His 142 Final

Chapter 9 What was "brinksmanship"? What was the Suez crisis? What were the Polish and Hungarian crises of 1956? What was the "Eisenhower Doctrine"? Was the Eisenhower administration successful in building stronger ties between the United States and developing countries? What was Sputnik? Why were Americans so alarmed by the Soviet's launching of a space satellite? Why did the US and the Soviets fail to reach agreement to limit nuclear weapons during the Eisenhower era?

"Brinkmanship" - Suez crisis - Suez Canal Polish and Hungarian crises of 1956 - "Eisenhower Doctrine" - Eisenhower administration successful in building stronger ties btwn US and developing countries b/c Sputnik - US alarmed by USSR's launching of a space satellite b/c USSR/US relations during Eisenhower era -

Farber Conclusion

"The America that emerged out of the 1960s was, in fact, a more egalitarian society, one in which far more Americans had opportunities to rise economically and exercise political power. But this new America was also visibly polarized and fragmented. Racial, ethnic, and gender identities were often treated as essential markers of group interests which fundamentally and irreversibly divided the American people.

Chapter 6 In what ways were the 1950s an economically prosperous period? Why does Diggins criticize the growth of suburbia and middle-class consumerism in some respects? What did the popularity among young people of figures such as Elvis Presley, Marlon Brando, and James Dean suggest about teenagers and young people in the 1950s? Why were authorities such as Margaret Mead, Benjamin Spock, and Rudolf Flesch concerned about young people in the 1950s? Why were authors such as William H. Whyte, Will Herberg and David Riesman concerned about social "conformity" among adults in the 1950s? Why did authors such as Betty Friedan challenge the notion that suburban middle-class women were content with their lives in the 1950s?

1950s economically prosperous b/c Diggins criticizes growth of suburbia/middle-class consumerism b/c Youth of the 50s: Rebellious Authors and the fear of social "conformity" - Betty Friedan and middle-class women - wrote the Feminine Mystique on the lives and idealization of women's domestic roles Criticized scholars, advertisers, and public officials for perpetuating stereotypes based on biological differences

Why did the US appear to be a prosperous and confident society in the 1950's? In what ways did social and economic inequality persist in the 1950's? Why were some people uneasy about American society in the 1950's? (Ch. 1)

Booming economy. GI Bll. African Americans and Latinos still didn't have equality Women who were previously working in factories during WWII were reverting back to their domestic role

Why was the election of 1936 a pivotal one in American history? What was the "court packing" scandal? Why did the New Deal lose momentum after 1936?

A ton of people united against Roosevelt, people who disliked the New Deal and its partial failure. The rich, businesses, bankers were all against him. However, he won by the largest margin in history. Court Packing: Roosevelt's plan to appoint up to ten new justices for every one that was currently past 70 years of age. This pisses some old people off, and the Senate defeats it. However, the Supreme Court gets the message. The Republican dominated court passed the Wagner Act and Social Security, then a bunch retired. Roosevelt then elected 8 justices. Things slipped after 1937. Unemployment dipped back up, farm prices dropped, and national income nosedived. Congress enacted a new program of lots of spending to counteract this: the recession scare of 1937-1938 taught the president that the economy had to be constantly nurtured. Keynesian economics was born, which stated the constant government intervention / spending was necessary for a wonderful economy.

Who was George Kennan? What did he argue about US policy towards the Soviet Union?

Advocated for containment (aggression towards Soviets to speed up their dissolution) of Communism. Containment basically meant that U.S. should be aggressive and hold power in countries surrounding the Soviets

Chapter 1 (cont.)

African Americans - before WWII there was racial oppression, unemployment, depression, KKK, etc. Although made up 10% of population, made up 16% of armed services during the war Tuskegee Institute Depiction of blacks in media changed (Gone With the Wind - depicted as childish and helpless (before war), This Is Our Life black law student fighting discrimination (during war) Paul Robeson performed as Othello on Broadway (first time ever black had lead) Race riots in LA and Detroit Japanese internment - Japanese Americans put into internment camps during war out of fear that they would still be loyal to Japan and attack US on US soil. Put to work and live in camps, which was an infringement on their rights as US citizens 1942 112,000 Japanese Americans put into relocation camps Constitutional right of due process was suspended Loss license to practice law and medicine Insurance companies cut them off Hatred across America against anyone in US with trace of Japanese descent "Inland concentration camps" Korematsu vs. United States: Court ruled that Japanese-Americans denied rights because of the requirements of military security and not because of racial discrimination

Chapter 1 Why did some Americans oppose US intervention in World War II until Pearl Harbor? In what ways did New Deal Democrats and conservative Republicans differ about the economic policies pursued by the Roosevelt Administration? Why did public support for New Deal economic policies decline during World War II? In what ways did the war change of the lives of American women? How did economic opportunities for African American increase during the war? Why did race riots and racial friction increase during the war? What was Japanese internment? What war strategy did the US, Great Britain, and USSR pursue towards the Germans and Japanese? Why did the cross-channel invasion of northern France not take place until June 1944? Why didn't the United States do more to help Jewish refugees seeking to escape the holocaust? Why did President Truman decide to drop the atom bomb on Japan? What were some possible alternatives?

Americans opposed US intervention in WWII, because WWI was seen as a colossal waste of time and people wanted to avoid that situation from occurring again. The general consensus was that neutrality is wrong due to WWI. Eisenhower sought to reform the Neutrality Acts from WWI Isolationists distrusted ANY US involvement in Europe affairs and assumed Hitler posed no threat to US/England was fighting to save its own empire and not democracy Liberals were disillusioned by WW's Fourteen Points being violated by Versailles and thought that it would be wise to learn from WWI not to intervene Right-wing Father Charles Coughlin (chapter 24 Promise) were pro-fascist and supported Mussolini Radical Left linked in with Communists and believed US should remain neutral until Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, then they immediately called for intervention US still had not settled the Great Depression and remained convinced that they could fight fascism abroad by perfecting democracy at home Polish-Americans distrusted American aid of the USSR and Irish-Americans felt the same about US aiding GB Pearl Harbor changed this, because US was directly attacked without any declaration of war from Japan which united Americans and made it so that they could no longer stay out of the war. After Pearl Harbor, FDR modifies the Neutrality Acts to provide aid to GB so that GB would win New Deal Democrats and conservative Americans on FDR's New Deal (ND) economic policies - Conservatives (white middle class Americans and businessmen) saw themselves as victims of the ND's progressive taxes and gov't regulations Said ND made gov't too big with unnecessary agencies Didn't want entrepreneurial opportunity to destabilize economy Agreed with things like social security, providing aid to farmers, and trade-union bargaining power Said ND slowed down economic growth Thought private enterprise would stimulate economy, NOT gov't intervention (libs) FDR'S policies come from John Maynard Keynes, a British economists who believed that gov't has the authority to intervene and aggregate demand by increasing consumer power, so gov't could stimulate economy - FDR strayed from this b/c was worried would make economy unbalanced resulting in the 1937-38 recession. In fact, economy didn't boost until WWII Public support for ND economic policies declined during WWII b/c

What was the status of American women in the 1940's and 1950's? Who was Betty Friedan? What is the National Organization for Women? Why did the modern women's movement emerge in the 1960's and 1970's? In what ways did the women's movement change in the 1960's and 1970's? (Ch. 11)

