HIS MIDTERM (CH 17)

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles

Britain's great revival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

France

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris

By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

convicted prisoners

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, thus keeping the workers in perpetual debt

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

in all regions

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

EXCERPT: "I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed..."

the division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century, the guild system

inhibited the development of the economy through its rigid rules and their strict application

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

large-scale enclosures as a necessary means to achieve progress

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

doubled

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems

MAP: ??

manufactured goods and slaves

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

the rural poor worked for low wages

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

MAP: This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in

rural areas with relatively dense population

EXCERPT: Which of the following claims did Young make in this passage?

the enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

the size and strength of British naval power

MAP: What was sent from the Americas to Europe?

tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was reserved for the male head of household

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

they faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved