HI 217 Midterm
Aponte's Rebellion
"Libro de pinturas" - book of paintings that were used to recruit new conspirators and gather support/use for discussion, never really became a rebellion, mainly just plans for one
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule, had help from Petion in Haiti
Cuba's Sugar Revolution
19th century, slavery flourished, revolution benefitted free people of color and free blacks
Encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler on Spanish Held Islands, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Society with Slaves
A society in which slavery existed alongside other forms of labor, this was not the main form of economic prosperity in the society
Slave Society
A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies, high death rates, terrible conditions for slaves
Spanish Emancipation Act of 1886
Abolished patronato system and slavery in Cuba
Obeah
African religious practices in the British American islands, health with sorcery and witchcraft, things of that nature
Haitian Constitution of 1805
All Haitians black; reiterated the abolition of slavery; freedom and equality; rights to land ownership; established Dessalines as Emperor for life
Olaudah Equiano
An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement, bought his freedom at 20, sailor turned abolitionist, Sons of Africa
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of goods, ideas, diseases and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.
British Emancipation Act 1833 (Slave Abolition Act)
Apprenticeship system (skilled labors did 4 years; unskilled did 6 years), compensation was provided to slave owners, Antigua and Bermuda opted out immediately making them free
Tenancy at Will
British Caribbean, freed worked and lived on plantations of former owners, combined rent for homes and provision grounds with wages, high rent and low wages led to debt
Liberated Africans
British campaign against illegal slave trade resulted in the arrival of thousands of "Liberated" Africans to the Caribbean, BC 36,000 in total, FC 16,000, didn't want to work on plantations and established communities elsewhere
William Wilberforce
British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.
Moret Law
Cuba, freed elderly and young children slaves
Patronato System
Cuba, similar to apprenticeship, designed for gradual emancipation, lasted 6 years until abolition, one quarter of the enslaved were to be freed each year
1844 La Escalera
Cuba, slave conspiracy, involved both the enslaved and free people of color as restrictions arose on these people during the sugar revolution
Skilled Laborer
Elite jobs, mostly men that were born in the Caribbean, hire out system and mobility
Grand Blancs
Elite planter class (small percentage of men and some women; held most of the land and slaves), led fight for slavery and had high political status on islands
200 Years War
Endemic to the transatlantic slave trade and in the slave societies, revolts and conspiracies, 19th century - 3 major rebellions in the British Caribbean, Shifts in composition and goal over time
Saint Domingue (Haiti)
First independent black republic, Multiple leaders the first 4 decades of independence, Complicated tradition of authoritarian military rule alongside the production of a radical democratic political culture
Hispaniola
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.
Jose Antonio Aponte
Free black carpenter and artist (Cuba); hung then decapitated after his rebellion
Head Tax System
French Caribbean, Tax on each laborer that was higher in urban areas to keep the former enslaves "tied" to plantations in rural areas, tax was also higher for not cropping sugar
Pass System
French Caribbean, like a hall pass for former enslaved to go wherever
Palenque
Grand marriage communities in the Spanish Caribbean, settled in the remote and mountainous interior of the islands (62 in Cuba at the end of 16th Century)
Greater Antilles
Group of islands that includes Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Main islands where sugar production occurred
Naborias
In Hispaniola, not commended nor enslaved
Demerara 1823
Informed by the beginnings of the amelioration campaign and formation of the Anti-Slavery Society
Lucayans
Island people of the Bahamas, were not slaved or commended and had no laws protecting them
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506), looking for the East Indies. He made 4 trips
Freeholds
Jamaica, 10 acres or less where people would live or group together to buy land
Tacky's Revolt
Jamaica, Easter night 1760, Exterminate the white inhabitants, enslave the negroes who refused to join, and partition land into principalities in the "African mode", Obeah used to protect rebels which led to it being outlawed afterwards, lasted a year, many people killed and bodies put on display
George William Gordon
Jamaica, mixed-race and political rival of the governor
Crown Colony
Jamaica, replaced colonial rule, a British colony controlled by the British Crown (Metropol), represented by a governor
Jean-Pierre Boyer
Jean-Pierre Boyer, unified southern and northern Haiti, a black leader in Haiti, invaded the eastern side of Hispaniola in 1822 - taking it over from Spain
Barbados "Sugar Revolution"
Known as the "Richest little spot in the New World", first spot of sugar plantations (enslaved), Spanish left the region allowing sugar to be grown like Portuguese in Brazil
Indian Indentured Laborers
Large numbers, India was occupied by Britain, mainly went to B Guiana and Trinidad, indentured laborers or 5 year terms, hard to get free passage back to India
Toussaint Louverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French, Enforced military discipline to force ex slaves to work in efforts to revive the plantation economy, Invited and allowed some émigré planters to return to previously held plantations, appointed whites and free poc to office
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Louverture's principal lieutenant and became leader after Louverture's betrayal and capture in 1802; considered a founding father of Haiti; declared Haiti an independent nation in 1804; first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 Constitution; assassinated in 1806
Paul Bogle
Morant Bay Rebellion, attacked a local courthouse and killed 18, demanded better working conditions, higher wages, ejection of Gordon from the assembly and legal injustices
Chinese Indentured Laborers
Most sent to B Guiana, got free passage back to China at the end of their 5 year terms, troublesome, Chinese women refused to work
Nanny
Mother of all Jamaicans, liked to trade with other communities, led a few raids, freed 1,000 slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon Bonaparte needed capital; lost interest in west after defeat in Saint Domingue, doubled the size of the United States, secured the port city of New Orleans for the US
Carib
Native Americans from South America who settled the Caribbean Islands; this group was primarily concentrated in the Lesser Antilles and seen as cannabalists.
