his 122 real final exam

. Which of the following opposed Iraq in the Gulf War and launched Operation Desert Storm? a. a coalition of over thirty nations b. the United States and Great Britain alone c. an army composed of Arab soldiers d. China and the Soviet Union e. Israel and India

a

Who organized the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001? a. Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda terrorist network b. domestic terrorist networks c. Saddam Hussein's intelligence agency d. the Islamic State e. a group of Islamist extremists unrelated to any larger organization

a

. By the end of 1991, what was the state of the Soviet Union? a. It remained firmly under Communist control, despite communism's collapse in Eastern Europe. b. It had fallen apart, as most of its fifteen republics had proclaimed their independence. c. It still had the largest nuclear arsenal and therefore remained the dominant military superpower for over two decades. d. It enjoyed a booming economy due to trade with the United States and its stable leadership. e. It was torn by civil war, as Gorbachev led a group of military leaders to restore communism.

b

. How had the hippie movement changed by 1969? a. The practical nature of most hippies created a sense of stability in an otherwise turbulent time, attracting more and more Americans to the movement. b. The search for self-fulfillment among alienated young hippies yielded more self-destruction than social justice, and the movement faded. c. The hippie phenomenon was expanding at unprecedented levels, as the Vietnam War finally appeared to be drawing to a close. d. The government punished the activities of the hippies with such force that contemporary trends lack any echoes of the phenomenon. e. Because the hippies had focused most of their attention on civil rights activism, the hippie phenomenon died out as the civil rights movement ended.

b

. What key invention led to computers becoming smaller and more common in American households in the 1980s? a. the keyboard b. the microprocessor c. the monitor d. vacuum tubes e. binary code

b

. Which of the following accelerated economic globalization in the 1990s? a. the disintegration of the World Trade Organization b. the end of the Cold War c. the reduction of taxes on technology d. the increased demand for American-made goods e. the implementation of NAFTA

b

21. Nixon's new relationship with China was made possible by a. the discovery of China's vast oil deposits . b. China's growing fear of the Soviet Union. c. Nixon's landslide reelection in 1972. d. the American public's increasingly tolerant attitude toward communism . e. the removal of Vietnam as a source of division between the United States and China.

b

Which of the following did the Bush Doctrine emphasize? a. close coordination of U.S. foreign policy with the United Nations b. preemptive military action against terrorists and their regimes c. a determination to contain terrorism d. strengthening America's nuclear deterrent

b

Why was the summit between Gorbachev and Reagan at Reykjavik significant? a. Gorbachev pledged to "bury" the United States and increase the production of weapons. b. Both sides agreed that a nuclear war was undesirable and began discussing disarmament. c. It was where Reagan demanded that Gorbachev "tear down" the Berlin Wall. d. Reagan promised to lend aid to the USSR if it would acknowledge basic human rights. e. Tensions between the two men reached levels not seen since the Cuban missile crisis.

b

. How did Richard Nixon's policy of "Peace with Honor" impact the close of the Vietnam War? a. He made a campaign promise to end the war and was determined to honor that commitment quickly with the immediate withdrawal of troops upon entering the office of the presidency. b. He refused to send negotiators to speak with North Vietnamese and Viet Cong negotiators, reasoning that the Viet Cong forces had already withdrawn from Vietnam. c. The United States sought to withdraw from Vietnam in a way that upheld the credibility of its military alliances around the world, but peace was long in coming, not honorable, and brief. d. He was indifferent to an eventual Communist takeover because he believed communism had changed a great deal since the beginning of the cold war and should now be viewed as honorable. e. He still believed the war could be won and invested far more troops and weapons than any

c

. Native American activists ultimately discovered that their most effective tactic for bringing about change was a. voting in major political elections. b. occupying places like Alcatraz and Wounded Knee. c. taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treaties. d. opening casinos on their reservations. e. imitating the civil rights movement in organizing massive protest marches.

c

15. What were some ways that Reagan's presidency was transformational? a. He decreased the stature of the presidency and placed most of the responsibility on Congress. b. He enacted measures that effectively ended deindustrialization. c. He implemented economic reforms that accelerated the ending of the Cold War. d. He helped increase the longevity of the Soviet Union for many decades to come. e. He initiated the reputation of the United States as an official nuclear power.

c

Which of the following describes the feminist effort to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in the late 1970s? a. Led by Phyllis Schlafly's "STOP" discrimination campaign, which unified the movement, the effort achieved ratification of the ERA in 1982. b. The movement fractured into radical and moderate wings but narrowly achieved ratification of the ERA in 1978. c. The feminist movement fractured into radical and moderate wings and the effort failed only three states short of ratification of the ERA. d. The feminist movement stopped supporting the ERA because it was rooted in moderate feminist assumptions, and leading radical feminists did not believe it went far enough. e. The feminist movement overcame differences among moderates and radicals and effectively supported ratification, but an effective anti-feminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly prevented ratification of the ERA.

