HETEROGLYCANS (POLYSACCHARIDES)
Anthraquinone Glycosides
• Aglycone: anthracene • Use: cathartics (drastic) • Derivatives color: Orange • Bortrager's Test: official identification test
[Cardenolides] Adonis
• Adonis vernalis; Peasant's Eye • Adinotoxin
[Lactone] Psoralens
• Amni majus; Bishop's Flower • Photosensitizng furocoumarins • For patients with psoriasis/vitiligo (non-communicable disease) • Methoxsalen (repigmentation in vitiligo); Trioxsalen o C/I: Direct exposure to sunlight activates melanin skin cancer
Cyanophore/Cyanogenic Glycosides
• Amygdalin (H2O and amygdalase) mandelonitrile glucose (H2O and prunase) mandelonitrile + glucose benzaldehyde + HCN • Rosaceae species (Prunus) • Amygdalase and Prunase are collectively known as Emulsin (glycoside) APE o Composite enzymes: amygdalase and prunase o Composite acids for tannic acid: gallic acid and ellagic acid
[Cardenolides] Apocynum
• Apocynum cannabinum; Dogbane • Cyamarin (anti-arrythmia/cardiotoxic)
[Plant Exudates] Acacia
• Botanical source: Acacia senegal (Gum Arabic) • Gum constituent arabin • Use: Suspending agent at 33-35%, stable with alcohol at 60%
[Plant Exudates] Indian
• Botanical source: Anogeissus latifolia (Ghatti Gum) • Use: Substitute for acacia
[Plant Exudates] Tragacanth
• Botanical source: Astralagus gummifer (Gum Tragacanth) • Gum constituent: tragaacnthin (1/3 dissolve) and bassorin (2/3 swell) • Use: suspending agent at 6-6% • Tragacanth grades o Vermiform - worm-like; yellowish brown o Sorts - tear-shaped; yellowish brown o Flakes - man made; clear; preferred grade
[Plant Exudates] Karaya
• Botanical source: Sterculia urens (Sterculia Gum) • Use: bulk laxative • Most fetid gum (unpleasantly smelling)
[Isothiocyanate] White Mustard
• Brassica alba; Sinapis Alba • Sinalbin
[Isothiocyanate] Black Mustard
• Brassica nigra; Sinapis Nigra • Sinigrin Sinigrin ------------------------> allyl isothiocyanate "myrosinase"(glycosidase)
[Cardenolides] Convallaria
• Convallaria majalis; Lily of the Valley • Convallatoxin
[Aldehyde] Vanilla
• Cured fruit of Vanilla planifolia; Mexican/Vera Cruz/Bourbon • Constituent: vanillin • Use: flavoring agent • Ethylvanillin: substitute for natural vanilla
[Cardenolides] Foxglove
• Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) • Digitalis lanata (Grecian Foxglove) • Digoxin (water soluble); digitoxin (lipophilic) • Deslanoside: digitalization required rapid digitalis loading
[Saponin] Diocorea/Yam
• Dioscorea spiculiflora - contains diosgenin which is a glucocorticoid precursor • Dioscorea florbunda - best source of steroids in the market (Mexican Yam) • Diosgenin: anti-inflammatory
[Anthraquinone] Aloe/Sabila
• Dried latex or juice of Aloe barbadensis or Aloe vera (Curacao aloe) • Hybrids of Aloe ferox with Aloe Africana and Aloe spicata (Cape aloe) • Constituents: Barbaloin and aloe emodin • Commercial source: Curacao • Uses: Moisturizer, 2% for burn preparations, Compound Benzoin Tincture
[Phenol] Uva ursi
• Dried leaf of Arctostaphylos uva ursi; Bearberry • Constituent: arbutin • Use: astringent and diuretic • Cosmetics: whitening property is studied
[Anthraquinone] Senna
• Dried leaflet of Cassia acutifolia - Alexandria senna (broken leaflets) • Cassia angustifolia - Tinnevelly senna (full leaflets used for preparation) Cute si Alex; Angas si Tin • Cultivated in wet lands resembling rice paddies • Constituents: Sennosides A, B, C, and D • Senokot, Senna Lax
[Saponin] Glycyrhizza/Licorice
• Dried roots of Glycrrhiza glabra • Increases the foaminess of beer • Masks bitter of Quinine (also Yerba santa) due to its sweet taste • Constituents: glycrhhizin, glycrrhizic acid • Males should not eat more than 100 g glycrrhiza/day risk of male sterility • Steroidal: used in treatment of Addison's disease o CI in patients with CHF (inc. Na and H2O retention)
