HIS 102- Exam 3
When the Russian government launched rapid privatization in the 1990s, it provided each citizen with a voucher worth
10,000 rubles.
The deindustrialization of Europe meant that, by 2016, Europe's once-booming manufacturing sector employed only about
15 percent of workers.
The average number of children that families must have to maintain a stable population is
2.0 children.
According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War?
50 million
Which kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which powerless individuals are destroyed by inexplicably hostile forces
Which best describes the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
In 1923, who attempted to overthrow the German government in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch?
Adolph Hitler
When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?
After the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948
How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home from the West after the war?
After winning significant electoral support, the Communists displaced their rivals and then established a Stalinist state.
How did the Soviet Union's treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?
After winning significant electoral support, the Communists displaced their rivals and then established a Stalinist state.
The counterculture movement based its tactics, including sit-ins and boycotts, on the
American civil rights movement.
How did the European response to terrorism differ from the American response?
Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?
Betty Friedan
Which characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Both initiated social engineering projects to replace individualism with a collective will.
Why, at least partially, did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler and saw him as a buffer against the Soviets.
Which idea did the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.
How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?
By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices
Which agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Dawes Plan
How did the Soviet Union's treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?
Despite local protests, the Soviet Union established a massive military base in Czechoslovakia in order to easily send troops throughout central Europe.
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from
France
Which Western leader came to power in the 1970s and 1980s without embracing neoliberalism?
François Mitterrand
How did many Soviet citizens begin to create an active civil society in the 1980s?
From watching the Congress of People's Deputies, whose deputies had been chosen in free elections in 1989
Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Germany would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable.
Which statement describes the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union?
Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.
Which action did Richard Nixon take following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?
Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
Why did the Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights?
Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council.
Serbian president Slobodan Miloševic's actions in 1990 hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia. His ultimate goal was to establish
Greater Serbia.
During the recession that began in 2008, which country struggled to implement an austerity plan in order to receive financial aid from the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank, and the European Union?
Greece
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria?
Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement.
How did Mussolini acquire support from big business in Italy?
He allowed big business to regulate itself and never purged its members.
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on secret Fascists within the Communist Party and launched a purge to solidify his control of the party.
How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?
He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.
Which statement characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia?
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He toned down the party's anticapitalist elements and vowed to fight communism.
Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?
He viewed the United States as the primary threat to French independence.
Which social group was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?
Highly regarded artists
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
Hiroshima
Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome?
Intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs.
Which factor led directly to the Soviet Union's decline in 1991?
Internal dissent mixed with nationalism
Which statement best characterizes the result of Margaret Thatcher's effort to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments?
It created a new class of property owners.
How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?
It encouraged European nations to release their former colonies.
Which statement describes the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and permitted private traders and small manufacturers to do business again.
Which statement describes the Popular Front's actions after its 1936 victory in France?
It encouraged the union movement and initiated a wide-ranging social reform program.
Which statement describes the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology.
How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?
It permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt with tanks and troops, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.
Why did Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich create such a sensation when it was published in 1962?
It portrayed life in a Stalinist labor camp in order to criticize Stalinism.
Which statement describes an accomplishment of the Marshall Plan?
It prevented economic collapse in post-WWII western Europe.
Which statement describes the result of the Maastricht Treaty?
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?
It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government.
The U.S.-led coup in the Congo against Patrice Lumumba and the subsequent U.S. support for the dictator Joseph Mobutu, who ruled for nearly thirty years, provide evidence for which trend in the United States' foreign policy during the Cold War?
Its prioritization of anticommunism over democracy
Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe by
July 1940.
Which British political party emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative Party?
Labour Party
Which result occurred in 1989 after the Hungarians tore down the barbed-wire curtain separating Hungary from Austria?
Large numbers of dissatisfied East German "vacationers" crossed from Hungary into Austria and from there on to West Germany.
Who was the founder and leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity in the 1980s?
Lech Walesa
Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?
Liberalism
Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?
Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage from it.
Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?
Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin.
Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world.
Which political group dominated the parliamentary coalition
Moderate businessmen
Which types of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?
Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade
Which statement describes the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only Soviet troops would be responsible for liberating eastern Europe.
In the former Soviet bloc, who were the winners and losers in economic reconstruction?
Ordinary citizens and the elderly were losers; the young and ex-Communists were winners.