c

22. Which of the following did Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" involve? a. increasing the number of young men being drafted b. launching a U.S. invasion of North Vietnam c. establishing diplomatic and trade relations with North Vietnam d. gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam e. working toward the reunification of North and South Vietnam

d

President Carter's greatest foreign policy success was a. resolving the Iran hostage crisis. b. initiating a successful military intervention into Grenada. c. signing the SALT I treaty with the Soviet Union. d. helping negotiate the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt. e. bringing a quick end to the Soviet war in Afghanistan.

d

10. The Reagan administration's initial response to AIDS was to a. pour money into medical research. b. give away condoms and clean hypodermic needles. c. urge all Americans to get vaccinations. d. crack down on people having sex outside of marriage. e. largely ignore it as a "gay" disease.

e

16. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Pentagon Papers? a. They revealed a shocking waste in military spending on the part of the federal government, which mostly had not been directed toward the Vietnam War at all. b. They were successfully suppressed from publication by the government and only came to light decades later during the 2000s when Nixon deemed enough time had elapsed. c. They put President Johnson's war policy in a more favorable light, revealing the true threats Americans had faced as he decided to declare war. d. They were first published by the government despite warnings from journalists that their source was unable to be verified, making them potentially untruthful. e. They revealed that the Johnson administration had deceived the public regarding war policy, especially regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 1964.

e

2. Which of the following was a result of the fall of the Berlin Wall? a. Soviet military intervention in West Germany b. the German declaration of war against the Soviet Union c. the German Revolution d. the growth of the Soviet Union e. the unification of East and West Germany

e

Which of the following statements characterizes the 1970s in the United States? a. The victories of the Vietnam War left Americans proud and eager to show their strength in other similar crises around the world. b. Whereas the 1950s and 1960s had been a period of simplicity and conservation in America, the 1970s saw the onset of carefree consumerism. c. The nation's bicentennial of its independence from Great Britain saw Americans demonstrating unprecedented faith in the American dream. d. Although the American economy was flourishing, the public experienced a period of discontent due to a series of scandals involving the Carter administration. e. The nation experienced public frustration and a loss in self-confidence in the wake of the failed Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and a spike in oil prices.

e

. In addition to the destruction of German and Italian fascism and Japanese militarism, how did World War II significantly transform international relations? a. The Soviet Union emerged from the war as a new global superpower, poised against its recent ally the United States. b. The colonial empires of Africa and Asia remained occupied by colonial armies, who held a firm grip until the independence movements of the 1960s. c. British colonies like India and Pakistan liberated themselves from British control, but French colonies like Vietnam and Cambodia held firm until the height of the Cold War in the 1970s. d. The Soviet Union suffered 20 million deaths and China suffered 10 million, which ultimately played a decisive role in the outcome of the Cold War. e. The destruction of Europe opened the door to a flourishing economy in the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s, enabling its rise to global power.

A

. In basic terms, what did the North Atlantic Treaty Organization declare? a. that an attack to any of its members would be considered an attack to all b. that members must provide economic assistance to one another if requested c. that all members would remain neutral if others entered a war d. that a resurgence of U.S. isolationism had begun e. that all members would shelter citizens from allied countries in case of emergency

A

. What was the GI Bill? a. It provided loans to veterans for education, job training, and the building of homes and businesses. b. It protected American servicemen from abuse by their officers by laying out their rights under the law . c. It desegregated the armed forces to honor the service of African American veterans. d. It paid veterans from the Second World War large bonuses to remain in the military during the Cold War. e. It increased funding for the military to unprecedented levels.

A

. What were the goals and tactics of the Weather Underground movement activists? a. They called out a "white fighting force" that would ally with the Black Panthers and use revolutionary violence to advance world communism. b. They occupied the president's office and classroom buildings during a sit-in at Columbia University and renamed the administration building Malcolm X Hall. c. They sought to give "power to the people" by making college campuses the crossroads of personal transformation and social change. d. They applied the nonviolent resistance methods used by Martin Luther King Jr. to the anti-Vietnam War protests. e. They worked, through protests and marches, to draw attention to the fact that America was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white— separate and unequal."

A

. Which of the following did the Warren court do in its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision? a. It required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights. b. It made abortion legal. c . It banned prayer in public schools. d. It protected job rights for homosexuals. e. It gave police more power to search without a warrant.

A

. Which of the following was a result of the Second World War? a. The United States became more deeply committed to international affairs. b. Germany occupied Poland until 1962. c. Japan became a communist country. d. Britain's empire expanded in Africa and Asia. e. The United States suffered greater losses than the other major Allies.

A

24. What did Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 do? a. It prohibited educational programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance from showing gender discrimination. b. It called for the opening of many of the first trade schools throughout the country, as certain industries grew in importance. c. It reasserted that men alone should play sports, as sports were much too dangerous for women participants. d. It ensured that an equal number of African American and White Americans would be elected to elite colleges. e. It was inspired by recent wars and required that students in American public schools learn two foreign languages fluently.