As the antiwar protests and struggle for racial justice ended, other movements came to the front. The women's movement challenged conventional wisdom: that men be in control of political and economic life and women participate (if at all) as inferior subordinates: men led the household and that women support them. This movement cast light on the complex system of legal, social, and cultural forces that restrict women's opportunities and rigidly cast gender roles. Women had been hired for lots of work during the war, but after the war ended most were let go to make way for returning veterans. Others were given poorly paid women's jobs. They were told to embrace their natural roles as family nurturers and housewives. However, women didn't mind the narrow gender roles: marriages soared. Still, women were disgruntled by the lower wages they received for doing similar work as men. Women also had no chance of promotion. Betty Friedan: author of best-seller The Feminine Mystique, in which she talks about the woman's problem; that she would enter a her gender role okay at first but would become discontented later on. First voice to advocate that women unhappiness was from social forces. National Organization for Women: 1966, about 300 women and men, of which Friedan was president. First worked as political insiders to work against sex discrimination, but their larger goals were to break free of gender roles. This movement emerged because for years women had been unhappy with their roles. Many journals/magazines showed cases of how women were unhappy in their marriage/household. The need for family doctors and tranquilizer consumption increased a lot, but still women were unhappy. But it was mostly the college women students that led the way for the movement. They protested the many rules and regulations laid on them (but not their male counterparts). Between 1968 and 1975, women fought for equality rights and tried to overthrow conventional gender norms. Many books and magazines highlighting women became widely popular. People started to go from "what about myself makes me unhappy" to "what about society makes me feel this way"? NOW activists and their allies won a bunch of court cases that solidified their movement. Still there were fractions in the movement, some women didn't want their daughters to go to war or work in a factory, while black women had worked all their life and wanted to sit back and relax at home.

How did the Roosevelt Administration respond to the banking crisis? What were the Administrations major relief and conservation programs? How did the Roosevelt Administration attempt to promote agricultural recovery? How did the Roosevelt Administration attempt to promote industrial recovery?

BANKING CRISIS: Four day "bank holiday" to draft the Emergency Banking Act, which gave the secretary of the treasury the power to decide which banks could be safely reopened and to release funds from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to bolster banks' assets. Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act which set up the FDIC. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - guaranteed customers that the gov't will reimburse them if the bank failed and separated commercial banks and investment banks. FDR hosted fireside chats to explain the bank crisis and reform to people - super successful 1934 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - licensed investment dealers, monitored all stock transactions, and required corporated officers to make full disclosures about their companies. Headed by John P. Kennedy who was super shady and known for manipulating stocks

What did the US do to help European Jews during the war? Why did the US drop atomic weapons on Japan? What other alternatives were considered?

Not much. Dominican republic took in 800 refugees. Allies did finally free them from internment camps. U.S. dropped atomic weapons to end the war quickly. Land invasion of Japan was considered, but more American troops would've died.

Who was Huey Long? Who was Charles Coughlin? Who was Dr. Francis Townsend? What criticisms did they make of the New Deal?

Charles Coughlin (Father Coughlin) - A Catholic priest who did radio broadcasts to an audience of 40 mil concerned with inequality. Blamed Communists, bankers, and capitalists for suffering who (according to him) were mostly Jews. Supported FDR in 1932, but turned against him when FDR refused to grant Father Coughlin more influence. Formed the National Union for Social Justice, or UNION PARTY, in 1935 to challenge FDR's 1936 presidential election. Dr. Francis Townsend - from Long Beach California. Criticized the timidity of the New Deal and proposed the Old Age Revolving Pension, which pays every American over 60 $200 a month if they spend it in 30 days to stimulate economy and protect the elderly. Merged forces with Father Coughlin's Union Party to attack FDR's campaign. Huey Long - Democratic governor of Louisiana in 1928 whose slogan was "Every man a king, but no man wears a crown." Championed poor over the rich unlike other white democrats and build schools/hospitals/jobs/ but was also ruthless in his endeavors and became known as the "dictator of Louisiana." Started the "Share Our Wealth" plan and wanted to outlaw personal income of over $1mil and inheritance of over $5mil. Assassinated in 1935. All against FDR's New Deal, because New Deal fell short of its goals and promises.

What criticisms did conservatives make of the New Deal? What criticisms did leftists make of the New Deal? What did the Supreme Court rule about early New Deal measures to promote industrial and agricultural recovery? In what ways did New Deal efforts to promote agricultural recovery fall short?

Conservative Criticism - too radical, undermined private property, economic stability, and democracy. Counter-attacked with the National Association of Manufacturers and the Chamber of Commerce. Thought AAA was fascist and formed the American Liberty League Leftist Criticism - failed to relieve human suffering caused by the depression, did not attack/break apart big business, and permitted monopolistic practices. Industries manipulated NRA codes to benefit themselves instead of workers/economy. Supreme Court - May 1935 declared the NRA unconstitutional because gave powers of Congress to administrative agency staffed by government appointees. Took away what little authority NRA had.

What was the "new national public culture" that Americans participated in the 1960's? How did it differ from the previous American culture or cultures? What role did consumerism play in creating the new national culture? How did young people create their own subculture in the 1960's? What role did race play in the new national culture? (Ch. 3)

Consumerism played a huge part in defining culture. Most of the people had already moved to Suburbias, and were well off to the point that most families had a TV and a car. It was all about having all the material things you wanted, competing against neighbors to maintain a pretense of affluency. TV commercials and music played a big part in defining how people viewed life. Kids in the 60s were pretty rebellious. They grew up rolling in money that their parents had made, so they were pretty restless and questioned what the purpose was in all this consumeristic society.

Chapter 10 What was the Cuban Revolution? Who was Fidel Castro? Why did the Eisenhower administration oppose Castro? What was the U2 incident? What impact did it have on US and Soviet efforts to relax tensions?

Cuban Revolution - Fidel Castro - Eisenhower opposed Castro b/c he was anti-american. Although not overtly Communist at first, it was obvious that Cuban and US relations were going to weaken. U2 incident - Impacted USSR/US relations by

In what ways does Diggins challenge the prevailing historical interpretation of the 1940s and 1950s as an era characterized by "consensus and conformity"? In what ways should Americans be "proud" of what was accomplished in the 1940s and 1950s?

Diggins brings to light the proud moments of the 40s/50s instead of focusing solely on the shameful/negative parts of this era like past historians. Diggins challenges the notion of "consensus and conformity" because emphasizing this would mean excluding the creative restlessness and dissonance of the period and the explosion of cultural modernism. Although this period is seen as one full of shame and sorrow (Hiroshima/Nagasaki, America's indifference to the plight of Jews from the Holocaust, Japanese internment, McCarthyism and the Red Scare), it was also one to be proud of (WWII was fought successfully with former enemies transforming into allies in the end, generosity of the Marshall Plan and Point Four program, scientific/medicinal breakthroughs from polio vaccine to penicillin, public education made available to millions of college students, remarkable economic growth, and years of peace and prosperity after the Korean War). Additionally, this gave birth to racial pride (instigating the black civil rights movement) and social pride (fueling the economy). According to Diggins, Americans should be proud of this era b/c it balances out the shame this period exudes as well. The capacity to hold both attributes in mind keeps history honest and allows us to look at history from a balanced perspective.

How did the United States become involved with Vietnam in the 1940's and 1950's? Why did American policymakers believe it was important to create a non-communist South Vietnam? Why did the Diem regime fail to build a strong popular support base in South Vietnam? What did the Kennedy administration do to try to prop up a non-communist South Vietnam? Why did President Johnson send large numbers of American ground troops to South Vietnam? (Ch. 6)

During WWII, Japan had kicked out French powers in Vietnam. When Japan lost in 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence from the American Declaration of Independence. But as time went on, British and French pressure overcame the support for Vietnamese people. Truman supported the French in taking over Vietnam again. In 1954, despite billions of US aid, the French lose the war to the Vietnamese. President Ike went on TV to convince people that if Vietnam went Communist, the rest of Asia would follow like a stack of dominos. The Diem regime sucked. Diem refused to go through with any of the social reforms that were advised, and he had very little support in the country. Only US intervention kept him in power. With the French out of the way, Vietnam was now a Communist vs. Freedom fight. US poured money and advisers into South Vietnam. Johnson sends many troops to Vietnam in hopes that a sustained fight would break the North's resolve (despite history of Vietnamese fighting against the French for decades).