Which city survived World War II relatively unscathed?
Paris
Which statement describes the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?
Philosophy is nothing more than the logical clarification of thoughts.
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000
Why did the rapid economic liberalization of Russia work poorly?
Production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories.
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved its greatest hatred and harshest criticisms for
Social Democrats.
Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Which statement best describes the Holocaust?
The Nazi effort to systematically exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain?
The Soviet army already occupied much of eastern Europe.
Which aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?
The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its own interests unilaterally.
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the German economy?
The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth.
Which of these did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?
The rampant overuse of pesticides
Which definition best describes Socialist Realism?
The requirement that artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work
Which event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs in 1995?
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica
Which statement describes a characteristic of the multitiered society established by deindustrialization in the twenty-first century?
The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals.
Which statement best reflects a lesson from the era of stagflation in the 1970s about the social welfare states in western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
They defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule according to Germany's needs.
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences to disguise prejudice as science.
Britain and France finally threatened Hitler with war when he
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and wanted to overcome traditional Russian "backwardness" in order to catch up with the West.
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and wanted to overcome traditional Russian "backwardness" in order to catch up with the West.
Why did nationalists oppose greater European Union political integration?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
Which statement describes the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
Which problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified due to their differing political goals.
In the 1960s and 1970s, which purpose was served by eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?
To introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products
Which of these was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it
In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially?
Uninspiring economic conditions
After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?
Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own.
Which statement best describes East Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
Christian Democrats in which country promoted a "social-market economy" based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?
West Germany
Which statement best explains the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
Which statement best explains the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to prevent war.
Khrushchev's "secret speech" at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956 was
a condemnation of Stalin, his cult of personality, and his crimes.
A second global oil shock occurred in 1979 after
a fundamentalist Islamic revolution overthrew the shah of Iran.
The Marshall Plan in 1947 was a response to
a western Europe on the brink of economic collapse.
The European promotion of human rights led the European Union to
adopt increasingly socialist economic policies.
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
an internal monologue to explore the psyche.
James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man wandering through the city of Dublin.
Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country"
argued that the Soviet Union could build a socialist state on its own.
In the 1930s, orthodox economists believed that
balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
could become industrial and scientific specialists.
In his novel Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust attempted to
discover the inner meaning of his own memories of childhood and love.
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the basic objective of all western European governments became
economic growth.
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or
economic restructuring.
Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included
emerging as a radical reform Communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union.
Advancements in military weaponry and the space race
fostered a revolution in computer technology.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.
Germany's goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain was to
gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain.
The U.S. and Scandinavian responses to the Great Depression after 1933 were similar in that in both countries,
government spending was increased to bring people back to work.
The composer Arnold Schönberg is best known for
his creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality.
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers.
The Swedish response to the depression involved
increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public works projects.
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by
modern mass media such as cinema and radio.
Poland differed from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.
The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s was to
prevent war between its members.
In response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly
proclaimed martial law and arrested Solidarity's leaders.
Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were
published secretly and passed from hand to hand.
Some liberal commentators conclude that because of European population declines, Europeans need to
recognize that Europe needs and should welcome talented newcomers.
The leaders of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia hoped to
reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decisions by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning.
Immediately after the Second World War and until Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union
reinstated a harsh dictatorship.
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
Charter 77 was a manifesto signed by a small group of Czech citizens that called on Communist leaders to
respect civil and political liberties.
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
In art, music, architecture, and literature, modernists
shattered long-held assumptions about form and function.
With the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict enforcement of the treaty.
The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because
the British had a tradition of deficit spending by the government.
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the broken postwar world in
the Catholic Church..
Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign called for
the Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power.
To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. This cooperation resulted in the creation of
the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
Some Europeans believe that Europe's rapidly growing Muslim population not only is a security danger but also threatens
the West's tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
the Western world's emphasis on rationality had repressed the true passions that drive human activity and creativity.
Breaking the Berlin blockade in 1948-1949 resulted in
the creation of West Germany and East Germany.
At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and
the deregulation of financial systems.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.
With regards to recent Muslim immigration into Europe,
there is a sharp divide between liberals and conservatives about what to do.
The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the East Bloc was
to seek peace and reconciliation.
The regimes of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany were all
totalitarian
