HIST 1007 Exam 1

Sengoku

"Warring States," period in Japan similar to feudal system in Europe. 16th century. "the country at war"/civil war)

Sunni Islam

(Orthodox branch of Islam). Ottoman state founded on Sunni Islam.

Zhu Yuanzhang

1328-1398, disciple of the Red Turban movement and became a successful military leader and started taking over areas of China. Rose o power because of his size and strength

Ming Dynasty

1368 inauguration Ming means Brilliant. Known for restoring and rebuilding the country physically. Build three layers of walls one was the Great Wall

Emperor Hongwu

1368-1398 the name given to Zhu Yuanzhang when he became emperor, constructed the different states and Marshall which was the military power dominating the state

Tokugawa Dynasty

1603 - 1867

Ottoman, Safaid, and Mughal Empires

3 Major Empires post Mongols. Early 16th century. Dominating states.

City-State in the Ming Dynasty

3 separate wall enclosures to separate the Imperial city from the Palace City. Palace City was so grand it was meant to reflect China's power.

Shah Abbas (1588-1629)

5th Safavid shah of Iran who revitalized the empire. Abandonment of extreme ideology of Shah as incarnation of Allah (God)

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian of Tunisia. (1332-1406). "The entire world changed." Suffered personal loss from the Black Plague in Tunis.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Sultante; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. Constantinople became....

Ismail and military expeditions

Caucasus, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and central Asia

Nanjing

City in China that was taken over by Zhu's forces in 1356 and renamed it to Yingtian ("In response to Heaven")

Calicut

City on the coast of Malabar that de Gama arrived on in 1498 and had a violent encounter with the locals and was taken captive for a period of time

Gunpowder Technology

Created by the Chinese and perfected by the Ottomans who used it for cannons in the conquest of Constantinople 1453

flora and fauna

Crosby said it was a process called ecological imperialism

Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

Decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran. It marked the first Ottoman expansion into eastern Anatolia, and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west. Devastation of Safavid state (occupation of Tabriz, Ismail's capital)

political legitimization

Divine Right (Europe) and Mandate of Heaven (Mantra of Ming Dynasty).

Europe and African expansion

Europe went to Africa to covet African resources by going through Mediterranean societies

Safavid Empire (Safaviyeh)

Islamic. Persia was center. This empire was not as diversified. Established in 1500.

Byzantine empire

It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Eventually became Anatolia.

de jure

Japanese Emperor in Kyoto as de jure (rightful/legitimate) national authority

May 29, 1453

Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) and capturing of Constantinople, the Byzantine capital

1458

Ottoman expansion into Athens

1463

Ottoman expansion into Bosnia

1493

Ottoman expansion into Croatia

1492

Ottoman expansion into Hungary

1350s

Ottomans and strengthened political base in the Balkan peninsula/elimination of Turkish and Byzantine political rivals

Iberian Peninsula

Peninsula in southwestern Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal that expanded during the European expansion

commonalities of the islamic dynasties

Personal rule by right of conquest, extensive bureaucracies, Turkish, Mongol, and Islamic traditions as common foundational sources of inspiration, tolerance of religious and cultural diversity, attention to public welfare, Islam as imperial order, and autocratic nature of authority

Seizure of Ceuta

Portuguese captured this city 1415 on the strait of Gibraltaras a catalyst for further expansion

Islamic World

Post Mongol Empire and plague. Major Polities for a longtime. Expanded by cultural diversity, and also trade.

Enfant Henrique

Prince Henry the Navigator helped expand the Portuguese domain to the coast of Africa and wanted to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence

alternate attendance

Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired

Safi al-Din (1252-1334)

Rise of Islamic populism and Impact of Sufi brotherhood leader. Savavid Empire.

ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate, was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. It was founded in the 13th century.

