HEP 2500 Exam 2
Identify the signs of early pregnancy
-a missed menstrual period -slight bleeding -nausea -breast tenderness -increased urination -Sleepiness, fatigue, and emotional upset
First Stage of Labor
-averages 13 hours for the first birth. -It begins with cervical effacement and dilation and continues until the cervix is completely dilated -Contractions usually last about 30 seconds and occur every 15-20 minutes, more often later. -Early in the first stage, bleeding may occur -the amniotic sac raptures and the fluid rushes out; "water breaking" -transition = characterized by strong frequent contractions
Second Stage of Labor
-begins with complete cervical dilation and end with delivery of the baby - baby slowly pushed down, through the bones of the pelvic ring, past the cervix and into the vagina, which it stretches open. -the baby's back bends, the head turns to fit through the narrowest parts of the passageway, and the soft bones of the baby's skull move together and overlap as it squeezed through the pelvis. -when the top of the head appears at the vaginal opening, the baby is said to be crowning
Third Stage of Labor
-the uterus continues to contract until the placenta is expelled. -this stage usually take 5-30 minutes. -It is important that the entire placenta be expelled; if part remains in the uterus, it may cause infection or bleeding. -Breastfeeding soon after delivery helps control uterine bleeding because it stimulates the secretion of hormone that makes the uterus contract.
Antioxidant
A substance that can reduce the breakdown of food or body constituents by free radicals.
Vitamins
13 Carbon-containing (organic) substances needed in small amounts to help promote and regulate chemical reactions and processes in the body.
Minerals
17 Non carbon-containing (inorganic) substances needed in small amounts to help regulation, growth, and maintenance of body tissues and functions.
Alcohol Absorption
20% stomach, 75% small intestine, 5% GI track.
Emphysema
A disease, loss of lung tissue elasticity and destruction of the air sacs, impairing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
Depressant
A drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep. AKA sedative-hypnotic.
Stimulant
A drug that increases nervous or muscular activity.
Kilocalorie
A measure of energy content in food. 1 kilocalorie = the amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1 liter of water 1*C.
One drink
Amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounce of alcohol.
CNS Stimulants
Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Ritalin, Ephedrine, Caffeine.
Substance dependence
Addiction. A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that occur in someone who continues to use despite problems, leading to impairment or distress.
Opioids
Also called narcotics. They are natural or synthetic(lab-made) drugs that relieve the pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria. They are typically injected and also can be absorbed into the body through stomach, intestines, nasal membranes(sniffing and snorting)
Hallucinogen effects
Altered states of perception and feeling, nausea, increased heart rate, blood pressure, delirium, impaired motor function, numbness, weakness.
Free radicals
An electron-seeking compound that can react with fats, proteins, and DNA. Damaging cell membranes and mutating genes. Produced by chemical reactions by exposure to environmental factors.
Carbohydrate
An essential nutrient, required for energy for cells. Sugars, starches, and dietary fiber.
Saturated fats
Animal fats, high fat dairy, palm and coconut oil. Raises total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. May increase risk of heart disease and cancers. Bad
Drug
Any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body.
LDL
Bad cholesterol.
CNS Depressants
Barbiturates, Sedatives/Tranquilizers like Benzodiazepines (Valiu, Xanax), Methaqualone, and GHB, Club Drugs like Rohypnol. Also alcohol.
Coronary heart disease
Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle.
Drug Addiction
Compulsive desire, Need to increase the dosage, harmful effects, harm to society
Whole grain
Contains all parts of the grain... germ (inner), endosperm (middle), and bran (outer).
Abuse
Continued use despite problems, Failure to fulfill obligations, Physically hazardous situations, Legal problems.
Omega-6 Polyunsaturated fats
Corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils. Lowers total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. May lower HDL cholesterol. May reduce risk of heart disease. May increase risk of cancer if higher than Omega-3. Okay
Protein
Essential nutrient that forms important parts of the body's main structures, muscles and bones, as well as blood, enzymes, hormones, and cell membranes. Also provides energy.
