Henry VIII English reformation
What were the consequences to the dissolution of the monasteries? (4)
-Many of the impressive monastic buildings that had been a feature of the medieval landscape fell into disrepair and became crumbling ruins while others were sold off to become houses for the wealthy. -Henrys seizure of the lands and assets of the monasteries brought him great wealth. (10% of his entire wealth of the entire kingdom from dissolution.) However long term it did little to help the monarchies financial independence. As the cost of wars continued and escalated, Henry sold off monastic land to raise money. -Main losers were the inhabitants of the monistaries and to some extent the local communities around them. The monistaries offered services to people living nearby which were not entirely taken over by other institutions after they closed. -Monks and nuns lost tgeir work and their accommodation although most received compensation in form of penions and one off payments. (above one fifth of ex monks managed to secure other paid positions within the church in order to supplement their pensions.) But the government were less generous to friars and nuns who came from the poorer establishments
Yorkshire rebellion (AKA Pilgrimage of Grace); 1) When did it begin 2) How and Why was it started? 3) Who were involved? 4) How was it overcome? 5) Duke of Norfolk's involvement?
1) (Oct-Dec 1536) This is the main rebellion that occurred. This took place a week after the Lincolnshire rising and was arguably the result of 9 different revolts which quickly united. 2) How it started? Monks expelled from clementhorpe nunnery and holy trinity priory, closed by the 1536 act, were causing unrest. 9000 men quickly gathered for a march on York. By 10 October Robert Aske emerged as the rebel leader. The rebels marched under a banner of the five wounds of Christ and called themselves 'pilgrims', all of these pilgrims swore an oath of allegiance to the cause. Shows a RELIGIOUS revolt. Motive for the rebellion was religious. After the oath there were 30,000 rebels. This was a major force to subdue and so was a highly significant threat for Henry. They sent a list of grievances to the mayor of York and made their way down to Pontefract where Lord Darcy handed over the castle. This was significant as it was the most important fortress in the north. 3) Monks and citizens (pilgrims) 4) Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to disband the rebels however he was not given enough money to raise an army against them. This meant that Norfolk had 8000 men against 30,000 rebels. The rebel army met at Doncaster and the 'pilgrims' handed over a petition which was the same as the York articles. A temporary truce was signed on 27th October whilst the demands were sent to the king. Once henry received them he asked for clarification of their demands.
Divorce: Why did Henry want an annulment? 1) religious reasons 2) Dynastic reasons 3) Personal reasons
1) -Because Katherine was previously married to Arthur and so Leviticus prohibits a man from marrying his brothers widow and threatens childlessness. -This may have convinced henry that his was the reason for his lack of children or sons 2) -The Tudor dynasty was new and so if Henry failed to have children then it would end. -Arthur died in 1502 and henry had not expected to be king, there was only one male heir and so he knew the importance of producing male heirs to carry on the Tudor line. -Henry needed to live long enough to avoid a child inheriting the throne to avoid regency. 3) -The catalyst was probably the meeting of Anne Boleyn in 1525. -She was young and had the ability to give him a son. -The infatuation wouldn't wear off as she wouldn't sleep with him.
Lincolnshire rebellion; 1) When did it begin 2) How was it started? 3) Why was it started? 4) Who were involved? 5) How was it overcome?
1) Lincolnshire (1-18 Oct 1536) 2) How was it started? It was initially led by a shoemaker, Nicholas Melton On October 1st 1536 Cromwell's commissioner, Heneage, arrived to 'visit' the parish churches and take an inventory of church property. (These inventories were a continuation of Henry;s investigation into the wealth of the church under the first act of the fruits and tenths. ) Melton, who had the keys to the church refused him entry. A force of 10,000 men began to congregate. (Hoped Lord Hussey would have influence in their favour in court as he wanted Mary reinstated. 3) Causes: - Food prices had been rising as a result of bad harvests so there was a mood of unrest. - Smaller monasteries were closed in 1536 and rumours had spread that the parish churches were next. (a lot of money went towards these churches from the citizens) 4) Who were involved? Commoners then later gentry, priests and monks 5) How it ended: Henry sent Hussey to fight against the rebels with the duke of Suffolk. He offered the rebels a royal pardon if they disbanded which they took.
Cumberland rebellion; 1) When did it begin 2) How/ why was it started? 3) Who were involved? 4) How was it overcome?
1) This took place on the 16th January 1537 and was led by Sir Francis Bigod. This was a clearly politically motivated rebellion. 2) How/ why it started? Rebels claimed that the pardon granted by Henry in the pilgrimage of grace was a lie. The leader Bigod was captured and imprisoned but the ordinary people rose on their own in February. 3) Sir Francis Bigod and peasants 4) How it ended? Henry told the Duke of Norfolk to declare martial law in the north; 178 people were executed including Hussey, Lord Darcy, Bigod and Aske
Causes of the Dissolution of the monasteries (3) 1) Financial 2) Political 3) Religious
1)Monistaries were very wealthy (Valor ecclesticus valued the property of the monistaries and reveed that they had double the crowns wealth) so their money was very attractive to henry. Seizure of monastic land would also give the crown additional property to distribute as a way of buying support from the nobility and gentry at a difficult time. 2)Monistaries were permanet reminders of the catholic church. Although monks and nuns had been forced to swear an oath recognising Henry as head of the church, monistaris could be seen as potential centres of resistance. 3)The primary role of the church (to pray for the salvation of souls) wasn't in keeping with the new protestant theology of an individuals faith in god. (To the critics who wanted to reform along protestant lines the monistaries were outdated and irrelevant.
When did Cromwell introduce visitations to the monistaries to gain reports on how well they were being run? What did the findings of this lead to?
1535 A set on injunctions in 1536 that outlined improvements such as curfews and restrictions on where they could go as the clergy has been seen to be abusing their powers and wealth.
How was the marquis of Exeter seen as a threat? How was this overcome?
AKA Henry Courtenay (Henry's cousin). He was an influential courtier and rules most of western England for Henry. However his wife was a catholic and a strong supporter of Elizabeth Barton and had maintained regular communication with Katherine of Aragon. In 1538, there was a rumour that Cornwall was prepared to rise in revolt, demanding that Henry make Courtenay his heir. Henry did not like this and so blamed Courtenay for the idea. This may not have ultimately resulted in his demise due to the fact that he helped henry during the pilgrimage of grace however Cromwell and Courtenay were enemies and so he used his great influence on Henry and his anxiety about domestic unrest and potential foreign attack to make him susceptible to Cromwell's suggestion that Courtenay was a traitor. Exeter was arrested on the 4th of November 1538 and executed on the 9th of December.
Appointments
Act against Annates (1532) laid down a system for appointing bishops without approval of Rome.
Church laws
Act for the submission of the clergy confired kings control over cannon law. Furthur laws removed popes right to grant excemptions from church laws and restricted appeals to rome.
Supremacy
Act of supremacy acknowledged Henry as head of the church. Treason act made denial of royal supremacy a capital offence. This gave him power over the church and enabled him to reform any part of the religious system in England without consulting the pope.
Why did he think an annulment would be easy to achieve? (2)
Annulments were not unheard of e.g. Marriage of Louis XII and Jeanne de France was annulled in 1498 Wolsey was an expert at diplomacy (He was legate a latere) .If he could persuade the pope to let him have the case in England he could achieve it. (papal legate)
Why did Katherine's refusal to cooperate have an effect on the annulment proceedings?
Campeggio suggested that Katherine enter a nunnery. (Admission automatically envolved the marriage being annulled and the marriage vows) Which would have left henry free to marry Anne. But Katherine didn't agree and so lived in poverty without being allowed to see mary. Campeggio played for time, referring to every detail. It wasn't until 31st May 1529 that the case was heard at Blackfriars. By this point it was a lagative court rather than a decretal commission so any appeal to rome would have to be reconsidered. (Katherine got case referred to rome)
Foreign threats to henry during the reformation
Crusade from religious monarchs -Due to the sensitive nature of the religious reforms that Henry was implementing, England was made vulnerable to attack by strongly religious monarchs who may have not agreed with the changes occurring, not to mention regarding Henrys supremacy.
What were the main factors that contributed to the reformation? Discuss
Divorce Religious agenda Anticlericalism Economic benefits
What was the extent of religious change during the English reformation?
