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. p. 868

Watts Riots

1965 riots which started in an African-American ghetto of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. p. 877

The Voting Rights Act

1965: Pushed by MLK and LBJ, it passed by Congress in 1965 and allowed for federal supervisors from the DoJ (fed. Department of Justice) to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before because of Jim Crow era poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation. p. 870

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee). p. 866

Young Lords

A Puerto Rican nationalist group modeled after the Black Panthers. p. 873

The Double V Campaign

A WWII-era campaign in America to attack racism at home and abroad. Brainchild of James G. Thompson that urged African Americans to defend the Axis powers abroad and also demand, peacefully the defeat of racism at home. p. 853

"fellow travelers"

A fellow traveller, spelled "fellow traveler" in US English, is a person who sympathizes with the beliefs of an organization or cooperates in its activities without maintaining formal membership in that particular group. The term was first used in the early Soviet Union to characterize writers and artists sympathetic to the goals of the Russian Revolution who declined to join the Communist Party. The English-language phrase came into vogue in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s as a pejorative term for a sympathizer of Communism who was nonetheless not an official or "card-carrying member" of a Communist party. p. 856

black ghetto

A racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability first formed when black emigrated north during the early twentieth century. Big developers, like J.C. Nichols in Kansas City, pioneered the "racial covenants" that kept African-Americans from living in certain parts of the city and convincing them to poorer districts. [Our text calls this a "spatial system"] p. 850-851

Chicano

A term meaning "Mexican American", it's positive and it demonstrates a love for one's indigenous roots. p. 878

Paul Robeson

African American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies. p. 856

The Nation of Islam

Also called the Black Muslims, this religious group followed the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Members of this group assassinated Malcolm X when he left them. pp. 872-873

Fourteenth Amendment

Amendment of 1868 that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves. "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." p. 859

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer deeply involved the desegregation strategy of challenging universities, law schools, and graduate schools during the 1940's and 1950s. Aruged the Brown v. Board case of 1954. First black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Later he was appointed by LBJ as the first African American justice of the SCOTUS. pp. 859-869

Diane Nash

An African-American woman who was very involved in the civil rights movement, including the SCLC and the founding of SNCC. Nash was involved in planning the Freedom Rides and took over when CORE (who had originally organized the rides) bailed after the riders encountered severe violence, refusing to quit in the face of adversity. Nash also helped organize the voting movement in Selma, Alabama. p. 866

Jim Crow

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880's and enforced through the 1950's. p. 850

Chief Justice Earl Warren

Appointed by Eisenhower, this Supreme court justice who played an important role in the court's stance on the advancement of civil rights, including Brown v. Board (1954) and Brown II (1955). p. 860

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who, in 1957, called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order. p. 861

Democratic party realignment

Around the time of the American Civil Rights era, voters joined the Democratic Party- organized labor, northern Blacks, white ethnic groups, middle-class families concerned about unemployment and old-age dependence. Also Jews, intellectuals and progressive Republicans switch to Democratic Party, while Dixiecrat southerners swung to the Republican party. p. 871

The March on Washington

Aug. 28, 1963: Official title, "The March on Washingto for Jobs and Freedom." One of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony during the march. p.868

Malcolm X

Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assassinated by black Muslims in 1965. pp. 872-873

Stokely Carmichael

Black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr. but later changed his approach to oppression. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created." Chapter 27

Congress of Racial Equality

C.O.R.E. An organization founded by Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality. p 853

Hirabayashi (1943) and Korematsu (1944)

Challenges by Japanese Americans to the US imprisonment of Japanese Americans during wartime. The SCOTUS ultimately upheld the imprisonment. p. 858-859

disenfranchisement

Condition of being deprived of the right to vote. p. 850

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Dec. 1955- Nov. 1956: After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses in Montgomery, AL. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. p. 862

Rosa Parks

Dec. 1955: A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her (planned) refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit; she was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well. p. 862

Strom Thurmond

Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party.p. 856

Tuskegee Airmen

During WWII, 332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school., all black unit of fighter pilots. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. Won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot. p. 849

black middle class

Economically inferior to the white middle class. Former slaves and their offspring who managed to acquire property, build small businesses, or enter professions (black business owners). Experienced robust growth after WWII. Most of the civil rights leaders came from their ranks. p. 852

Siege at Wounded Knee

February 1973: 200 Sioux and followers of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota for 71 days; exchanged gun fire with FBI. p. 880

John Lewis

Gave major speech on August 28, 1963 at March on Washington. It was a revised version from his original, which was more aggressive and insulting to the government. Encouraged people to stand up for rights to vote. It received as much applause as MLK's speech. Freedom Rider also participated at march from Selma to Montgomery. He is currently the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving since 1987. Lewis is the only living "Big Six" leader of the American Civil Rights Movement, having been the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), playing a key role in the struggle to end legalized racial discrimination and segregation. Chapter 27

I have a dream

Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.p. 868

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through non-violent resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines. p. 855

Jackie Robinson

He was the first African-American baseball player to play professionally in 1947, with the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was able to break the color barrier and seemed to successfully overcome the racism so prevalent in his sport. He was also was able to contribute to the winning of the pennant and Rookie of the Year in his first year of playing. p. 855

James Earl Ray

Hired by unidentified people to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. He shot and killed King on the balcony of his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. He was captured two months later in London. Ray died in prison. p. 877

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited racially discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy. p. 852

"Bloody Sunday"

March 7, 1965: When the first marchers tried to cross the Pettus Bridge, they were met with state troopers who bludgeoned and gassed them. This was all caught on TV for all the world to be horrified. p. 870

assassination of JFK

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office as president. Johnson appointed Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States, to head a commission to investigate the Kennedy shooting. After months of study, the Warren Commission issued its report. Oswald had acted on his own. Many people believed the assassination was a conspiracy, or secret plot. p. 868

Black Panther Party

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965. p. 873

grass roots

Political activity that originates locally, or arises from ground level. p. 850

Kerner Commission Report

Purpose was to investigate the causes of the 1965-67 race riots in urban U.S. cities; Problems =>believed our nation was headed towards two societies, one black and one white - separate and unequal. Says the media only portrays news from the white man's perspective which causes minorities to be portrayed in a negative light; in order to have an equal society, society needs to be more responsible on how it portrays minorities. p. 877

Birmingham church bombing

Sept. 1963: The 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed on Sunday, September 15, 1963. The explosion at the African-American church, which killed four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. 1960s Civil Rights Movement and contributed to Kennedy's public support for message of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. p. 868

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration in 1956. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.p. 861

Red Power

The movement among American Indians during the late 1960s, and early 1970s, that sought to end the federal policy of termination and to revitalize Indians communities and cultures, often through direct action. pp. 879-880

Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.

This African American graduated from the Teachers' College of Colombia University with a master's degree. He had a high amount of political power. His political power among blacks in Harlem got him elected to the city council of New York in 1941. In 1944, he joined A. Philip Randolph and others to politically redraw the boundaries of Harlem, and during the same year he was elected Harlem's first black congressmen. p. 853-854

Extra Credit Hidden in Quizlet:

Watch this short video clip: https://youtu.be/07PwNVCZCcY Answer the following question: What did LBJ do during Fannie Lou Hamer's testimony and why? You must say WHY. Download a picture of Fannie Lou Hamer on the paper with your typed answer - Bring to class on Monday - no later! 10pts.

barrios

Where many Mexican and Mexican Americans of the California region ended up living as the lower end of the state's working class, mostly in Los Angeles. p. 856