Saponin Glycosides
• Foam upon shaking; Froth Test (stand for 1-2 minutes) • Bitter, acrid taste • Sternutatory (irritate the mucus membrane; stimulate sneeze) • Destroys RBCs of cold blooded animals Fish poisons • Aglycone: sapogenin; Toxic aglycone: sapotoxin • Steroidal in nature
[Lactone] Coumarin
• From Dipteryx odorata - Tonka beans • Aromatic burning taste • Constituents: dicoumarol, bishydroxycoumarin anticoagulant; Warfarin (Coumadin) • Dicoumarin: first oral anticoagulant - dicumarol
[Anthraquinone] Chrysarobin
• From Goa powder, Andira araroba • Only anthraquinone glycoside that is NOT used as cathartic because it is very irritating • Used as keratolytic (treat skin abnormalities) • Hot benzene is used to extract this substance
[Lactone] Cantharides
• From the dried insect Cantharis vesicatoria • Spanish/Russia/Blistering Fly • Mature insect: brilliant/shiny green with metallic luster o Wings are treated with CH3Cl3/dilute acid fumes or soaked in acetic acid • Constituent: Cantharidin • Uses: Irritant, vesicant, and rubefacient; for aphrodisiac • Causes priapism - prolonged and painful erection of the male organ (6-24 hrs)l dilation is due to the production of nitrous oxide (N2O) o metabolite of cantharides
[Flavonol] Gingko
• Gingko biloba • Constituents: ginkolides, bilobides (enough dilation of blood vessels in brain) • Use: memory enhancement • Glutaphos first memory enhancer in the PH; peptides based
[Cardenolides] Black Hellebore
• Helleborus niger; Christmas Rose • Hellebrin
Glycosides
• Heteroglycans; "sugar ethers" • N-, S-, C-, O-, alpha or beta; beta forms occur in plants • Regulatory, protective, and sanitary compunds • Glycone - sugar portion; base • Aglycone - "genin" dictates classification of glycoside; steroidal structure (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) • R - defines the class; differentiates • Cardioactive group, aldehyde group, anthraquinone group, alcohol groupm saponin group, cyanophore group, lactone group, isothiocyanate group, phenol group, flavonol group, tannins
Pectin
• Intercellular cementing material • Partially methoxylated galacturonic acid • From the extract of the inner portion of rind of citrus fruits and apple pomace; Rutaceae • Pectin Sources: o Citrus grandis - pomelo, suha, lukban o Citrus paradisi - grapefruit o Citrus aurantium - orange, kahel o Citrus sinensis - ponkan o Citrus nobilis - dalanghita o Citrus microcarpa - calamansi o Citrus limon - lemon o Pyrus malus - apple • Protopectin - unripe • Pectin - just ripe o Mango: smells sweet o Avocado: hearing seeds separate o Banana: cover with freckles (TNF) • Pectinic acid - overripe • Polymagma (Attapulgite) o Antidiarrheal agent • Kaopectate: Kaolin + Pectin o Antidiarrheal preparation
Gums and Mucilages
• Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides • Produced by plants as a protective after injury (counterpart = platelets) • Upon hydrolysis, they yield arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and other uronic acid derivatives • Pb acetate and alcohol - soluble • Gum and water - dissolution • Mucilages and water - paste • Pectin and water - gel
[Saponin] Ginseng
• Panax ginseng (Asian, medicinal); Panax quinquefolius (American) • Aphrodisiac (sex stimulant) and an adaptogen (to cope with up stress - mooooooood) • Constituents: Panaxosides, ginsenosides, chikutsusaponins • Drug interaction with Azathioprine (Immunosuppressant) Hindi masusupress ang feelings kung hanggang ngayon umaAZA na THIOPRINE
[Cyanophore] Bitter Almonds
• Prunus amygdalus
[Cyanophore] Apricots
• Prunus armeniaca • Amygdalin - source of Laetrile or Vit B17, a controversial treatment for sickle cell anemia • Muntingia calabura: Aratiles/Jamaican cherry/Strawberry Tree - studied for antioxidant property
[Cyanophore] Wild Cherry
• Prunus serotinina • Uses: flavored vehicle, expectorant, and sedative
[Anthraquinone] Frangula
• Rhamnus frangula; Buckthorn bark • Present in Movicol (Cathartic laxative) - Karaya (laxative) + Frangula (cathartic)
[Anthraquinone] Cascara sagrada
• Rhamnus purshianus; Sacred bark • Constituents o Cascarosides A and B Optical isomers of barbaloin o Cascaroides C and D Optical isomers of chrysaloin • Lane's Pill - easanthol, purified mix of anthranol glycosides
[Anthraquinone] Rhubarb
• Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum - Rheum or Chinese Rhubarb o Use: medicinal • Rheum emodi, Rheum webbianum - Indian Rhubarb or Himalayan Rhubarb o Use: ornamental
[Phenol] Poison Ivy and Poison Oak
• Rhus radicans - Poison ivy (Toxicodendronis radians) • Rhus toxidendron - Poison oak (T. toxicaria) • Urushiol: causes delayed contact dermatitis (Type 4, T-cell mediated)
[Alcohol] Salix and Populus
• Salix purpurea, Salix fragilis - Weeping Willow/Willow Tree (Barks) • Populus candicans, Populus tacahamacca - Willow buds • Aglycone: saligenin • Salicin: anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic
[Flavonol] Milk Thistle
• Silybium morianum • Constituents: silbinin, silymarin • Use: hepatoprotective
[Marine Gums] Danish Agar
• Source: Furcellaria fastigiata • Constituent: Kappa
[Marine Gums] Agar/Japanese Isinglass
• Source: algae (Geldium cartilageneum, Gracilaria confervoides) • Constituent: agarose, agaropectin (highly sulfated compounds)
[Marine Gums] Algin
• Source: brown seaweeds (Macrocystis pyrifera) • Constituent: mannuronic acid (pharmaceutic necessity)
[Seed Gums] Guar Gum/Guaran
• Source: endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonobulus
[Seed Gums] Locust Bean Gum/Carob Pulp/St. John's Bread
• Source: endosperm of the seed of Ceratonia siliqua • St. John's Bread: substitute for chocolate o St. John's Wort: alternative medicine; hypericin (anti-anxiety)
[Microbial Gum] Xanthan Gum
• Source: metabolite in the action of Xanthomonas campestris on carbohydrates has a pseudoplastic activity that enables toothpastes and ointments to spread readily
[Marine Gums] Carageenan/Irish Moss
• Source: red algae (Chondrus crispus, Gigartina mamillosa) • Constituents o Kappa: gelling component; stable helix; straight chain o Iota: gelling component; stable helix; straight chain o Lambda; nongelling component; unstable helix; no straight chain
[Seed Gums] Cydonium/Quince Seed
• Source: ripe seed of Cydonia vulgaris • Use: thixotropic agent for lotion
[Seed Gums] Psyllium/Plantago
• Source: seed coat of Plantago psyllium (Spanish), Plantago ovate (Blonde) • C-Lium - bulk laxative (7.5 g)
[Cardenolides] Strophantus
• Strophantus kombe, Strophantus hispidus, Acokantheria shimperi • K-strophantin (beneficial), G-strophantin (oubain - toxic)
[Flavonol]Hesperitin, Diosmin, and Naringin
• Treatment of symptoms of common colds • Naringin (Echinaceae) - prophylactic agent for colds
Cardiac Glycosides
• Unsaturated steroidal aglycone tests o Leibermann-Burchard test Most sensitive (blue green) o Salkowski test (red) o Keller Killiani test 2-deoxy sugar aglycone test Digitalis (blue green) Squill (red) o Cardenolides vs. Bufadienolides Cardenolides - active cardiac glycosides; common in nature Bufadienolides - inactive; source is frog species
[Bufadienolides] Squill
• Urginea maritima - White squill, Red squill • Urginea indica - Indian squill • Scillarenin (red)
[Flavonol] Rutin and Hesperidin
• Vitamin P/Permeability Factors; used in the treatment of capillary bleeding secondary to capillary fragility
[Flavonol] . Rutin and Quercetin
• Yellow pigments