Doctrinal reform- In the later 1530s, Cromwell turned his attention to reforming the teachings of the chrch . In 1536, as vicar general, he worked with archbishop cranmer to introduce some ideas of protestant belief. Both men has to tread carefully as henry was very conservative in his own beliefs. (TEN ARTICLES OF FAITH FOLLOWED BY INJUNCTIONS TO SOLIDIFY VIEWS PUT ACROSS IN DOCUMENT. BISHOPS BOOK WAS ALSO INTRODUCED LAYING DOWN DETAILS OF NEW RELGION TO REDUCE CONFUSION FROM 10 ARTICLES)
What was the Role and importance of parliament during the reformation?
During the 1530s Cromwell used parliament extensively to enact the legilisation needed to legalise the break with rome and to strengthen royal authority in outlying regions. So by the end of the 1530 it was recognised that statutes law made by the 'king in parliament' represented ultimate authority in England and Wales and could be applied to virtually any aspect of life and society. Moreover, if any future monarch wished to change the laws that had been made, they would have to do so in co-operaton with parliament. (STRENGHTENED THE REFORMATION AND LEGALITY OF IT)
How did the break with rome affected henrys powers as king? (6)
Finances Church laws Appointments Supremacy Dissolution of the monasteries
Dissolution of the monasteries
Got him money and reduced the popes influence further as many monasteries and religious institutions still remained loyal to the pope as head of the church.
How did henry attempt to progress the divorce? (couldn't get annulment so wanted divorce instead)
Henry attempted to progress the divorce by putting pressure on the pope and the clergy simultaneously. He was also helped by the common ground he had with religious reformers wanting radical religious changes with their common view that the church was the main obstacle to their ambitions. Thus Lutheran supporters and other anticlericalisms' encouraged by humanist writing came together in support of church reform. (Church reform was what made henry able to get a divorce.)
Why did Henry took control of the annulment strategy in 1527 mean that it wouldn't be achieved by 1529?
Henry came to a logical conclusion and believed that the only way he could get an annulment was to break with Rome.
What were the changes to the way in which finances were organised? (CROMWELLS CHANGES)
Henry used the privy chamber to manage his finances, much like his father. This gave him significant control over day to day decisions about all aspects of income and expenditure. Cromwell created new financial institutions alongside the privy chamber to manage the new revenues generated by the break with Rome. In all 4 new departments were created; -The court of Augmentations- which controlled the land and finances formerly under the control of the catholic church. -The court of general surveyors- which initially handled some of the ex-monastic land, but was soon amalgamated with the cot of Augmentations. -The court of first fruit and tenths- which collected money previously sent to rome -The court of wards- the king had the ancient feudal right to collect money from the estate of a minor, under the age of 21, who had inherited.
How was the archbishop David beaton seen as a threat? How was this overcome?
His was a pro-French, anti-English and anti-protestant Archbishop who was sent to Scotland. This was bad for Henry as this meant that the catholic powers of Europe had the military might and an easy route to launch an attack on England, not to mention the new archbishop would have no objections due to his feelings against England. (August 1538)
Why did Charles had control of Rome from 1529 have an effect on the annulment proceedings?
In May 1527, Charles V sacked Rome and captured the pope. Charles control of pope created difficulties as he had a great deal of influence over him. (He was also Katherine's nephew so he supported her) Charles control over the pope meant that he had access to the original dispensation that he gave to Katherine so there was no statement that could be made regarding the wording as she had proof to prove against it.
How did Henry VIII control religious opposition?
In the summer of 1535, to coincide with the visitations, preachers and 'raliers' were sent out to deliver sermons on these three themes; - monks and nuns in monasteries called sinful hypocrites who were living lives of luxury and engaged in sin. - Those monks and nuns were living off the working people and giving nothing back, (draining England's economy) - If the king received all the property of the monasteries, he would never again need to tax the people.
What was the bishops book? (CRANMER) (3)
It gave priests a much fuller explanation of what was to be believed and practiced in July 1537.( mainly written by cranmer) This was more conservative and restored the other four sacraments (matrimony, conformation, hold orders and extreme unification) Emphasis on scriptural rather than papal authority
What affect did humanism and the Renaissance have on the reformation?