Marijuana effects
Euphoria, slowed thinking and reaction time, confusion, anxiety, impaired balance and coordination, increased heart rate.
Euphoria
Exaggerated feeling of well-being.
Energy Sources
Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated fats
Fish, walnut, flaxseed, canola and soybean oils, green leafy vegetables, and tofu. Reduces blood clotting and inflammation. Lowers triglycerides. Reduces risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancers. Good
FITT
Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
Trans fats
Fried fast foods, margarine, shortening, processed cookies, crackers, snacks, and sweets. Raises total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, lowers HDL cholesterol, may increase risk of heart disease and cancers. Really bad
HDL
Good cholesterol.
Addictive behavior
Habits that have gotten out of control, with resulting negative effects on a person's health.
Identify the role of HCG in detecting pregnancy
Human chronic gonadotropin. Its a hormone produced by the implanted fertilized egg that can be detected in the urine or blood of the mother shortly after the conception
CNS stimulant effects
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, increased mental alertness and energy, nervousness, insomnia, impulsive behavior, reduced appetite.
Explain the importance of prenatal care and what should occur.
It's essential to the health of both mother and baby. All physicians recommend that women start getting regular prenatal checkups as soon as they get pregnant. Regular checkups, blood tests, prenatal nutrition, avoiding drugs and other environmental hazards, prenatal activity and exercise, and preparing for birth should occur
Hallucinogens
LSD, MDMA, mescaline, and PCP.
Glycemic index
Measure of how a particular food affects blood glucose levels. Unrefined foods have lower glycemic index.
Depersonalization
Loss of sense of reality and perceive themselves as being unreal.
Smoking effects
Mild nicotine poisoning, stimulation of cerebral cortex and adrenal glands, and physiological effects.
Alcohol metabolism
Mostly in liver, small amount in stomach, 2-10% excreted by lungs, kidneys (urine), sweat glands, breath.
Complex Carbohydrate
Multiple sugar units. Grains, legumes, and tubers.
Phytochemicals
Naturally occurring substance in plants foods that help prevent and treat chronic diseases.
Dietary fiber
Nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact in plants.
Functional fiber
Nondigestible carbohydrates either isolated from natural sources or synthesized. May be added.
Monounsaturated fats
Olive, canola, and safflower oils, avocados, olives, nuts. Lowers total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Reduces risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancers. Good
Amino acid
One of the building blocks of proteins, 20 common amino acids are found in food. 9 essential, 11 non-essential.
Simple Carbohydrate
One or two sugar units. Sugar, fruit, honey, malt, and milk.
Physical dependence
Physiological adaptation, occurs in response to frequent presence of drug, associated with tolerance and withdrawal.
6 Essential Nutrients
Proteins, Fats, Water, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals. Substances the body must get from foods, because it can't make them to meet its needs.
CNS depressant effects
Reduced anxiety, mood changes, lowered inhibitions, impaired muscle coordination, reduced pulse rate, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression.
Benefits of Exercise
Reduced risk of premature death, Improved cardiorespiratory functioning, More efficient metabolism, Improved cell health, Improved body composition, Disease prevention and management (cardiovascular, cancer, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes), Improved psychological and emotional wellness, Improved immune function, Prevention of injuries and low-back pain, Improved wellness for life.
Opioid effects
Relief of anxiety and pain, euphoria, lethargy, apathy, drowsiness, confusion, inability to concentrate, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression.
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate
Psychosis
Severe mental disorder characterized by distortion of reality.
Addiction
The habitual use of a drug producing chemical changes in the user's body.
Inhalant effects
Stimulation, loss of inhibition, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, loss of consciousness.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly for a long period of time.
Cardiorespiratory endurance
The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.
Blood alcohol concentration
The amount of alcohol in the blood expressed as the percentage of alcohol in a deciliter of blood. Used as a measure of intoxication.
Muscular strength
The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
Physical fitness
The body's ability to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort.
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord.
Flexibility
The joints' ability to move through their full range of motion.