A

25. What was the event that helped trigger the gay rights movement of the 1970s? a. the Stonewall riots b. Red Power protests c. the passage of hate-crimes legislation d. the debate over the Equal Rights Amendment e. the labeling of HIV/AIDS as a "homosexual disease" by politicians

A

29. What was the impact of the birth control pill on attitudes toward gender and sexuality in the 1960s? a. Widespread access to the pill led to more open discussion of birth control, reproduction, and sexuality in general. b. The availability of the pill played little role in American life because few college women of the period were sexually active. c. The birth control pill drastically increased the number of men who were sexually active. d. The pill resulted in the dramatic decrease of sexually transmitted diseases among both men and women in the 1960s. e. The pill highlighted how the feminist movement was entirely separate from and only came after the so-called sexual revolution.

A

3. Why was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) significant to American foreign policy? a. NATO's commitment to establishing a defense alliance against the Soviet Union marked an end to isolationism in the United States. b. The formation of NATO indicated the return of isolationism in the United States. c. The creation of NATO demonstrated that the United States was unwilling to go to war on behalf of its allies but willing to help with economic burdens. d. The establishment of NATO represented a partnership with the Soviet Union that acted as a stabilizing force despite the underlying tensions of the Cold War. e. NATO was deeply unpopular among the American people at the time of its formation and eroded popular support for the federal government in general.

A

5. How did the complacent prosperity of the 1950s give rise to the social turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s? a. The civil rights movement inspired efforts to ensure equal treatment for other minorities, while at the same time opposition to the Vietnam War helped launch an unprecedented youth revolt. b. The uneven prosperity of the 1950s caused many Americans to air their resentments and join grassroots movements aimed at redistributing wealth and promoting racial equality. c. The growth of the "military-industrial complex" fostered resentment toward government and led to mass movements influenced by radical ideologies like socialism and anarchism. d. The failures of Richard Nixon as a president, especially regarding the Watergate cover-up, eroded public confidence in government during the early 1960s and inspired an era of activism and reform.

A

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe were a. violated by the Soviet Union. b. postponed for two years after the end of the Second World War. c. fully backed by American military power. d. honored by the Soviet Union. e. not in the national interests of the United States.

A

What combination of factors turned the tide and led to the Allied victory? a. American industrial productivity and the Soviet Union's ability to absorb and ultimately repel the German invasion b. frequent use of superior American tanks and British planes that outmatched their German equivalents c. Japan's defection to the Allies after the dropping of the atomic bombs and Germany's invasion of Britain d. the decrease in size and power of the federal government and the expansion of federal and state power e. President Roosevelt's loss of the 1944 Democratic nomination to Harry Truman and Hitler's failing health

A

Who declared that the federal government would become "a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans?" a. Harry Truman b. Jackie Robinson c. Thomas Dewey d. Dwight Eisenhower e. Joseph McCarthy

A

Why did a recession escalate in the months before the 1929 stock market crash? a. overproduction and underconsumption b. flexible money policies and low taxes c. low tariffs and laws protecting labor unions d. low interest rates and high wages for workers e. inflation and low unemployment

A

. In June of 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. How did the international community respond to the invasion? a. South Korean forces repulsed the invaders early on, making international intervention unnecessary. b. Working with Truman, the United Nations authorized military intervention against the aggressors. c. Truman persuaded Congress to declare war without the backing of the United Nations. d. Stalin convinced North Korea to end the invasion because the Soviets lacked nuclear weapons. e. The Soviets used their Security Council veto to prevent United Nations' actions

B

. The Nixon Doctrine implied a foreign policy that was shaped largely by a. the determination to defeat communism at all costs. b. a need to be selective in its commitments abroad. c. the effort to reshape the world in America's image. d. the needs of the domestic economy. e. the desires of American allies.

B

. What happened when United Nations forces reached the Yalu River on North Korea's border with China? a. North Korea surrendered. b. The Chinese army entered the war. c. Mainland China was bombarded. d. A cease-fire occurred, followed by peace negotiations. e. Korea signed the current division along the forty-second parallel.

B

. What was the U.S. response to the Cuban Revolution that brought Fidel Castro to power? a. The United States sent troops and weapons to support the Guerrillas led by Castro. b. The United States supported Batista, the military leader Castro intended to overthrow. c. The United States created a puppet government on the island. d. The United States organized humanitarian assistance for civilians . e. The United States signed a noninterference agreement with the Soviets.

B

. What was the significance of the 1945 Yalta Conference? a. Roosevelt's unwillingness to compromise led to the end of Allies' cooperation in the final months of the war. b. Roosevelt yielded to some of Stalin's territorial desires in order to secure Soviet help to defeat Japan and Soviet participation in the United Nations. c. It is a symbol of the genuine trust and confidence that Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin had in one another despite their ideological differences. d. Roosevelt acknowledged that the United States had developed an atomic bomb in order to maintain the confidence of the British and Soviets. e. Harry Truman met with Churchill and Stalin for the first time following Roosevelt's death and proved to them his commitment to ending the war.