Yuan Dynasty

The dynasty where the mongols were in charge from 1279-1368

Catalan Atlas

This 1375 map shows the world as it was then known. depicts the location of continents and islands Shows a king with a vast quantity of gold and thus the price of gold skyrocketted

Osman Bey (1299-1326)

Turkish leader. Carved an independent state at the expense of the Byzantine empire in 1299 Osman's triumphant expansion at the expense of rivals and attraction of a large following known as the Osmanlis or Ottomans. Osman and development of a strong military force and integration of merchant merchants, artisans, Islamic clerics, bureaucrats and jurists

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

shogun

a military governor who ruled Japan. 12th and 16th centuries. They were de facto rulers that were not legitimate.

Astrolabe

a navigation device that helped determined latitude

1295

adoption of Islam as state religion by ilkhanate (Mongol rule) of Persia

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Edo

became urban center. (pop. 150,000 by 1616)

Portuguese factories

construction of these along the West coast of Africa for sugar cane and started to build military fortresses to protect these factories

Empress Ma in the Ming Dynasty

daughter of a Red Turban warlord, married the Emperor to eliminate any threats from the Red Turban Movement

1526

destruction of Delhi Sultanate (islamic dynasties which ruled over large parts of the Indian subcontinent) by invading Turkish warriors, led by Zahir al-Din (Persian commander, diplomat and historian). Relates to Mughal Empire

Civil Bureaucracy members in the Ming Dynasty

during the 16th and 17th centuries 10,000 to 15,000 officials were in charge of a country with over 200 million people

Tokugawa Ieyasu

emergence in the years of 1600-1603. Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. establishment of military government - Tokugawa Bakufu -. Edict on succession: hereditary rule located in his family: males preferred. Yet women have secret influence (Pillowtalk).

Captured Africans who worked in the New World

enslavement in plantation economies and the development of the huge Atlantic Slave trade system

consanguineous bonds

established by offspring of Daimyos. strong political ties.

nomadic Turks

established political power after Mongols and Bubonic Plague. They were small states. Used god to legitimize their rule.

Executions in the Ming Dynasty

executions of dissident forces from 1376 to 1373, executed almost 100,000 subjects

Damiyos

feudal lords with large estates and command of armies of Samurai warriors. created stability in some areas.

Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)

founder of the Safavid dynasty. Made Shiism official islamic faith Champion of separatist Shia tradition. Representation of Ismail as the twelfth or "Hidden" Imam (perhaps an incarnation of Allah) - divinely chosen

Mandate of Heaven

from the Ming Dynasty where rulers were given their political power by a divine source, Lavish ceremonial rites and reinforcement of sanctity of Ming rulers

Ottoman Empire and trade

had influence to control and tax Caravan land routes

Women in the Ming Dynasty

had some influence and power in the local economy

Dynastic Powers

hereditary family rule, usually letting the first born son succeed his father. Relates to Primogeniture: first born child (doesn't have to be boys. However, female children discouraged from ruling).

Twelver Shiism

imposition by Shah, by force if necessary, on formerly Sunni adherents.Their belief that the last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi.

Bartolomeu Diaz

in 1488 he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean

Vasco da Gama

in 1497 departed from Portugal in route to India, encountered the Swahili coastal states on the East African coast

Intermarriage

instrument of unification and creating alliances in Japan. binding houses.

Mansa Musa of Mali

king who made famous trip to Mecca where he gave away so much gold, the price dropped globally

Nanjing and Beijing

known for their architectural grandeur, creates employment for workers to build

Circumnavigation of the African continent

lead by the Portuguese had commercial motivation looking for new trade routes and flourished from long-distance trade in Asia

Zheng He

lived from 1371 to 1433 lead Chinese expeditions across the Indian Ocean from 1405 to 1433 because the emperor had a need to impose imperial control over foreign trade and wanted to impress foreign entities with the power and might of the Ming Dynasty

Suleiman (1520-1566)

longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Expansion into Arab world.