What was détente? How did Nixon seek to alter US relations with the Soviet Union and China? What policies did the Nixon administration follow towards the third world?

Détente (a French word meaning release from tension) is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev. It did not mean an end to containment, but meant focusing on common concerns Nixon sought to improve relations with SU and China through international visits and negotiations Towards the third world, Nixon promised to stop meddling in foreign affairs, but secretly he supported repressive regimes and stood by dictatorships in Chile, etc.

What was the "New Look?" How did the Eisenhower administration respond to the Hungarian rebellion against Soviet domination in 1956? Why did the Eisenhower administration become involved in Vietnam? What sort of assistance did it apply to South Vietnam? How did the US intervene in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1950's? What was the long term impact of those efforts? How did the Eisenhower administration manage the arms race with the Soviet Union?

Eisenhower's push to focus American military power into nuclear weapons rather than ground troops Hungarians expected U.S. troops because they never came because Eisenhower didn't want to risk American lives Eisenhower became involved in Vietnam because he believed in the domino theory. Between 1955 and 1961, U.S. provided $800 million to South Vietnamere Army U.S. worked to toppled unfriendly regimes in Latin America. CIA organized and supported an opposition army that overthrew the elected government and installed a military dictatorship in 1954 in Guatemala. CIA tried to assassinate Fidel Castro in Cuba In Middle East, CIA intervened to oust an elected fgovernment, support an unpopular dictatorship, and maintain Western access to Iranian oil. Despite staying out of the Suez crisis, Eisenhower made it clear that the U.S. would actively combat communism in the Middle East. Eisenhower used Eisenhower doctrine to send aid to Jordan in 1957 and troops to lebanon in 1958 to counter anti-western pressures on those governments. Eisenhower warned against the military industrial complex

What was "flexible response?" Why did the Kennedy administration give only moderate support to a group of anti-Castro exiles at the Bay of Pigs? Why was the "space race" perceived to be of great importance by the Kennedy administration? What was the Berlin crisis of 1961? How did the Kennedy administration attempt to define certain new approaches to the "third world?" Were these new approaches successful? What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? How was it resolved? Why did the Kennedy administration expand US involvement in Vietnam?

Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of Massive Retaliation. Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms. Kennedy gave only moderate support because he thought the opposition would be more popular than it was Space race was psychological warfare because Americans were scared the Soviets were spying on them with satelites Berlin crisis was Soviets and Allies fighting over West and East Berline. Soviets blockaded berlin, Americans airlifted resources, Soviets built a wall between East and West Berlin The Berlin Crisis of 1961 (4 June - 9 November 1961) was the last major politico-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the German capital city, Berlin, and of post-World War II Germany. The USSR provoked the Berlin Crisis with an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Western armed forces from West Berlin—culminating in the city's de facto partitionwith the East German erection of the Berlin Wall. The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Spanish: Crisis de octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian:Карибский кризис, tr. Karibskiy krizis), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16-28, 1962) confrontation between theUnited States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba. Along with being televised worldwide, it was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.[1] Kennedy assumed that America's superior power and technology would be able to win out against the North Vietnamese easily

In what ways did the Jimmy Carter administration retreat from New Deal/Great Society liberalism? How was Carter's "human rights" focus a retreat from the Cold War consensus? How did the Cold War intensify during Carter's presidency?

He appointed a more inclusive cabinet with more women and African Americans Carter administration applied economic pressure to countries that did not satisfy human rights requirements When Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Cater imposed sanctions on them. He promised action if conditions worsened. U.S. embassy in Iran was attacked in November 1979 and there were 66 American hostages. Carter froze Iranian assets in the U.S and in April 1980 he sent a small military operation into Iran, but the rescue mission failed. These frustrations fueled American support for more militaristic approach. Iran freed the hostages the day Carter left office

In what ways did the Nixon administration oppose the liberal reforms of the 1960's? In what ways did it consolidate and expand those reforms?

Nixon attacked great society for being wasteful he extended the welfare state. Government assistance programs grew: Medicaid, Head Start, Social security benefits increased Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency to conduct research, enforce environmental laws

Chapter 5 Why did the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigate Hollywood in the 1940s? How did the Hollywood community react to the investigation? What was the "blacklist"? What was the American Committee on Cultural Freedom (ACCF)? What was Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)? Who was Reinhold Niebuhr? Why were both conservatives, as represented by William F. Buckley and National Review magazine and left-wing progressives, as represented by Irving Howe and Dissent magazine, unsatisfied with the middle of the road policies of the Eisenhower administration?

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and Hollywood- "Blacklist" - American Committee on Cultural Freedom (ACCF) - Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) - Reinhold Niebuhr - Conservatives/Progressives unsatisfied with middle of the road policies of Eisenhower b/c

What was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution? Why did the Johnson administration expand US involvement in Vietnam? Why did Johnson send US Marines to the Dominican Republic in 1965? What was Operation Rolling Thunder? How did US forces measure military effectiveness in Vietnam? Why did extensive bombing fail to produce military victory in Vietnam?

It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorized the President to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty". This included involving armed forces. Johnson believed in the United States reputation as a staunch defender against communism in the world The United States Government has been informed by military authorities in the Dominican Republic that American lives are in danger. These authorities are no longer able to guarantee their safety and they have reported that the assistance of military personnel is now needed for that purpose. Operation Rolling Thunder was a strategy that gradually intensified bombing of North Vietnam

In what ways did John Kennedy promise a new departure for Americans in the 1960's? In what ways did Kennedy's new liberalism reflect the affluence and optimism of the 1950's? Why was Kennedy so concerned with Castro's Cuba? Why did Kennedy want to focus US anti-communist efforts on the "Third World"? What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? (Ch. 2)

Kennedy promised to become the candidate of change, although it was more about improving what they had rather than implementing new change. He promised endless possibilities to the public. Fidel Castro overthrows the Cuban government that had served American interests for the last 25 years. Although Castro's aims were unclear at first, they seemed to be pretty anti-american. Kennedy gives the go-ahead for a CIA invasion of Cuba, but lacking the air-support they were counting on, the 1400 anti-communists get shredded apart. Cuba was important because of the Cold War going on: Russia was on Castro's side, and Cuba would become a Communists entry point into the Americas. The Cuban Missile Crisis: Russian Premier Khrushchev stations medium ranged ballistic missiles in Cuba, and obviously this terrifies Americans. Kennedy meets with ExCom, an elite committee of advisers. Kennedy sends in boats and air support to patrol around Cuba. Finally, US and Russia reach an agreement: Russia will retreat the missiles if US promises to never invade Cuba again (secret to the public, Kennedy retreats missiles from Turkey as well). Victory for both sides.

What domestic policies did President John Kennedy pursue during his brief time in office? In what ways did President Johnson expand the New Deal tradition through his War on Poverty? What was the "Great Society?" Why did further domestic reforms stall after 1966? What was the long term impact of the war on poverty? In what ways did Supreme Court decisions affect American society in the 1960's?

Kennedy pushed poverty onto the national agenda Tax cut ---> economic boom Johnson did Great Society The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rightslegislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.[6] It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Medicare Medicaid Voting Rights Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Progress dwindled after 19667 when democratic majorities in Congress diminished and a backlash against government programs began

How did the US fare economically in the years immediately following the Cold War? How did the Cold War affect US racial conditions for African Americans and Mexican Americans? Why did Truman's efforts to expand the New Deal fail even after he was reelected in 1948? Why were Americans concerned about Communist subversion in the years after World War II? What did the government do to combat subversive activities? What was "McCarthyism?" What long-term impact did it have on American society?

