HI 210 exam #2

Alexandr Kerensky

Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government. was elected to the Duma in 1912 at a time when the rule of Czar Nicholas II was on shaky ground

Versailles Treaty

Ended the war, Germany loses land it took from France, german army numbers reduced, Navy restrictions, says Germany must have responsibility of allies

The new imperialism

New imperialism was the competition for colonies between the European powers

Balkans

Situated at the crossroads of three major empires - Ottoman, Russian and Austro-Hungarian - and with access to several important waterways

Provisional government

The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Republic established immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II

Duma

The Russian parliament set up in the aftermath of the outbreak of the revolution of 1905

Paris Peace negotiations (1919)

The series of peace treaties that provided the settlement of WWI. The treat of versailles with Germany was the centerpiece of the peace of paris

14 points speech (January 1918)

Woodrow Wilson's WWI peace proposal, based on settlement rather than on conquest, it encouraged the surrender of the Central powers 1) open covenance of peace =no more secret diplomacy 2) free trade and free commerce 3) reduction of arms 4) readjustment of colonial empire 5) self determination

Bolsheviks

argue that Russia can press both revolutions together to go straight from old regime to socialism, want centralized structure

Petrograd

first socialist capital led by Lenin

Zemstvo Liberals

go back to reforms of Tsar alexander, want reform that happened in western europe "no enemies on the left"

Peter Stolypin

head of gov't, idea that we need radical reform on countryside through entrepeneurship, land in hands of modernizing the peasant group

Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov - Lenon

head of party, radicalized when his brother is executed by Tsar, claims he created socialism

Francis Joseph (1848-1916)

his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I.

Woodrow Wilson

policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to "make the world safe for democracy."

Autarchy

rule by an absolute sovereign

Franz Ferdinand

son of king from Austria who goes to visit new territories and gets him and his wife assasinated by Serbians, this starts a war

Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894)

strip local government of power, set up courts, repression increases

Soviets

supressed by government

David Lloyd-George (Britain)

with the support of the Conservative and Labour leaders, he replaced Asquith as prime minister, key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare

Twenty-one points

lenon issues condition that app parties 1) all national parties adhere to international reforms 2) 3rd international kick-out moderates 3) structure in most centralized fashion -- 3rd estate 4) support soviet union against foreign intervention 5) parties prepare for violent seizure of power in their countries

Social democrats

marxists, how to redefine marxism, mencheviks and bolsheviks are Social democrats,

Hitler

Chancellor of Germany who with considerable backing overturned democratic government created the third reich, led Germany into WWII

Occupation of Ruhr (1923)

France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr, an industrial area of German bordering their own countries

Georges Clemenceau (France)

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau was a French statesman who led the nation in the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in politics during the Third Republic

Mussolini

Leader of the Italian Fascist movement and after the March on Rome he became the dictator of Italy

February 1917 revolution

The February Revolution was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd, then Russian capital. The revolution was confined to the capital and its vicinity, and lasted less than a week

Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)

Tried to modernize Russia, reforms military, judiciary, and local administration

Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917)

decided that if Russia wanted to remain a great power it needed to industrialize, promoted anti-semitism and resisted reform in Europe

Civil war (1918-1922)

determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy

Schlieffen plan

head of national staff, Scheiffler, this was germanys only mobilization plan, Russia will believe half troops east and half west but really most will go west to overwhelm French army and overtake Paris

Gustav Stresemann

negotiated the locarno treaty and was later given a nobel peace price along with Briand

Aristide Briand

negotiated the locarno treaty and was later given a nobel peace price along with Gustov

The Locarno treaty (1925)

parallel the dawes plan, germany agree to readmit itself to the versailles treaty and pay reparations, germany not a full participant in democratic decisions

Ottoman Empire

participated in World War I as one of the Central Powers. It entered the war after Russia declared war on it on November

October Manifesto 1905

promises to give civil liberties, set up elections, and to make industrial reforms

October 1917 revolution (bolshevik revolution)

the overthrow of Russia's provisional government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his bolshevik forces, gets Russia out of the war

Corporatism

the theory and practice of organizing society into "corporations" subordinate to the state

Mensheviks

traditionally marxist, thinks Russia should cooperate with middle class to create borgeoise revolution

Bloody Sunday 1905

transforms nature of revolt against Nicholas II and radicalizes the opposition

William II (1888-1918)

tried to hold back his generals from mobilizing the German army, king of Prussia,

Gleichschaltung

was the process by which Nazi Germany successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of society. Bringing together all of the elite

Treaty of brest-litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Facism

a doctrine that emphasizes violence and glorifies the state over the people and their individual rights; in Italy the Fascist party took hold while Mussolini consolidated power

Serge Witte

brought in to oversee industrialization, he was a part of the gentry class, he stabilizes currency, tried to get the state involved in industrialization, he is successful in leading economic growth

The Dawes Plan (1924)

readjust payments of Germany's reparation schedule, germany agrees because we promise them loans from England and the US

Social revolutionaries

central issue of Russia is land reform, condition of peasants comes first, not peaceful, create revolutionary cells