Vodou
New World religion with roots in West Africa; prominent in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora (St Domingue)
Santeria
Originating in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs
Petit Blancs
Poor whites - economically insecure, Responsible for the day-to-day management of the plantations
Bartolome de Las Casas
Priest, Spaniard who fought for Native American rights on the island of Santo Domingo, the first to write about the conditions of slavery in the Caribbean. Advocated for African Slavery
Seaman's Act of 1822
Reflected the fear of free/enslaved solidarity against slavery, locked free black sailors in jails for the duration of their ship's docking to prevent them from talking to other blacks and spreading word of rebellion and so on
Asiento
Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas from the Old World
Maroons
Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.
Newport Bowers
Sailor of African descent that influenced networking across islands and nearby nations
Method of Pernambuco
Self sufficient plantations where own food and resources were grown/harvested, this was not possible on islands like Barbados
Hired Out
Sent slaves to work in other places and collected their pay without having to watch over them
Batey
Taino game that resembles modern day basketball that was used to settle social disagreements, for ceremonial purposes and so on. Played in large concrete slab/walled areas.
Petit Marronage
Temporary flight from plantation, most often practiced by women
Joseph Sturges
The West Indies in 1837, abolitionist that was anti-apprenticeship, led campaign across Europe
Lesser Antilles
The arc of small Caribbean islands from St. Maarten to Trinidad
Denmark Vesey
United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina, purchased his freedom, wife and son enslaved, who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)
Bussa's Rebellion (Barbados 1816)
Whites upset about the imperial legislation by British government, Enslaved well-aware of these tensions; believed their freedom was being withheld, said the only way to attain their freedom was to set fire to everything like in Saint Domingue
Taino
a Native American people of the Caribbean islands (Greater Antilles) - the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas - based on chiefdoms
Garifuna
an ethnic group in Central America whose ancestry is African and Caribbean; they were forcibly relocated from the Caribbean to Honduras in 1797
James Williams
apprenticed laborer in Jamaica, wrote of his experiences, terrible treatments, etc
Unskilled Laborer
field work, black and African born mainly, dominated by women in the fields
Eric Williams
first Prime Minister of Trinidad & Tobago, Williams' "decline thesis" argued that abolition was a result of economic reasons, not humanitarian efforts
Slave Trade Act of 1807
first time Parliament intervened in the Caribbean, an act in Great Britain that abolished the Atlantic slave trade
French Negroes
free and enslaved, taken to Cuba, US and Jamaica, led revolts
Hurakan
hurricane; taino native american god of wind/waves
Cabildos
lodges developed by enslaved and free blacks
Higglers
mainly women, slaves that would steal from their plantation/owners and trade/sell it at the slave markets on sundays
The Baptist War (Jamaica 1831)
over slave testimony's legalization, largest rebellion on the island, put down violently by whites
Grand Marronage
permeant flight; often included establishment of community
Provision Grounds
plots of land for own cultivation (primarily British Caribbean)
Black Caribs
rebelled against the British with the support of France; deported to Rattan (island of the coast of Honduras) after a lengthy campaign
"Free-Soil" Haiti
resulted in an enduring vision of social and political freedom, Haiti understood as a space of freedom - tangible and not abstract
Amelioration of Slavery 1823
society with goals in improving conditions for slaves, sought gradual emancipation, children born after 1823 were born free, counter proposal was no gradual emancipation
Creolization
the development of a new culture as a result of the mixing of 2 or more cultures. Blending of African, European and some Amerindian cultures
Apprenticeship System
the method by which formerly enslaved were taught skilled trades by a master and worked under them before attaining full freedom