B

70. One major reason that the Second World War inspired postwar changes in U.S. race relations was the a. number of African Americans who came back as war heroes. b. racist nature of the Nazis during the war. c. number of Northerners it inspired to move to the South. d. lesson in equality that American soldiers learned from fighting with European soldiers. e. greater number of people receiving higher education.

B

By the end of 2014, Russia had a. invaded Iraq. b. annexed Crimea and sent soldiers into eastern Ukraine. c. proven its commitment to NATO by reducing its nuclear weapon stockpile. d. returned to a Communist-style economy. e. proven itself a staunch ally of the United States.

B

To what did Winston Churchill compare the boundary between Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe and Western Europe? a. a steel door b. an iron curtain c. a concrete wall d. a steel curtain e. an iron block

B

What happened to Berlin after the end of the Second World War? a. It was divided into two zones of influence, one led by the United States and another by the U.S.S.R. b. It was divided into four zones of influence, governed by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. c. It aligned with West Germany and remained under the purview of Soviet influence. d. It suffered an economic embargo from the United States that lasted for forty years. e. It aligned with East Germany and remained under the purview of U.S. influence.

B

What was the result of Henry Kissinger's "shuttle diplomacy" in 1973? a. an end to American involvement in Vietnam and the creation of the Paris Peace Accords b. a cease-fire in the Middle East and the foundation for later peace talks c. Nixon's trip to meet with diplomats in China d. the establishment of the nation of Israel e. an end to the embargo instated by OPEC

B

When confronted with strikes in the coal and railroad industries in 1946, President Truman's response was to a. declare martial law. b. temporarily take federal control of those industries. c. assert that the government had no role in labor-management disputes. d. break the strikes with the intervention of unemployed veterans . e. freeze transportation and energy prices.

B

Which of the following issues dominated the very end of the 2008 campaign? a. health care b. the economic crisis c. the war on terror d. the mounting war effort against Iraq e. illegal immigration

B

Which of the following statements summarizes John F. Kennedy's stance on civil rights? a. He took a drastically more active approach than either Franklin D. Roosevelt or Dwight Eisenhower had in terms of civil rights. b. He celebrated racial equality but was reluctant to move too quickly with reforms to avoid alienating potential political allies by putting them in a difficult position with their constituents. c. He worked closely with Martin Luther King, Jr. on legislation, leading the activist to commend him for his "moral passion." d. He was far less supportive of the civil rights movement than previous presidents had been, leading his popularity levels to plummet. e. He refused to direct any promotional efforts toward African American voters during his campaign but gradually came to work with them during his presidency

B

Which of the following was authored by Paul Nitze and endorsed a massive, militarized version of containment that guided American foreign policy for decades? a. the Fair Deal b. NSC-68 c. the Marshall Plan d. the HUAC subpoenas e. the Smith Act

B

. How did Jackie Robinson change baseball? a. He successfully created a women's league. b. He was the first professional player to play in the European League. c. He was the first African American to play in the major league. d. He was the manager of the first baseball team to sign an African American. e. He was the first former slave to play in the major league.

C

. How did the Second World War impact America's approach to foreign policy? a. It transformed the United States' role in global diplomacy, because the United States began to fulfill Woodrow Wilson's dream of "selfdetermination" for former European colonies. b. The U.S. economy and society was transformed by the war, but the isolationist sentiment returned until the Cold War began in the late 1950s. c. It transformed the United States' role in global diplomacy, and by the end of the war it was the principal member of a coalition of democratic nations allied against former ally the Soviet Union. d. America's approach to diplomacy was unchanged; it had willingly and decisively intervened to save European civilization during World War I and had done so again during World War II.

C

. In which of the following cities did Martin Luther King, Jr. organize demonstrations, knowing it would probably cause violence but hoping it would show Southern brutality to the world? a. Washington, D.C. b. New Orleans, Louisiana c. Birmingham, Alabama d. Dallas, Texas e. Atlanta, Georgia

C

. What is one way the Chinese civil war proved significant for the Cold War? a. It reassured Truman that the scope of the Cold War was diminishing. b. It led the U.S. military to intervene, demonstrating the strong support Americans showed for such a massive intervention. c. It resulted in the victory of Communists over Chinese Nationalists. d. It was the first time an atomic weapon had been detonated since the Second World War. e. It led to an alliance between the U.S. government and the Communist Chinese government.

C

. What was the result of the Truman Doctrine? a. It committed the United States to using atomic bombs only as a last line of defense . b. It committed the United States to intervene in the Western Hemisphere only if necessary. c. It committed the United States to help "free people" who were facing pressure from Communism. d. It contested the "domino theory" and thus proved widely unpopular. e. It made a clear statement that the United States would not get involved in the affairs of Europe or Asia again.