Sugar distribution

mostly distributed throughout Europe because they grew a sweet-tooth

Mullahs

muslim educated in islamic theology and law. Relates to Persian Shiism and promotion of an activist clergy devoted to religious and political resistance to perceived heretical force. Safaid Empire.

compass

navigational instrument invented by the Chinese and used to determine directions with a magnetized needle, which always points to the north cardinal direction on the compass rose.

social/political stability

objective of Tokugawa shogun

Sunni

one of the main branches of Islam. It is orthodox. Relates to the Ottoman Empire.

Reforestation in the Ming Dynasty

planted over 1 billion trees and land reclamation, trees would later be used for ships and buildings

Red Turban Movement

political movement during the 1300's that believed the world was drawing to an end. Took its name from its soldiers' red headbands. This movement blended China's diverse cultural and religious traditions, including Buddhism, Daoism, and other faiths.

Late 16th and early 17th centuries

political unification of Japan and end of Sengoku

Bubonic Plague

population loss, social dislocations, loss of essential labor force, social unrest, and weakened economies and political states. China, Islamic World, Europe. Spread by merchant ships in 1346 (e.g. Genoese). Scandinavia exception of plague.

Indian Ocean Trade Items

porcelains, ivory, silver, gold, spices, frankincense, myrrh

Edo (present-day Tokyo)

president of Edo held children and wives of daimyos there to prevent rebellion.

Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

real architect of Mughal Empire. (An autocrat) Akbar and creation of a centralized administrative and political structure departments regulating the various provinces of the empire

Tokugawa Dynasty

reconstruction, public works project (- clearing of swamp, dredging of canals, construction of bridges, land reclamation, etc), economic progress, agriculture products, change from subsistence farming to commercial, NEW CROP STRAINS, WATER CONTROL AND IRRIGATION, POPULATION BOOM, production of COTTON, SILK, INDIGO, SMALLER FAMILIES (infanticide/abortion), TAXATION TO FACILITATE GROWTH, REVENUE TO SHOGUNS, DAIMIYOS AND WARRIOR CLASS LESS DOMINATE

Shia

regards Ali as first true successor, and disregards the other three. One of the main branches of Islam, and it is heavily practiced by people in Iran. Relates to Ottoman Empire.

Caraval

sailing vessel suited for nosing in and out of estuaries and navigating in waters with unpredictable currents and winds

dhow

ships used by arab seafarers. It has large sails that are rigged to maximize the capture of wind

Gold Coast

southern coast of Africa where the Portuguese built fortresses and castles

Price of Gold in the 14 th century

spiraling price dropped in the World Market which created a desire for Europeans to venture into the South Atlantic coast of Africa

Malindi

state in Swahili in South East Africa that was taken over by the Portuguese because the monsoon winds take ships across the the Arabian Sea to India

Tamerlane (Timur)

subsequent secession of vassal territories from Delhi - political disintegration. he was a Turkish force. Relates to Mughal Empire

Plantations on Sao Tome and Principe Islands

sugarcane plantations in that had unpaid labor and were the blueprints for plantations in the New World post 1492

Military strength in the Ming Dynasty

this was the real power during the Ming Dynasty not faith as the source of power

Trade in the Ming Dynasty

traded silk, cotton, and porcelain to Indian Ocean ports. Suspicions about trade as source of potential and/or real threat to internal social and political tranquility

Captured Africans who worked in Africa

used as an unpaid labor force in sugarcane plantations beginnings of plantation agriculture and racial slavery

Christopher Columbus

used cannons in his Granada and mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Intermarriage in the Ming Dynasty

was used as an instrument of power consolidation

Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty

was used in education systems to recruit loyal bureaucrats, teaching love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

Ottoman Empire

western peninsula of Asia/Asia Minor, the Arab world, and much of southeastern Europe. Foundation of the Ottoman empire an example of the influence of nomadic peoples during the period between 1000 and 1500 CE. They consisted of muslims, and they had a strong military force. Globalized trade expanded. Ended in 20th century. Turkey area.

Sidney Mintz

wrote "Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History" 1965