Many feared U.S. economy would crash after the end of a wartime economy, but by 1947 it stabilized.It bettered racial relatoins because Soviets tried to exploit racial tensions in the U.S. for propaganda Truman's focus on foreign policy detracted from domestic reform and contributed to the fall of the fair deal. Lots of hate against Communism (read about it)

Chapter 27 In what ways did Eisenhower attempt to fashion a moderate Republican conservatism in the 1950's? What were the major domestic initiatives of his administration?

Meant resisting additional federal intervention in economic and social life, but it did not mean turning the clock back to the 1920s Eisenhower attempted to distance himself from the anti-Communist fervor of the Truman administration Interstate Highway System Indian Relocation Program

Why did the African American civil rights movement make major gains in the 1950's? What was the Brown decision? What was the Little Rock crisis? What was the Montgomery bus boycott? How did the Eisenhower Administration respond to the civil rights movement?

More than 3 million African Americans moved from the SOuth to areas where they had a voice Brown v Board of education in 1954 (5 separate suits that reflected growin determination of African Americans to fight for their rights) Montgomery Improvement associated arranged carpools and marshaled more than 90% of the black community to sustain the yearlong Montgomery bus boycott Eisenhower ordered integration of public facilities even though he rejected an aggressive approach to racial issues

What was the "New Deal Coalition?" What sorts of people supported the New Deal? What were the "four guiding ideas" of New Dealers?

New Deal Coalition - relief, recovery, and reform. FDR's plan to provide relief to destitute (1 out of 4 Americans unemployed); to foster economic recovery of farms and businesses; to reform the government and economy in ways that would reduce the risk of devastating consequences in future economic slumps. Four guiding principles - Find capitalist solutions to the economic crisis: hoped to save the capitalist economy by fixing its imbalances Roosevelt's Brain Trust persuaded FDR that UNDERCONSUMPTION was the cause of economic devastation, because factories and farms were producing more than they could sell. Needed to restore the balance between consumption and production. Did not seek to splinter big business (like other Progressives), instead wanted to counterbalance big economic institutions with government programs focused on protecting individuals and the public interest Governmental moderation of the imbalance of wealth created by American capitalism - find a way to permit ordinary working people to share more fully in the fruits of the economy.

What political coalition did Ronald Reagan build when he captured the White House in 1980? How did Reagan manage to appeal to both New Right and traditional conservatives? What was "supply side economics?" How did the Reagan administration reform the US tax system? What were its antitrust policies? What was the savings and loan crisis of the 1980's? What impact did tax cuts plus defense spending increases have on the federal budget? Which sectors of the economy flourished in the 1980's? Which ones declined? How did organized labor fare in the 1980's? In what ways did income distribution become more unequal in the 1980's?

New Right or New Christian Right: religious conservatives, predominantly Protestants. Strengthened the nation's anti-Communist posture and reducing taxes and government restraints on free enterprise Lower taxes for the rich and businesses to reward entrepreneurs and those who worked for this reward Supply-side economics and Economic Recovery Tax Act. Rates cut from 14 to 11 and from 70 to 50 for the wealthiest Deregulation of banking industry

Chapter 4 In what ways did President Eisenhower advocate a middle of the road "Modern Republicanism?" What sort of economic policies did the Eisenhower administration follow? What did the Eisenhower administration do to help the minority of Americans who remained poor in the 1950s? What was the "New Look" in American foreign policy? In what ways did the Eisenhower Administration use the CIA and covert measures to advance American interests? What was SEATO? What policy did the US follow towards South Vietnam during Eisenhower's first term? How did President Eisenhower handle Joseph McCarthy? Why did the US Senate finally reject McCarthy and censure him?

Pres Eisenhower's "Modern Republicanism" - During the campaign of 1952, Eisenhower criticized the statist or big government programs of Truman's Fair Deal, yet he did not share the extreme views of some Republican conservatives. These "Old Guard" Republicans talked about eliminating not just Fair Deal but also New Deal programs and rolling back government regulation of the economy. Eisenhower favored a more moderate course, one that he called Modern Republicanism, which preserved individual freedom and the market economy yet insured that government would provide necessary assistance to workers who had lost their jobs or to the ill or aged, who through no fault of their own, could not provide for themselves. He intended to lead the country "down the middle of the road between the unfettered power of concentrated wealth . . . and the unbridled power of statism or partisan interests." As President, Eisenhower thought that government should provide some additional benefits to the American people. Economic policies Eisenhower - Helped poor Americans in the 1950s by "New Look" - Eisenhower and the CIA - SEATO - South Vietnam and Eisenhower (first presidential term) - Eisenhower and McCarthy - Senate finally REJECTED McCarthy because

Chapter 3 Why did President Truman win the 1948 presidential election despite the many domestic and foreign challenges his administration faced? What was the "Fair Deal"? Why did Truman fail to get many Fair Deal measures approved by Congress? What was the Red Scare? What was the Hiss-Chambers controversy? Who was Joseph McCarthy? What was "McCarthyism?"

Pres Truman won the 1948 election because "Fair Deal" - -Truman failed to get Fair Deal measures approved by Congress b/c Red Scare - fear of the spread of communism Hiss-Chambers controversy - Joseph McCarthy and "McCarthyism" -

Conclusion Why, according to Diggins, did the Truman and Eisenhower years give "Americans a sense of pride in themselves and confidence in the future"? (p. 348) Why does he believe that the 1940s and 1950s is an era of greater historical significance than commonly understood?

Pride from the soldiers making it through WWII. Pride from technological advancements Kids born after WWII were born into a material world so they had something to rebel about. But for the previous generation, material wealth was a source of pride that they had fought for. The pride during the 40s and 50s after the war resulted from many achievements. But after WWII, the decline in confidence resulted in part from the changing nature of warfare due to technology. It was pride born of fear. "We have tried to fill ourselves with science and education, with better living and pleasure...but we are still empty and bored. "

Roosevelt (cont.)

RELIEF/CONSERVATION: Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - supported 4 to 5 million households with $20~$30 per month. Unemployed people could get jobs doing public works projects led by the Civil Works Administration, which led to renovated schools, sewers, roads, bridges - expanded into funding for literacy classes and production of millions of vaccines Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - unemployed young men (eventually includes women after Eleanor R's intervention) earned wages by working for conservation efforts of natural resources. Checked soil erosion, tamed rivers, planted 2 billion+ trees, created the Hoover Dam (Colorado River in Nevada - produced electricity, irrigation water, and flood control for Arizona and Southern California). Replaced the stigma of welfare with the dignity of jobs. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - built dams along Tennessee River to provide electricity to rural communities. Planned model towns for power station workers and new homes for farmers who would benefit from electricity and flood control. Rural Electrification Administration (REA) - delivered electricity to 9 out of 10 farmers (when FDR took over, 90% of rural Americans did not have electricity). Mde low-cost loans available for power plants and transmission lines to serve rural communities. Agricultural Initiatives: Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - "domestic allotment plan" which paid farmers NOT to grow crops. They are compensated by gov't for not planting crops Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) - fed gov't lets farmers hold crops off market until prices rise Farm Credit Act (FCA) - provide credit to mortgaged farm property to avoid foreclosure for debt-ridden farmers Crop allotments, commodity loans, and mortgage credit made farmers a major beneficiary of the New Deal Industrial Recovery: National Recovery Administration (NRA) - industrialists can work together and agree on codes to define fair working conditions, set prices, and minimize competition. Relaxation of federal antitrust regulations by gov't led to businesses promising to recognize the rights of working people to organize. FAILED because actually businesses manipulated these codes to profit, not to protect worker's rights/national economy. Displayed the blue eagle in shop windows if in the NRA (symbol) NRA did little to reduce unemployment, raise consumption, or relieve the depression - represented a peace offering by gov't to business leaders (failed)

In what ways did the Reagan administration reassert anti-communism in the 1980's? What was the Iran-Contra scandal? How did US-Soviet relations improve in the 1980's?