Body Composition
The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (bone, muscle, and water) in the body.
embryo
The stage of development between blastocyst and fetus; about 2-8 weeks. The inner cells of blastocyst separate into three layers. One layer becomes inner body parts - digestive and respiratory systems; the middle layer becomes muscle, bone, blood, kidneys and sex glands; and the third layer becomes skin, hair, and nervous tissue
Intoxication
The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally, a state of being poisoned).
trophoblasts
The tissues that surround an embryo and attach it to the uterus
Braxton Hicks contractions
The uterus prepares for childbirth with preliminary contractions. Unlike true labor contractions, these are usually short, irregular, and painless. The mother may only be aware that at times her abdomen is hard to the touch.
Recognize why low-tar and low-nicotine products are not more healthful
There is no such thing as a safe cigarette. Smokers who switch to a low-nicotine brand often compensate y smoking more cigarettes, inhaling more deeply, taking larger or frequent puffs, or blocking ventilation holes with lips or fingers to offset the effects of filters
Proof value
Two times the percentage of alcohol, by volume, in an alcoholic beverage.
Identify the role of folic acid in a healthy pregnancy
Two vitamins - vitamin D and the B vitamin folate. If pregnant woman don't get enough vD are more likely to deliver low-birth-weight babies.
BAC limit Utah? USA?
Utah: .08 percent USA .08 percent
Inhalants
Volatile solvents, Aerosols, Nitrites, Anesthetics.
Glucose
What carbohydrates are broken down into during digestion. A simple sugar that is the body's basic fuel.
female athlete triad
a condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns followed by lack of menstrual periods and decreased bone density
what women should expect during the postpartum period
a stage of about three months following the childbirth, a time of critical family adjustments. Parenthood begins literally overnight, and the transition can cause considerable stress.
Identify the signs of postpartum depression
an emotional low that may be experience by the mother following childbirth. 5-9% of mothers experience which is characterized by despondency, mood swings, guilt, and occasional hostility.
neonate
an infant less than four weeks old.
chromosomes
are made up of tightly packed coils of DNA. The threadlike bodies in a cell nucleus that contain molecules of DNA. Most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
gametes
are reproductive cells (sex cells) that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote
Primary effects of ETS on children
bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma and other respiratory infections
major health issue
cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, other respiratory damage
health benefits of fiber and its food sources
fiber moves through the intestinal tract and provides bulk for feces in the large intestine, which in turn facilitates elimination.
Identify the components of the MY Plate
fruits, vegetables, grains, protein and diary
Identify the primary source of fuel for the brain and nervous system
glucose
Withdrawal
is the physical and mental pain that results from going without it.
Dose-response
is the relationship between the amount of drug taken and the type and intensity and type of its effects.
Cooling down
it's important to restore the body's circulation to its normal resting condition
miscarriage
its also called spontaneous abortion. Vaginal bleeding is usually the first sign that a pregnant woman may miscarry. She may also develop pelvic cramps and her symptoms of pregnancy may disappear. 70-90% of women would eventually get pregnant again
spontaneous abortion
its known as miscarriage, is the termination of pregnancy before the 20th week. Most miscarriage (60%) are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus
Marijuana and other cannabis products
its the most widely used illegal drug in the United States with 17.4 million users.
Fiber
non digestible carbohydrates provided by plants
Identify the characteristics of addiction
reinforcement, compulsion or craving, loss of control, escalation, and negative consequences
zygote
starts to undergo cell division and the growth process begins. Zygote continues to divide as it travels through the oviduct to the uterus
substance abuse
the APA diagnostic criteria for abuse require that drug use involve at least one of the following four characteristics: 1. continued use despite social or interpersonal problems. 2. Repeated use resulting in failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home. 3. Repeated use resulting in physically hazardous situations. 4. Use resulting in legal problems.
genes
the basic unit of heredity; a section of chromosome containing chemical instructions for making a particular protein
tolerance
the body adapts toa drug so that the initial dose no longer produce the original emotional or psychological effects
fetus
the development stage of a human from ninth week after the conception to the moment of birth
Alcohol Abuse
the use of alcohol to a degree that cause physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in behavior harmful to others.