It showed people that the church wasn't the only place where they could receive an education and outlined the importance of individual worship of God. Especially favoured be translation of the bible. Humanist belief: church should be simpler and based on the bible. This was a contributor to many anticlerical ideas or reformation ideas on religion in England and also meant that there were less people against the reformation to oppose Henrys reforms. Erasmus: Dutch scholar who campaigned for reform
Why would it benefit Henry to move towards more a Protestant based religion? (Religious agenda)
It would aid him in getting a marriage alliance with the schmaldik league to marry Anne of cleaves as they were heavily Protestant.
Why didn't Henry have an annulment by 1529?
Katherine's refusal to cooperate Charles had control of Rome from 1529 Henry took control of the annulment strategy in 1527
What were the list of grievances that were sent to the king? (LINCOLNSHIRE REBELLION)
List of grievances sent from the rebels to the king: 1) Criticised Cromwell's peacetime taxation 2) Criticised the dissolution of monasteries 3) Called for the dismissal of Cromwell/Cranmer 4) Called for the repel of the statute of uses 5) Called for the reinstatement of Lady Mary as princess
People that were a threat to the reformation (2)
Marquis of Exeter Archbishop David Beaton
what did the injunctions say?
Monks should not leave the monasteries Women should be forbidden from entering the monasteries (except by permission of the King or the kings representatives) The abbot should send one or two monks to universities so they could learn and return home to teach their brothers the word of god
Finances
Payment of annates first fruits and tenths transferred from pope to king. Crown gained lands, property and income of monistaries.
How did the government try to progress the reformation?
The government actively promoted the reformation. One way it did this was the way in which preambles to acts were phrased. (e.g. it appealed to the bible and the early history of the church in times when leaders were in charge of the church such as during roman times when emperors controlled the church. Some conservatives in theology were keen to appeal to the king to defend the church against theology (only he could protect it from protestants) .
What were the changes to royal council during henry 8's reign?
The king met regularly with his royal council of advisors. The council was a large group that included member of the clergy, noblemen and members of the kings household staff. During Henry VIII's reign a more professional privy council emerged. It was different compared to the old one as it contained fewer people , perhaps less than 20 and was mainly composed of professionally trained lawyers and beuorcrats, rather than notables from the wider ruling class.
Why was the act of supremacy important in the development of the reformation?
Therefor action wouldn't have occurred without this act enabling change which was ultimately brought on by Henrys need for power over the pipe and economic issues. It gave Henry power to implement his own religious reform and change the religion in any way he saw fit.
What were the ten articles of faith? And when were they administered? What did they outline?
They were articles published in summer 1536 to ensure religious conformity. They were a breakfast statement of the churches beliefs and moved away from some of the standing beliefs about the practices of the church. They outlined only three sacraments; -baptism -penance -Eucharist They contained Lutheran ideas e.g. Justification by faith (PROTESTANT IDEAS) Clergy were ordered to preach against the pope
What were the 6 articles and how did they contribute to the religious change? When were they introduced?
They were six articles that marked a restaurant to catholic theology in a English church. They asserted doctrine of transubstantiation, clerical celibacy and private masses. They outlined harsh punishments for offenders and within a few weeks, 500 were arrested for heresy. 1539
What was the valor ecclesticus?
This was a document implemented by Cromwell that outline the value of the property of the ministries and showed that they contained double the crowns wealth.
What was the act in restraint of appeals and when was it implemented?
This was an act stating that Henrys divorce case was to be heard in England not in Rome so that it would progress more. This reduced the popes influence in this process February 1533
What was the act of supremacy and what did it do? When was it introduced?
This was an act that acknowledged Henry as head of the church and was punishable by death by the treason act if spoken out against. November 1534 - Act of Supremacy 1535- treason act
What was the act against payment of annates to Rome? What affect did it have?
This was an act that means that Henry would receive all of the money from the clergys first fruits and tents (10% of their income) instead of the pope. This increased the money that Henry received and proved Henrys power over the pope which helped to solidify his supremacy over the pope.
Why was this a change made by Cromwell to the way in which parliament was used during henrys reign?
Until this point parliaments had not been a regular part of government, and although in statute law and had long been recognised as the highest form of law in England, kings were still able to pass laws by proclamation on many issues. The role of parliament had been mainly used to deal with the royal finaces and nothing else so Cromwell drastically changed the way in which parliament was used and increased its importance.