Reagan expanded the military despite a growing budget deficit He justified the military buildup as a means to negotiate with the Soviets from a position of strength The Iran-Contra scandal, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. They hoped thereby to secure the release of several U.S. hostages and to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

How did the war expand employment opportunities for women? What was the "Double V" campaign? How did the war affect domestic race relations between African Americans and whites? Why were New Deal reforms cut back during the war?

Since there were no men to operate machinery at factories, women were recruited. Victory on the homefront and the war: "shame our government into a more enlightened attitude" Committee on Fair Employment Practices to preevnt racial discrimination in employment More progress for African Americans

Chapter 25 Why were Americans "isolationist" in the 1930's? What was the "Good Neighbor Policy?" In what ways did the Roosevelt Administration seek to help Britain and France while accommodating isolationist opinion? Why did Japan attack the United States at Pearl Harbor in December 1941? Why did the US inter Americans of Japanese descent during World War II? How did the military treat African Americans who served in World War II? What did the US do to stimulate economic production for the war?

Roosevelt wanted to focus national resources on dealing with domestic concerns, particularly the depression. "Good Neighbor" policy was aimed at Latin America and sought to have less control in their affairs. They gave Britain and France weapons and money. Lend-Lease Act. Japan attacked the United States because of a trade embargo against Japan and to make sure Japan would have swift victory on the Pacific front. Americans didn't trust Japanese during WW2. Military did not treat them well. Lots of manufacturing jobs for women, conversion to a wartime economy. Government agencies such as the War Production Board.

Chapter 8 What did the Supreme Court decide in the Brown Decision? How did President Eisenhower respond to the Brown Decision? Did southern schools desegregate rapidly as a result of the Brown Decision? Why not? What was the Little Rock crisis of 1957? What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott? What tactics did Martin Luther King adopt in order to fight for civil rights?

SC and the Brown Decision - separate but equal is unconstitutional Pres Eisenhower's reaction Southern Schools after Brown did not change b/c Little Rock crisis of 1957 - public school in Little Rock, Arkansas admitted 9 African American students, which led to public outrage and protests to prevent the students from attending. Had to send in federal troops to allow the students to get to the front door. Montgomery Bus Boycott - African Americans stopped using the bus systems and created their own carpool system to get around town. Instigated by the unfair treatment of blacks on buses (had to stand if no more seats and let whites sit) and the arrest of Rosa Parks. MLK tactics: Nonviolence

Why did SDS radicalize in the late 1960's? What was the student movement? Why did a significant portion of white college students become attracted to political radicalism in the 1960's? Who was Malcolm X? Why did many younger African Americans reject nonviolence and integration in the mid to late 1960's? How did Black Power affect American colleges in the 1960's? What were the principal African American radical organizations of the late 1960's? (Ch. 9)

SDS activists experienced for themselves how "corrupt" american had become, with the "system"/"corporate liberals" running the country as evident in Vietnam. They tried to organize the poor people to think like them, to limited success. The Free Speech Movement started in Berkeley University, September 1964. As police tried to arrest a bunch of students passing out political pamphlets on university ground, students did sit-ins around the police car and sat on top of it to speak. This started a battle between school administration and FSM leaders. This case was only one of the many FSM movements that took place all across the nation (except for the Deep South). They campaigned for better housing, no more mandatory ROTC, etc. Underground newspapers popped up all across the country. They provided an uncensored look on events going on within the student community nationwide. This brought students together on more than just RocknRoll and drugs. These student protests were matched across the globe in major industrial nations like France, Japan, Germany, England. Many American students tried to change their static world by changing their schools, pushing for racial equality and against Vietnam War. Malcolm X: the opposite of MLK. Advocated that whites were inferior subhuman devils and that a mothership would come to kill them all, saving the blacks. Gave followers a vision of racial dignity and self-pride restored. Called for blacks to pride in their heritage and see themselves through their own eyes, not the white man's. Called for Black Power: nonviolence was not enough. Blacks needed to establish economic, political, and cultural control of their lives. 1966: SNCC leader Carmichael turns to Black Power as an answer for racial equality. MLK advised against this, saying it would estrange the negro community, but Carmichael and other SNCC militants didn't back down, they were too frustrated. Black Power entices many college students. They do sit-ins for black frats and lessons on black history, and more students/faculty. Most of these went really smoothly and amicably. Colleges agreed to the black students requests. All across the nation, this movement took fire. Blacks wore more traditional clothes, wore the afro, learned about their own heritage. SNCC throws out all whites. Riots spread through 1965 and 1968. Although these were the results of decades of poverty, neglect, and racism, Black Power advocates were the catalyst. Black Panther Party in Oakland: armed force of racist blacks. They killed white policemen.

Chapter 2 What were the differences between the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union over the opening of a "second front" in northern France during World War 2? What impact did this have over the subsequent Cold War divide between the US and the Soviet Union? What agreements were reached between the US, Great Britain, and Soviet Union at the Yalta Conference of 1945? What was the Baruch Plan? Why did the Soviet Union reject it? What is the "revisionist" interpretation of the origins of the Cold War? Why does Diggins reject it? What were the ideological differences between the US and the Soviet Union that Diggins argues led to the Cold War? What was the Truman Doctrine? What was the Marshall Plan? What was the Berlin Blockade? Who was George Kennan? What was the "containment" policy? Why did Walter Lippmann criticize the containment policy? Why did President Truman believe it was necessary for the US to intervene in the Korean War? What was the outcome of the Korean War?

Second Front controversy (look above) - FDR wavers between supporting the USSR (wants to attack German controlled Northern France since drowning in war and losing millions of soldiers) and supporting GB (not interested in engaging in trench warfare if attack Northern France) and decides to support GB - doesn't attack the second front (as promised to USSR) until 2 years afterwards with the invasion of Normandy. As a result, USSR no longer trusts US (Stalin distrusts FDR) and feels alone and pressured in the war leading to rising tensions that build up to the Cold War. Yalta Conference - FDR wants USSR to join the UN and be a post war partner Revival of Wilsonianism Big Three Summit meeting - hammered out how to structure the UN and how to deal with Germany in post-war era. Controversy on how to handle Poland b/c USSR handpicked the gov't in Poland and US wants to let Polish exiles in London etc participate in democratic election of Poland's gov't Future of Poland settled by Free Elections which never occur since USSR sets up communist gov'ts to resist it and clamp down rule in Eastern Europe Baruch Plan - Bernard M. Baruch appointed by Pres Truman to propose an international Atomic Development Authority that would control all raw materials used in developing atomic weapons. Proposed in 1946 when the cold war took off Stalin rejected this plan because said inspection would invade national sovereignty and that suspending the Security Council's veto powers violated the agreement USSR joined UN with thus instigating the arms race Revisionist interpretation of the origins of the Cold War- Diggins rejects this because According to Diggins, origins of the Cold War stem from the following: Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - George Kennan - "Containment" Policy - Walter Lippmann criticized this policy because Pres Truman and the Korean War - Korean War Outcomes- 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Who is Phyllis Schlafly? (she's still alive) What role did she play in the rise of the "New Right" in the 1960's and 1970's? In what regions of the country did the new grassroots conservative movement take hold? In what ways did the Nixon administration attempt to appeal to the New Right?