C

. Which agency was created to direct industrial conversion to war production? a. Commerce Department b. Department of the Treasury c. War Production Board d. Office of Scientific Research and Development e. Office of War Information

C

. Which of the following statements describes the role that State Department official George Kennan played in the onset of the Cold War? a. He predicted that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviets would continue due to similarities between capitalism and Communism. b. He said the United States should ignore recent events in Europe and focus on the defense of the Western Hemisphere. c. He recommended that the United States contain Soviet expansionist tendencies through efforts to undermine the appeal of Soviet Communism. d. He urged the use of military force to liberate Eastern Europe from the Soviet Union and advised Truman to bomb the Russians. e. He expressed certainty that the Soviet Union would come out ahead of the United States and doubted that Communism would ever destabilize or collapse.

C

. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the experiences of Native Americans who served in the armed forces during the Second World War? a. Native American servicemen fought in segregated units with African Americans and Mexican Americans. b. Native Americans were ineligible for service in the armed forces. c. Native American servicemen supported the war in large numbers and were integrated into regular units. d. Native Americans generally refused to serve in the armed forces. e. Native Americans served but were excluded from fighting on the front lines.

C

2. Which of the following was a watershed moment in President Obama's antiterrorism efforts? a. victory in Iraq b. the defeat of ISIS c. the death of Osama bin Laden d. the defeat of Afghanistan e. the closing of Guantánamo Bay

C

27. What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade? a. The Court's decision would result in drastically fewer conservatives in the 1970s and an enduring liberal political climate. b. The Court held that abortions were illegal on a national scale during the first three months of pregnancy. c. The Court ruling led to the legalization of aborting a pregnancy d. The Court's decision called for gender to play an even greater role in all federal financial assistance programs. e. The Court successfully enacted the requirement of equal treatment for women throughout American society and politics.

C

3. During World War II, what was the role of the Office of Price Administration? a. to combat the serious wartime deflation due to high unemployment rates b. to raise consumer prices so that allies would pay more for goods than everyday Americans c. to ration and set price ceilings on high-demand items such as tires, sugar, and gasoline d. to lower or remove taxes using the authority of the Revenue Act of 1942 e. to promote massive increases in American consumerism to help finance the war effort

C

38. Which of the following created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission? a. the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 b. the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961 c. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 e. the Trade Expansion Act of 1962

C

49. What was the Cuban Missile crisis? a. A military crisis between Caribbean and Central American nations resulting from Cuba's acquisition of long range missile to dominate the nations not politically aligned with its government. b. A crisis between Cuba and United States following the Fidel Castro's rise to power. c. The confrontation between the United States and the USSR (Communist Russia) following the USSR's secret installed nuclear missiles in Cuba targeting U.S. Cities. d. A confrontation between the United States and USSR (Communist Russia) over the rights to build space exploration facilities on the island of Cuba. e. The confrontation between the USSR (Communist Russia) and Cuba following the U.S. putting nuclear missile launch detectors in Cuba.

C

9. General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz developed the __________ strategy to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific war. a. anaconda b. blitzkrieg c. island-hopping d. guerrilla e. "shock and awe"

C

According to its creator, the Marshall Plan was developed to fight which of the following? a. religious fundamentalism b. U.S.S.R. dominance c. hunger, poverty, and chaos d. Communism in the Americas e. puppet governments around Europe

C

What was the idea behind the New Frontier according to John F. Kennedy? a. Eisenhower had already served as a trailblazer and set most of Kennedy's proposed policies in motion in such a way that Kennedy felt they were America's for the taking. b. The term called to mind pioneer times in America and, thus, encapsulated Kennedy's strong preference for domestic over foreign issues and his reluctance to become very involved abroad. c. The metaphor lent itself to Kennedy's intentions for America to explore science and space, embark on issues of poverty and surplus, and be more aggressive in waging the Cold War than Eisenhower. d. The United States, Kennedy believed, was destined to finally become a transcontinental power that would soon pursue colonialism on the world stage, especially in Latin America and Africa.

C

Which of the following factors caused the stock market to crash in 1929? a. the high rate of deflation in the 1920s b. the tax policies of the 1920s c. the buying of great amounts of stock on margin d. low tariff rates e. the poor returns on government bonds in 1929

C

Which of the following is not part of National Security Council report, NSC - 68? a. The report endorses the Containment Strategy developed by George Kennan. b. Called for a massive military build up and a "policy of calculated and gradual coercion" against Soviet expansionism. c. Called for a policy of Detente, the easing of geopolitical tensions, and a "policy of trade and cultural exchange" to diplomatically engage with the Soviet Union. d. Became the guide to American National Defense and Foreign Policy. e. NSC - 68 was presented to President Harry S. Truman.

