HESI A2 A&P Flashcards: Nervous System

_______________ fibers that transmit impulses from organs and tissues of the body to the CNS; and ____________ fibers that transmit impulses from the CNS to the organs and tissues of the body.

(a) afferent fibers that transmit impulses from organs and tissues of the body to the CNS; and (b) efferent fibers that transmit impulses from the CNS to the organs and tissues of the body.

What two types of fibers are in the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Afferent fibers and efferent fibers

Recognized as the aggression center, areas of this region produces feelings such as anger, violence, fear, and anxiety.

Amygdala

As a person ages, the rate of ___________________, or ability for the brain to form neural connections through synapses, decreases.

As a person ages, the rate of neuroplasticity, or ability for the brain to form neural connections through synapses, decreases. Neuroplasticity is important because it helps the brain adapt to new stimulation, damage, or changes in the environment.

This is the long structure attached to the cell body. It conducts and transmits information to other cells.

Axon

This is found between the thalamus and the spinal cord. It is the lowest part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. Unconscious functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure are controlled by the ______________.

Brainstem

This is the main part of the neuron that contains the nucleus of the nerve cell. Also called the soma, other organelles are also found in the cell body.

Cell body

Helps coordinate body movements, posture, and balance.

Cerebellum

This part of the brain is the largest and part of the forebrain. The ________________ controls higher-order functions such as interpreting touch, speech and language, reasoning, emotions, and fine motor control.

Cerebrum

What structure receives information from another neuron?

Dendrites are appendages attached to the cell body, or soma, of a neuron. They receive information from other neurons and transmit this information to the cell body.

Helpful Tip

Do not confuse a neuron with a neuroglial cell. Neuroglial cells do not conduct nerve impulses like neurons. Rather, they provide support and protect neurons. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cell, and ependymal cells are the four major types of neuroglial cells in the CNS. Schwann and satellite cells are in the PNS.

Processes high-level cognitive skills, reasoning, concentration, motor skills, language, and functions as a control center for emotions.

Frontal

Grey matter is different from white matter. White matter is found in the ___________________ and surrounds the grey matter. It contains bundles of i_____________________.

Grey matter is different from white matter. White matter is found in the spinal cord and surrounds the grey matter. It contains bundles of interneurons.

Sensory

Information is gathered (both internally and externally) and carried to the CNS. The senses gather the information that the sensory nervous system transmits.

Nerve cells that act as a bridge between motor and sensory neurons in the CNS. These neurons help form neural circuits, which helps neurons communicate with each other.

Interneurons

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a condition that includes destruction of the amygdala. This means a person will present with erratic emotional behavior symptoms like hypersexuality, compulsive eating, and putting objects in the mouth.

Efferent nerve cells that carry impulses away from the CNS to the effectors, which are typically tissues and muscles of the body.

Motor neurons

How many types of neuroglia are found in the CNS?

Neuroglia are cells that support neurons in the body. More neuroglia are present in the body than neurons. Four types are found in the CNS, and two types are found in the PNS.

Interprets visual stimuli and information.

Occipital

Integration site for visual perception and sensory information such as touch, pain, and pressure.

Parietal

Recall that the cerebral cortex is composed of grey matter. This mater is a type of neural tissue that contains three types of neurons, which are nerve cells that make up the nervous system: (List the 3 types of neurons)

Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Interneurons

Demyelination

Several diseases cause degeneration of the myelin sheath, or demyelination. One example is multiple sclerosis. When demyelination occurs, it can lead to severe neurological problems like motor and cognitive function. Demyelination reduces the speed at which neural impulses are transmitted along the axon.

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Organizes sounds and processes language that is heard. Helps form memories, speech perception, and language skills.

Temporal

The ______________________________ is responsible for activities that are non-voluntary and under unconscious control.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for activities that are non-voluntary and under unconscious control. Because this system controls glands and the smooth muscles of internal organs, it governs activities ranging from heart rate to breathing and digestion.

What surrounds the entire cerebrum?

The cerebral cortex is grey (or gray) matter that surrounds the entire cerebrum.

Integrative nervous system

The integrative nervous system is where the CNS process and interprets information received from the sensory nerves.

The nervous system is anatomically divided into two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of the ____________ and ____________________.

The nervous system is anatomically divided into two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

What lobe helps a person interpret information received from the retinas of eyes?

The occipital lobe is part of the cerebrum. It interprets visual stimuli and information that comes from the eyes.

Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system controls involuntarily processes unrelated to emergencies. This system deals with "rest or digest" activities.

What part of the nervous system controls blood vessel contraction?

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system transmits neural signals to the smooth muscle found in the walls of internal organs and structures like blood vessels.

The ridges of the cerebral cortex are called ___________ and the grooves are called _____________. The very large grooves are called _________________.

The ridges of the cerebral cortex are called gyri, and the grooves are called sulci. The very large grooves are called fissures.

The _____________ nervous system primarily controls voluntary activities such as walking and riding a bicycle.

The somatic nervous system primarily controls voluntary activities such as walking and riding a bicycle. Thus, this system sends information to the CNS and motor nerve fibers that are attached to skeletal muscle.

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system focuses on emergency situations by preparing the body for fight or flight

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

This fluid serves many purposes such as protecting the brain from physical shocks and removing wastes from the neural tissue in the brain.

The nervous system is anatomically divided into _______ parts?

Two - Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Part of the forebrain that controls emotions and memory.

limbic system

The ____________________ is a protein and lipid structure produced by a type of glial cell called a Schwann cell. This functions like a blanket that provides a layer of insulation around the axon of a neuron, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission.

myelin sheath

Protected by the skull, the brain consists of four cavities called ___________________.

ventricles