She is known for her staunch social and political views, her opposition to modern feminism, and her successful campaign against the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. She mobilized new conservatives who wanted to restore what they considered traditional moral values by increasing the presence of Christianity in public life Grassroots conservatism grew in the West and South, but also in the Sun belt. Cali, Texas, Arizona. The South, which also benefitted from military bases and the space program shared the West's antipathy toward the federal government Grassroots movements proliferated around what conservatives believed marked the "moral decline" of their nation Nixon appealed to the New Right with the Southern Strategy. By reluctantly enforcing court orders to achieve integration but it resisted to deal with segregation outside of the SOuth. His judicial appointments also reflected the Southern Strategy

Chapter 7 In what ways did libertarian intellectuals like Friedrich von Hayek and the Austrian economists criticize the social and economic consensus of the 1950s? In what ways did left-wing scholars associated with the Frankfurt school such as Theodore Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Hannah Arendt criticize the social and economic consensus of the 1950s? What was "abstract expressionism"? Who was Jackson Pollock? What did sociologists Daniel Bell and Seymour Martin Lipset mean by saying that modern society had reached "the end of ideology" by the 1950s? What was "structural functionalism"? Who was Talcott Parsons? Why were his ideas controversial? What did John Kenneth Galbraith argue in The Affluent Society? What was "consensus history"? Who were Daniel Boorstin, Richard Hofstadter and Louis Hartz? What did William F. Buckley argue in God and Man at Yale? Who were the "beats"? Who were Allen Ginsburg and Jack Kerouac?

Social and Economic Consensus of the 50s: Libertarians: Left-wings: "Abstract expressionism" - Jackson Pollock - Daniel Bell / Seymour Martin Lipset and "the end of ideology" - "Structural functionalism" - Talcott Parsons - Controversial b/c John Kenneth Galbraith's The Affluent Society - "Consensus history" - Daniel Boorstin - Richard Hofstadter - Louis Hartz - William F. Buckley and God and Man at Yale - "Beats" - Allen Ginsburg - Jack Kerouac - wrote "On the Road"

What was the sit-in movement? What was SNCC? What were the freedom rides? What was the March on Washington? What was the Selma campaign? How did the Kennedy and Johnson administrations respond to the civil rights movement in the 1960's? What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Why were the gains of the civil rights era followed by urban riots and an upsurge of black nationalism? What other ethnic movements followed in the wake of the civil rights movement?

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Both Kennedy and Johnson, reluctant to alienate Southern voters and their congressional representatives tended to more only when events gave them little choice. Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders Kennedy proposed and Johnson got the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed Johnson got Voting Rights Act passed in 1965 to further remove barriers Johnson passed an executive order to force companies that worked with the government to take affirmative action to ensure equality

What was the consumer culture of the 1950's? How did consumer culture relate to the revival of domesticity and religiosity in the 1950's? In what ways did television affect American society in the 1950's? Why did some social critics worry about the cultural changes of the 1950's? How did the rise of rock and roll, the Kinsey report, and the beats anticipate the social changes of the 1960's?

TV transformed culture and politics Consumer culture rested on a firm material base GDP and median family income grew by 25% By 1960, 4 of 5 houses owned a tv The Kinsey Reports are two books on human sexual behavior: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male[1] (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female[2] (1953), written by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy he publications were immediately controversial among the general public. The findings caused shock and outrage, both because they challenged conventional beliefs about sexuality and because they discussed subjects that had previously been taboo.

What was the March on Washington? What tensions were there within different factions of the civil rights movement? What was "Freedom Summer"? What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) issue at the 1964 Democratic Convention help turn the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee against nonviolence and integration? How did Barry Goldwater's failed campaign of 1964 affect American politics? What was the "War on Poverty"? What were its successes and failures? Why did race riots break out in American cities in the mid-1960's? What effect did racial issues and the mixed results of the War on Poverty have on American liberalism? (Ch. 5)

The March on Washington: 250,000 people gather at Lincoln Memorial in DC to support the civil rights legislation that the president had at last proposed. Here, MLK gives his "I have a dream" speech that gets live coverage from all three television networks. The SNCC were frustrated by their elder's caution and co-optation with Kennedy's half measures. Chairman John Lewis had a speech that blasted Kennedy for doing "too little too late". Last minute, he is convinced to moderate the speech, but SNCC is still very frustrated. Freedom Summer: SNCC activists in Mississippi were having trouble. Sit-ins weren't providing the answer that they needed. Only about 4000 blacks had registered in the Freedom Party after 2 years of work. But then a white visitor Allard Lowenstein suggests a statewide straw vote. Brings in 1000 white student volunteers to organize massive voter turnout, and 80,000 black Mississippians turn out to vote (summer of 1964). It starts with a lot of bloodshed due to the KKK, but the volunteers keep at it. They form the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, with plans to go to the 1964 Democratic National Convention and get seats. But President Johnson had careful plans, and didn't want to anger the Southern democrats (presidential elections were coming up), so he gave MFDP 2 seats (compromise). SNCC felt betrayed and turned more radical. Barry Goldwater, Republican nominee for 1964. He was super anti-communist, segregationist, and attacked Johnson's stance in Vietnam, to which Johnson replied with the Gulf of Tonkin Act. Although the Deep South was really lost to him, he goes to New Orleans to deliver a speech for a New South. Gets the people on his side. War on Poverty - the best way to end poverty was to have the poor people themselves decide on the means by which they would create new opportunities and leave poverty behind, through the Community Action Programs. This failed for the most part. However lots of other acts really helped the poor. Food stamps, Medicaid/Medicare, and welfare (Aid to Families with Dependent Children). Riots started in mid 1960s because the lawful way wasn't helping the black people in some places. They tried the integration methods, but to them it seemed that white policemen were still beating them up, schools still sucked, and things weren't going right. So they rioted.

Who were the "Bonus Marchers?" How did the Hoover Administration respond to the "Bonus March?" How did Franklin Roosevelt's response to the depression while Governor of New York differ from that of conservatives?

The Bonus Army was the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Its organizers called it the Bonus Expeditionary Force to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media called it the Bonus Army. It was led by Walter W. Waters, a former army sergeant. FDR's response to the depression as the Governor of New York - government intervention to protect the citizens economically and wait for the law of supply and demand to improve the economy. Differed from conservatives, because NOT laissez-faire. Conservatives believed that helping the needy impeded the self-correcting forces of the market by rewarding the people for losing the economic struggle to survive.

What was the "New Left?" What was SDS? What was the counterculture? Why did an environmental movement emerge in the 1960's? Why did a feminist movement emerge in the 1960's and 1970's? Who was Betty Friedan? What was NOW? What was the ERA? Why did an anti-feminist movement emerge in the 1970's?

The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of educators, agitators and others who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs, Students for Democratic Society: central organization of white student protest As more and more women took jobs, the importance of their paid work to the economy and their families belied the the idea of women as dependent, domestic beings and awakened many women workers, especially labor union women The feminism movement owed much to the black freedom struggle. Women gained protection from employment discrimination Outraged by the government's slowness in enforcing Title 7, Betty Friedan, civil rights activist Pauli Murray, several union women, and others founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 Goal of many feminist organizations was ERA: Equal Rights Amendment that would outlaw differential treatment of men and women under all state and federal laws An anti-feminist movement emerged in the 1970s, galvanized by Roe v Wade decision to protect a woman's right to abortion Many people did not agree with that decision, ex right-to-life movement

What was Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)? Why did they oppose the Vietnam War? Why did Americans believe that increasing the number of ground troops and bombing would bring victory in South Vietnam? What were American soldiers' experiences in South Vietnam? Why did the American public and news media gradually turn against the Vietnam War? What demographic subgroups of Americans particularly opposed the war? (Ch. 7)

The SDS believed that the Vietnamese War was an indication of how the military powers behind the government were actually pulling the strings however they liked. The anti-war movement gained lots of support from people who wanted to see American troops pulled out of Vietnam. By 1965, American intervention in Vietnam had increased severely. There were many bombing runs on the North, and many ground troops were put on duty. Not just a defensive position, but an offensive one. Marines went on Search and Destroy missions, but since it was impossible to tell friend from foe it was a hard endeavor. Many mistakes were made. Snipers and booby traps were most of the body count on the US side. Very demoralizing war for the soldiers. As the war went on and the body count and number of soldiers increased, public opinion began to really swing against the war. Most of the affluent and well off youngsters avoided the draft. Students were the largest advocates against the war. There were "teach-ins" that promoted information on the war. Many professors at universities were a crucial part of this movement. Many clergyman and white middle-aged women of the middle class also played a key part. As did MLK. Little by little most organizations turned against the war. It didn't help that the media only showed what the army wanted the media to know.