C

Which of the following statements best summarizes the experience of African Americans in the military during World War II? a. African Americans expected to fight in segregated units, as they had in World War I, but the U.S. armed forces kept them in menial support duties throughout the war . b. Most were relegated to menial support duties, but after 1944 many Black soldiers served with distinction. The exploits of the Tuskegee Airmen did not, however, bring about an end to segregation in the military. c. Most were relegated to support duties, but after 1944 many Black soldiers served with distinction and their excellence spurred military and civilian leaders to desegregate the armed forces after the war. d. The obvious courage and distinguished service of units like the Tuskegee Airmen in North Africa and Italy led to the full desegregation of the military in 1944,.

C

Which of the following statements is true of Israel's founding in 1948? a. The United States supported keeping Palestine a solely Arab state. b. The United States opposed the British departure from Palestine. c. The United States was the first country to recognize the Jewish state. d. The United States took no official stance, igniting controversy. e. The United States sent troops to maintain peace in the Middle East.

C

Why was the attack on Pearl Harbor significant? a. It demonstrated the Japanese naval commander's belief that the only way Japan could defeat the United States was through a long war. b. It showed that the United States was too quick to lift embargoes on Japan and other warring nations. c. It was a surprise attack that immediately caused the United States to enter the war and brought the isolationist movement to an abrupt end. d. It was a highly successful victory for the Japanese militarily due to its destruction of U.S. aircraft carriers. e. It caused the war henceforth to become more localized in the Pacific and much less of a global conflict.

C

. In retrospect, which of the following led to the Cold War? a. Truman's efforts to continue collaborating with the Soviet Union b. Truman's neglect of the advancement of Communism in Europe and Asia c. the ongoing threat of Nazism following the Second World War d. ideological competition between democratic capitalism and totalitarian Communism e. the upholding of promises made at the Yalta Conference following the Second World

D

. Martin Luther King, Jr. took which of the following approaches in writing his "Letter from Birmingham Jail"? a. He denounced the actions of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. b. He announced that he was abandoning nonviolent tactics. c. He expressed intense anger at being locked up. d. He declared his preference for nonviolent civil disobedience. e. He showed hatred toward racist Whites.

D

. Once the Second World War was over, the United States took on permanent global responsibilities. How did these commitments change the federal government? a. The federal government shrank and became more transparent about its actions. b. The federal government grew smaller and lost power to state governments. c. The federal government became smaller, weak, and disrespected. d. The federal government became larger, more powerful, and more secretive. e. The federal government became smaller due to pressure from the disenchanted American public.

D

. Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to a. divide the rest of Germany into occupation zones. b. amass American troops on the Soviet border. c. persuade the United Nations to officially protest. d. launch an airlift of supplies to West Berlin. e. meet with Stalin to resolve the crisis.

D

. What had happened in South Vietnam by the end of 1975 following the Paris Peace Accords? a. The conflict resumed between South Vietnam and North Vietnam but with little consequence or outright warfare for many years. b. The South Vietnamese government invited North Vietnamese leaders to a summit, where they agreed to acknowledge Hanoi's authority in the South. c. North Vietnam signed a second treaty with South Vietnam, agreeing to withdraw its remaining troops after American forces left. d. North Vietnamese troops gained the upper hand over South Vietnam, successfully invading and capturing Saigon . e. Once Gerald Ford replaced Nixon as president, the United States reentered the Vietnam War because the situation in Southeast Asia was so dire.

D

. Which of the following is true of the Cuban missile crisis? a. It led to a U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba. b. It showed Kennedy's tendency to back down in a tense confrontation. c. It marked the end of the Cold War. d. It brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war. e. It saw the United States destroy some missile sites with precise air strikes.

D

. Which of the following statements about the Battle of Okinawa is true? a. It took place early in the war and involved the capture of American civilians, turning the United States against Japan . b. It preceded the attack on Pearl Harbor, but Roosevelt did not learn of the fighting until later. c. It was the first American victory of the war in the Pacific and resulted in such few casualties that Truman felt the end of the war was imminent. d. It was the largest amphibious operation of the war in the Pacific and the staging area for a planned invasion of Japan. e. It was a quick and decisive Japanese victory that convinced the United

D

. Who were the Tuskegee Airmen during the Second World War? a. American women pilots who attended flight school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and joined a reserve faction of the air force but were prevented from entering real combat b. the largest division of the Royal Air Force that ensured the defeat of the Nazis during the Battle of Britain and later on in France c. a group of American pilots who volunteered for the Royal Air Force and suffered terrible defeat, convincing Roosevelt that the United States was unprepared to enter the war d. African American pilots trained in Tuskegee, Alabama, whose performance in the war helped inspire the eventual desegregation of the armed forces after the war e. a group of American military men who organized in Tuskegee, Alabama, to protest the war and question Roosevelt's motives for entering it

D

0. What was Hitler's "Final Solution"? a. another name for the blitzkrieg, a military strategy Hitler primarily employed at the end of the war b. a last-minute alliance between the Nazis and the Japanese to maintain control of the Pacific c. the military tactic of liberating the most important islands in the Pacific and bypassing others d. the wholesale extermination of the Jews e. his decision to force all Jews to join the German military because so few Nazi soldiers were left

D

2. In which way did the anticolonial liberation movement change global politics? a. Pakistan and Bangladesh gained independence from French domination. b. China and Japan became superpowers. c. Great Britain enlarged its territory by adding two Caribbean islands to its kingdom. d. The United States and the U.S.S.R. competed for geopolitical power within ex-colonies. e. There was an eruption of independence movements in the Americas.

D

23. What did Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev achieve by signing the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)? a. trade in food and nonmilitary technologies b. assurances that both powers would operate within separate spheres in the Middle East c. a plan to relax the border between East and West Berlin by 1980 d. limitations on the number of nuclear missiles and prohibition of missile defense systems e. promises to reduce nuclear weapon stockpiles by 50 percent by 1980

D

26. Which of the following statements accurately describes the extent of Latino rights in the 1960s and early 1970s? . b. Due to the changing public sentiment after the Second World War, Hispanic Americans experienced very little discrimination in hiring, housing, and education, although activists still fought for ways to celebrate their culture in everyday society. c. The population of Latino Americans was at its largest in the 1960s and early 1970s, but the group's rights and social equality only began to improve substantially when the population became much smaller in the 2000s. d. Hispanic Americans' service and experiences in the military during the Second World War pushed them to pursue equality, for they still often experienced segregation, discrimination, and limited opportunities

D

3. What distinguished the New Left from the "Old Left"? . b. The Old Left was primarily concerned with improving the conditions of the working class through voluntary societies, while the New Left sought to inspire college students to grassroots social activism. c. The Old Left was strictly focused on inspiring class resentment and violent revolutionary anger among workers toward the bourgeoisie, while the New Left sought to gradually take control of the federal government and impose socialism on American society from the top down. d. The New Left sought to use grassroots democracy and nonviolent demonstrations to give power to the people and change society, while the Old Left focused on orthodox Marxism.

D

4. How did Japan and Germany leaders compare during the 1930s? a. Whereas Japanese leaders came to experience the rapid rise of violent ultranationalist patriotism, Adolf Hitler remained quiet about his nationalist intentions for Germany due to the drastically increasing number of democratic nations and the pressure they exerted. b. Japanese leaders-imposed socialism on an unwilling populace through terror and violence including concentration camps c. Whereas Adolf Hitler tried to keep a low profile by refusing to use any sort of violence or force against his opponents until the war had officially begun, d. At the same time as Adolf Hitler professed his intention to use Germany's supposed racial supremacy to dominate Europe, Japanese leaders purported their intention for their "master race" to direct a resurgent Asia.

D

4. What did President Johnson label his overall program of domestic reform? a. the True Deal b. the New Frontier c. the New Beginning d. the Great Society e. the New America

D

5. Through the Lend-Lease bill, passed in January 1941, "any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States" a. could receive American military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials only if they rented them at fair market value. b. could purchase only the American military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials that had been made available through Canada. c. must declare war on Germany in order to be eligible for American material support since the United States had already entered the war. d. could receive military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials even if that country lacked the funds to pay for those items. e. was nevertheless prohibited from receiving any American military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials.

D

7. Why did President Truman veto the McCarran Internal Security Act? a. He wanted to improve his approval ratings. b. He wanted to protect entrepreneurs. c. He believed the Act should also address racial issues. d. He believed the Act promoted thought control. e. He knew there were no Communist spies in the United States

D

Which civil rights leader was murdered outside a hotel in Memphis in 1968? a. Diane Nash b. Malcolm X c. Fannie Lou Hamer d. Martin Luther King, Jr.

D

Which statement describes Truman's stance towards racism and racial segregation? a. He remained a firm believer in racial segregation throughout his presidency. b. During his presidency, he was shocked to learn about racial incidents but did nothing concrete to fight racism. c. As the son of a former slave owner, his fight against racism gained him international renown . d. He eventually promoted integration in the federal government. e. He made racial bigotry a capital crime.

D

Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? a. Jewish organizers for American support for Israel after the Second World War b. spies for Communist China who left the country before being convicted c. part of the Hollywood Ten called to testify about their relationship to Communism d. American citizens convicted for giving Soviet spies atomic bomb secrets, and both were executed for spying on the United States. e. esteemed scientists who helped develop the atomic bomb

D

Why did a "full-fledged youth revolt" erupt in America in the early 1960s? a. The details of the corrupt Watergate scandal on television inspired a generation of college students to political activism. b. The onset of a major economic depression in the United States drastically increased poverty and inspired college students. c. News accounts of the horrors of Soviet gulags inspired a wave of activism in support of the Cold War. d. The sits-ins, protests, and sacrifices of civil rights activists inspired other groups to demand justice, freedom, and equality. e. The absence of practical training for viable careers in corporate America fueled a youth revolt on college campuses.