Why did US public opinion begin to turn against the Vietnam War after the Tet Offensive? How did the various candidates for president during the 1968 campaign season respond to the crises facing American in the late 1960's? What happened at the Democratic Convention in 1968? How did these events help Richard Nixon's presidential ambitions? What was the Nixon administration's stance towards racial issues? How did the Nixon administration plan to get the US out of Vietnam? What happened to South Vietnam after US forces left? In what ways did the US economy begin to decline in the early 1970's (Ch. 10)

The Tet Offensive: North Vietnamese and Vietcongs launched a huge offensive on the South. American and South Vietnam troops push them back, and win the battle, but this offensive showed that the North was far from done yet, contradictory to what the President had been telling his people. The media also started to portray the war as a quagmire rather than a victory in progress. Robert Kennedy was a well liked person by both whites and blacks. He had a ton of charisma, but Pres Johnson threw support behind VP Hubert Humphrey. This caused most of the party bosses and mainstream Democratic politicians to fall behind Humphrey. Then, 1968 after the first primary, Kennedy is shot in the brain. Ronald Reagan used this to call for a crackdown on lawlessness. Crime was exploding. Republican candidate Richard Nixon also homed in on the lawlessness. Wallace campaigned that slobs were taking over the country, and got a lot of the working class behind him. Democratic Convention 1968: Thousands of antiwar demonstrators gather outside the convention. The Chicago police then set upon the crowd. Clubs and Mace vs. bricks, the police mercilessly destroy the crowd and passerby and media personnel. The media made it seem as though Humphrey was nominated amid this violence in the streets. This contradiction in the Democrats helped Republican Nixon. He manipulates the media and makes it seem as though he had a solution for Vietnam (although he didn't) and addresses white American's clamorous voices demanding change. Humphrey clawed his way back into contention by having a different Vietnam policy but he still lost to Nixon. Nixon had inconsistent views toward racial justice. He did affirmative action which helped minority groups get hired.

Why did the African American struggle for civil rights emerge in the 1960's? How did changes in American life since the end of World War II help the emergence of the civil rights movement? How did the Kennedy Administration respond to the Sit-In movement, the freedom rides and the Birmingham campaign? (Ch. 4)

The blacks struggle for equality had been going on for decades already, but it was in the 60s that the fragmented black society banded together in the vision of a single black America. This "coalition" of blacks from different backgrounds provided the power necessary for a push towards civil rights. During WWII, many blacks had job opportunities in the North due to the war industry. And then, blacks couldn't speak out against the whites because jobs were scarce, but during the Cold War there was a huge military industry so jobs were plentiful. Kennedy didn't care much for civil rights, but he didn't like the fact that other countries were seeing the turmoil in America because of it. Therefore, he tries to act as the peacemaker and negotiates deals that are "win-win" for both sides. Appoints blacks to high positions but also does the same for fiercely segregationist white southerners. The freedom rides are the tipping point. As Alabama authorities do nothing to help the Riders, Kennedy states that law and order had broken down in Alabama and sends in federal troops to help the civil rights movement. When James Meredith tries to get into all white college in Mississippi, he gets rejected. Kennedy sends 500 marshalls to help him but there is a battle against the white students and local men. Finally sends in the army to restore order. Birmingham, or Bombingham, was under white segregationist Bull Connor's control. The 40% population of blacks were terrorized by the police and KKK. MLK brings the fight but things don't go too well. Running out of unjailed adults, they turn to kids to do the campaigns. 1963, children get attacked with fire hoses and dogs. This aired all over the news and in newspapers. Kennedy demands that Birmingham negotiate with the blacks. KKK surges back, and riots break loose. Kennedy uses the army to desegregate the last all-white university of Alabama, then goes on national TV to state his alliance with the civil rights movement.

What was the counterculture? Where did it emerge? How did the counterculture affect many Americans' perception of the antiwar movement? What role did drugs such as marijuana and LSD play in the counterculture? What effect did the counterculture have on popular sexual mores? Why did the counterculture wither away in the late 1960's and early 1970's? What long term impact did the counterculture have on American culture? (Ch. 8).

The counterculture was a trend of people who thought traditional values of America had produced the Vietnam War mistake. They advocated new identities, new dreams, and radical change. At the forefront were long-haired hippies. It was everywhere, hard to pinpoint where it all started. Many kids growing up, minds open due to the flashing advertisements on TV and concert halls, played with these new possibilities. "Diggers", based in San Francisco, were at the core of this new counterculture. Experimental drugs were a big part of the new trend. People wanted to be like rock stars, who were in turn imitating old jazz musicians who said that being stoned made the music better. Drugs were a way people could communicate, connect, share their soul energy with each other. Government said dope was bad, but it obviously didn't harm anyone (asides from small side effects). As the Vietnam War went on, the government was seriously losing credibility. As LSD got popular, so did the concept of free sex. **** whomever you like, whenever you like. Although most of the population had grown up on "sex after marriage", they spoke out against that by saying sex with a loved one should be fine whenever. Supreme Court ruled that trying to hide away sexual things was unconstitutional. Playboy started circulating. The Pill started as well. Sex with anyone was highly encouraged by many people. Most people moved on in the late 60s, early 70s. They experimented with things like group marriages, communal child rearing, and gurus. Long-term effect: Many of the growing up students in the late 70s regularly smoked marijuana.

What was the "Truman Doctrine?" What was the Marshall Plan? What six-pronged defense strategy did the Truman administration fashion in the early years of the Cold War? How did crises in China and the Middle East affect the Cold War?

Truman Doctrine said that the U.S. would help people battling injustice anywhere. Marshall Plan gave $13 billion in aid to West European countries Six pronged approach Development of atomic weapons Strengthening of military power Military alliances with other countries Military and economic aid to friendly nations An espionage network Propaganda offensive More rivalry around the world

Why did the US economy grow in the 1950's? Which groups benefited from economic growth? Which groups did not fare so well? Why did suburbs grow in the 1950's? Why did inner cities decline? What fueled the growth of the "sun belt" in the 1950's? How did the GI bill affect higher education in the 1950's?

U.S. economy grew in 1950s because of new technology (especially in farming and industrial production) Growing suburbs helped polarize society, especially along racial lines West and Southwest experienced a huge boom after WWII G.I. bill overcrowded colleges. Less women were admitted to make sure that veterans got in. Mexican American citizens gained a victory in civil rights with Hernandez v Texas to include Mexican Americans on juries

Why did the US intervene when North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950? What were the differences between President Truman and General MacArthur? How did Republicans criticize Truman's handling of the Cold War in the 1952 elections? How did the Korean War affect US foreign and defense policies?

U.S. intervened because of the Truman Doctrine Truman didn't want to continue the war, he simply wanted to revert to containment, but MacArthur saw that as failure. He challenged the president in press and interviews and Truman fired him after being fed up with his insubordination Many Americans sided with MacArthur. This boosted Republicans during the next election Americans wanted the Korean war to end and U.S. to pull out troops.

Chapter 26 Why did relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorate in 1945 and 1946?

U.S. wanted to be lenient on Germany, but USSR had lost many people and wanted to punish Germany. There were also different in ideology about economic/ government systems

Chapter 1 (cont.)

US, GB, and USSR's Strategy (FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin): Prioritize defeating Hitler in Europe and then Japan Russians want to attack Northern France (under German rule) and get relief in Russia since they lost millions fighting this war against Germany British, however, don't want to attack Northern France because they don't want to engage in submarine warfare again. They wanted to attack the soft underbelly of the Axis powers (Italy, Greece, etc) - Russia HATED this idea because they were sacrificing too many soldiers during the war FDR sympathizes with the Soviet Union despite being close with Churchill but wavers between the two and eventually chooses to support Churchill and delays the 2nd front (cross channel invasion of Northern France to support Stalin) from 1942 to 1944 (Battle of Normandy) STRATEGY: since bombing was no longer effective and knew German army would not surrender unless it was defeated there needed to be a colossal invasion of Germany. 1942 American command planned a cross-channel operation to invade Northern France and take out the puppet gov't (Vichy government), but Churchill opposed this and wanted to perform a lesser operation to provide some relief to USSR As a result, go into North Africa (Operation Torch) Takes out Nazism in North Africa and Italy and Nazism stops spreading finally Operation Overload commences on June 6, 1944 with the invasion of Normandy 6 American, GB, and Canadian divisions landed on the beaches and overtake German forces after lots of fighting

How did anti Vietnam War sentiment gradually grow in the US in the mid-1960's? Why did opposition to the war grow dramatically in 1968? What was the Tet Offensive? Why were there disturbances at the Democratic Convention in 1968? What did Richard Nixon promise to do about the Vietnam War?

Vietnam was the first televised war and Americans saw the worsening conditions on their screens Tet offensive was an offensive by the North Vietnamese on several cities with U.S. bases. Vietnamese suffered 10 times as many losses as Americans, but it was still damaging to the U.S. and underscored the credibility gap between official statement;s and the war's actual progress. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated Protests at the democratic convention between pro-war and anti-war protestors Nixon promised to find a way to "peace with honor" in Vietnam, though he was never entirely clear about how this was to be accomplished. The American people, desperate to find a way out of the Vietnam quagmire, were apparently ready to give the Republican an opportunity to make good on his claim.During his presidency, Nixon oversaw some dramatic changes in U.S. Cold War foreign policy, most notably his policy of detente with the Soviet Union and his 1972 visit to communist China.

Ch 10 (cont.)

Vietnam: Nixon wanted to get an honorable peace by hitting them into some submission. However as peace movement spread, it became harder for him to do so. Soldiers lost faith in the war, friendly fire became commonplace even. Desertion, drugs, and combat refusal skyrocketed. Nixon gave South Vietnam tons of money and combat vehicles as he pulled out American troops, but not before one last assault on communist bases in Cambodia. Protests flame across the country, and many campuses close down due to student strikes. Although Nixon was kind of bad at being president (failed Plumbers attempt and tried for impeachment then resigns from office) he normalized relations with China. Also negotiates a nuclear weapon deal with Russia and gets them to buy US wheat. Finally in 1972, just before the election, Nixon Christmas bombs North Vietnam like never before. Boom Boom. In 1973, US and Communists sign a peace treaty. North Vietnamese troops would stay in poition in the south, Vietcong government would be recognized, the South Vietnamese government would stay, and all US POW would be released to the US, and all US troops would pull out. However, as US pulled out of the war, North Vietnam finally invades the south and unifies the country after 30 years of bloody fighting. Overseas spending for the war without raising taxes had left US in big deficits. Inflation soared, and the limitless economy idea was coming to an end. Japan and Western Europe was back on the economic scene. Americans were being surpassed by other countries due to lower labor costs there (US workers were lazy and demanded more money) and other countries had newer plants, better workers, and free piggybacking on American research and development.

What was Vietnamization? How did the Nixon administration propose to preserve a non-communist South Vietnam while reducing American ground forces? Why did Nixon's escalation of bombing inflame the anti-war movement? Why did South Vietnam eventually collapse?

Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops." His increase in bombings was proven ineffective through the Pentagon Papers in 1971 The south vietnamese government failed to win the support of its own people Strong opposition to the war in U.S. had spread into the mainstream

Chapter 1 (cont.)

WWII and decline of support for ND economic policies - Generally, there was IMMENSE support for WWII... then there was a general fear that after the prominent economic boom of WWII a postwar depression would sweep it all away. FDR coordinated a series of agencies to aid economic mobilization for war production and listened to Keynes who urged FDR to turn US into full out war economy. Farmers benefited greatly, yet there was unequal opportunity and the fear of a postwar depression. Small businesses were not well protected, taxes sharply increased leading to inflation, and the Office of Price Administration worked to curb inflation by controlling prices and rationing products. Economists feared that there would be a problem with increased demand and less supplies, which would raise prices of products considerably. Also, the ND was no longer "new" and people weren't afraid of being unemployed in the postwar period. Women - have to take over the workplace to produce materials for the war. Out of the domestic sphere and put into factories to work for wages to support their families (flip of gender roles) Many women reared children alone Some shamed/ostracized from community for being single mothers Shotgun marriages / married soldiers they had only known for a few weeks due to pressure to get married Divorced immediately after return home was common Workforce Many women thought this was a temporary task and most did not want to work full time after the war (only 26% wanted to) After the war, the percentage of women in the workforce became lower than men again Paid less than men Race/Class Godsend for women who were previously waitresses or performed other domestic chores since factory work paid more Beneficial to black women and immigrant women Frustrating for educated middle-class women, because they had to perform menial jobs that didn't pay as well as journalism etc

What was the Watergate scandal?

Watergate was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s, following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. and President Richard Nixon's administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obligated to release the tapes to government investigators, and he eventually complied. These audio recordings implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in and to use federal officials to deflect the investigation

Chapter 1 (cont.)

What happens at the end of the war? Atlantic Charter - US doesn't want territorial expansion of Russia (Russia wants to absorb all surrounding areas) Russia wanted to absorb because felt vulnerable from invasion on all sides Says US is hypocritical because of things like the Monroe Doctrine and intervention in South America Battle of Midway - US finally pushed Japan back by island hopping and starting the Manhattan Project (not ready until 1945) The plight of Jews from the Holocaust and US - US was unaware of the horrific manner of murder carried out during the Holocaust Didn't understand what the "Final Solution" was until liberated concentration camps Feared an inundation of permanent Jewish settlers Jewish Americans feared this influx would spark anti-semitic feelings Pres Truman and the bomb - wanted to end the war, bombs were already being dropped (heavy use of this on both sides) though not to this scale - strategic bombing already a big part of the war used on civilians by both sides, had a bomb and needed to use it, didn't want to send troops to land in Japan because knew US could not win on land against Japan, according to international laws of war - any new weapon is allowed, thought it was a more humane and decisive way to end the war than any other option, thought he was saving more lives by ending the war quickly - would lose 100s of 1000s of soldiers/civilians if landed troops in Japan Alternatives to atomic bomb: Warning strikes were offered by scientists but rejected by the military, because military was afraid the bomb would not explode (which would look bad for America - psychologically) Issue demonstration explosions off of the coast of Japan

What measures did New Dealers take to create an American "welfare state" starting in 1935? Which social groups drew fewer benefits from the New Deal?

Works Progress Administration (WPA) - provided jobs for unemployed Americans on roads, bridges, parks, public buildings, and etc. Provided jobs for 7% of labor force and let fed gov't provide jobs when capitalist economy couldn't. Ended in 1943 with WWII and discriminated in favor of white men, but ultimately put 13 mil people in work and gave out $10 bil worth of paychecks. WPA jobs: Roads, buildings, bridges, airports Musicians, poets, actors Sewing rooms for jobless women and donate clothing to the needy Nurses, librarians/benefited Wagner Act - most important New Deal reform of the industrial order, which guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize unions, putting fed law behind the appeals of labour leaders. Created the National Labor Relations Board to oversee elections for union representation - only one union could dominate a specific workplace and had to be voted on. Union membership expanded dramatically and 30% of workers unionized (largest # ever). Many workers were factory/unskilled laborers, immigrants, women, and African Americans. Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) - mobilized organizing drives in major industries. Performed sit-down strikes in automobile factories Social Security - most important feature of emerging welfare state. Migrant workers, domestic servants, and masses of unorganized workers without union affiliation were left out of the New Deal.