D

. By November 1941, the United States insisted that it would lift the embargo on shipments of oil and other strategic materials to Japan only after that country a. withdrew from the Philippines. b. signed an agreement not to attack Korea. c. joined the Allies in the Tripartite Pact. d. paid France for the oil and other resources it had taken from its colonies. e. withdrew completely from China.

E

. What is one thing John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy all had in common, and what does this suggest about the 1960s? a. All were Second World War veterans, suggesting how important the military had become as a standard for American leaders. b. All were equally invested in the civil rights movement throughout their careers, suggesting that most individuals at the time were activists. c. All were advocates for Black nationalism and followers of Marcus Garvey, suggesting the prominence of Black Power in the 1960s. d. All were elected to political office and came from working-class backgrounds, suggesting that politics was no longer the realm of the social elite. e. All were important leaders who were assassinated, suggesting the social turbulence that characterized the 1960s.

E

. What was one impact of the Tet Offensive? a. It resulted in Johnson's adoption of a hands-off approach to the war, as he felt confident enough to rely on his military generals to make major decisions. b. Because it was a major victory for the Viet Cong, Johnson formally agreed to give up on the war and withdraw large numbers of troops. c. Because it was a major victory for American forces, Johnson's popularity soared. d. It inspired Johnson to run for another term as president so that he could properly finish what he had started. e. Due in part to its scope, intensity, and surprise nature, it decisively turned public opinion against Johnson's war policy.

E

. What were "war relocation camps"? \ a. They were bases that housed American servicemen before they were sent to the front lines and joined European troops. b. They were prisoner of war camps for captured Germans in Europe that used brutal tactics and had terrible conditions. c. They were the German euphemism for Nazi concentration camps, as no American officials were aware they existed. d. They helped the families of American servicemen cope with the absence of husbands and fathers and provided a sense of community. e. They were internment camps for over 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war due to racial and fear-based prejudice.

E

. Which of the following statements accurately describes the German blitzkrieg? a. It was another name for the monthslong stalemate at the beginning of the war as Hitler's generals waited out the winter. b. It was a relatively ineffective and slow war tactic, which led to the extended length of the Second World War. c. It began during the invasion of the Sudetenland, which triggered French and British declarations of war. d. It was based on espionage, with spies and agents undermining enemy governments ahead of an invasion. e. It was centered on speed and stunned defenders who faced coordinated air and land forces in western Europe.

E

6. What did the events in the Watts neighborhood reveal about the state of the civil rights movement in 1965? a. The civil rights movement had taken off to such a degree that racism was now limited to the South, and African Americans who had moved to urban areas enjoyed unprecedented full equality. b. The civil rights movement had managed to stop the continuation of race riots and relied solely on legal discourse as a means of expressing the needs and demands of African Americans. d. The civil rights movement had a long way to go in terms of achieving racial equality; however, it had managed to end all violence perpetrated against African Americans by the Ku Klux Klan. e. The civil rights movement had begun to fragment, and what came to be called Black Power was competing with the integrationist, nonviolent philosophy of leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr.

E

How did Nixon's policy of détente impact foreign relations with the Soviet Union? a. It alienated the Soviet Union by moving the United States closer to Cuba and Eastern Europe. b. It challenged the Soviet Union to increase military spending by developing a ballistic missile defense system. c. It sparked conflict by pushing the Soviet Union out of Latin America and solidifying U.S. influence there. d. It fostered conflict with the Soviet Union in the Middle East, culminating in its invasion of Afghanistan in the late 1970s. e. It resulted in a dramatic easing of tensions and the ratification of a pathbreaking treaty on nuclear arms limitation.

E

How did Roosevelt respond to the banking crisis at the start of his presidency? a. He pushed the creation of new banks. b. He used his emergency powers to nationalize the banking industry. c. He put strict limits on the issuance of paper currency. d. He ordered the Federal Reserve Board to lower interest rates. e. He declared a bank holiday and shut the banks down briefly.

E

The United Kingdom, France, Nazi Germany, and Italy signed an agreement at Munich that granted Germany the Sudetenland region in exchange for promises to cease territorial aggression, from the perspective of the U.K. and Frances what is this foreign policy position? a. Militarism b. Interventionism c. Colonialism d. Isolationism e. Appeasement

E

Which of the following resulted from MacArthur's landing plan in Inchon? a. Chinese forces overran United Nations positions, coming out ahead. b. United Nations forces were able to establish a perimeter in far-south South Korea . c. It became clear that Japan would unite as a Communist country. d. General MacArthur led an unsuccessful amphibious landing. e. USSR (communist Russia) and Communist Chinese backed North Korean military forces where out maneuvered and forced to retreat from their siege of the Pusan perimeter.

E