HIST 1010 Test #1 Study Guide

The Great Awakening II

Reasons for Decline in Church Membership in the 18 th Century: 1. Immigrants were busy. 2. Frontier life. 3. Churches were formal and sterile. 4. Difficulty joining churches.

Tudor England II

Reasons for growing interest in colonization during 1500s: 1. Economic troubles—Colonies seen as a way to alleviate economic problems. 2. The growth of merchant capitalism—A new business class rises which is interested in new business opportunities. 3. Theory of mercantilism—Stresses importance of trade, as an indicator of national strength. 4. Growing rivalry with Spain—Intensifies during the 1500s leading to states of war between England and Spain.

Archaic Indians (9,000-3,000 years ago): Three Regional Cultures

West, Plains, East

New Laws III

Why The Stamp Act failed: I. Alienated the major politically active groups in America. II. The Tax Affected All Americans Stamp Act Congress (1765)—Brings together delegates from nine colonies to discuss opposition to the Stamp Act. Actions: I. Sending a letter to Parliament arguing that Parliament cannot levy taxes on the colonies. II. Started a boycott on English goods which spread throughout the colonies.

Urbanization and Skilled Craftsmen

I. American Cities in 1760: 1. Philadelphia 2. New York City 3. Boston 4. Newport, Rhode Island 5. Charleston II. Skilled Craftsmen—Found in major cities such as Philadelphia. 1. Carpenters 2. Coopers (barrel makers) 3. Shoemakers 4. Tailors 5. Blacksmiths 6. Silversmiths

Christopher Columbus "Description of His First Encounter with Indians, 1492."

(Excerpt from Hewitt and Lawson, pg. 18): •"I (believed)...that we might form great friendship, for I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force." •"It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything." •"They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion."

Who were the first settlers

- Migrating peoples from SW Asia who either crossed a land bridge (Beringia) about 15,000 years ago. -Archaeological evidence—artifacts, etc. that were left behind and have been dated to this period. Historians don't typically do this type of research. -Genetic information—Shows genetic similarities between people in SW Asia (Siberians) and American Indians.

Who were the Clovis

-Earliest group we know much about. -Named after Clovis, NM. -Clovis Points—Spears used by Clovis hunters

Archaic Indians (9,000-3,000 years ago): Characteristics

-Hunted smaller game -Modified the natural environment (got rid of weeds) -More defined gender roles -Engaged in trade

Agricultural Revolution

1. Agricultural Revolution—American Indians adopted Horticulture (a form of simple agriculture) between 2,000 and 3,500 years ago. 2. Significance—Led to more permanent settlements and population growth. 3. Stratification--Some members of a society are considered more important than others. 4. Urbanization—Larger concentrations of people live in one place.

Chesapeake Society: Six Characteristic

1. Appearance and proliferation of plantations—Concentrated in tidewater region. Enables large scale agriculture & creates a need for labor. 2. Great physical mobility—Dispersed society with few towns. 3. Fluid, unstable society—For most of 17 th century, opportunity for poor to obtain wealth. 4. Continued health problems—Kept population growth by natural increase low. 5. Black slavery—Becomes the defining characteristic of the Chesapeake (particularly Virginia).

Early European Exploration: The Mediterranean and the Atlantic Fringe

1. Atlantic fringes—In the 14 th c., Europeans rediscovered islands (the Azores, Canaries, and Madeira) that were not far from the European coast. 2. Sugar Plantations—European settlers used the islands to produce sugar which was a good Europeans desired. This had lasting consequences. 3. Vivaldi Brothers—Two Genoese mariners who attempted to find a route around Africa to India.

The Carolinas (South Carolina)

1. Carolina—Originally North and South Carolina are one colony which was granted to the Lords Proprietors. 2. South Carolina is labelled "a colony of a colony" because of the influence of the colony of Barbados in the West Indies. 3. English settlement of South Carolina begins in 1670 when a group largely of Englishmen from Barbados and the West Indies lands around present-day Charleston. 4. Barbadians are primarily interested in money and power and will use any means to obtain them.

Columbus and Spain I

1. Christopher Columbus—An Italian born mariner who wanted to find a western route to the Indies. He believed they were only a few thousand miles from Europe. 2. Ferdinand and Isabella—The monarchs of the new Spanish nation financed Columbus in exchange for 20 percent of the profits. It was a small investment for them.

Virginia Develops

1. Development of Representative Government —Marks the beginning of representative democracy in North America. 2. Importation of English Women—Helps produce a more even balance of sexes and a more viable colony. 3. "Headright System"—Helped usher in the system of indentured servitude. 4. The Tobacco Boom—Rolfe's "Orinco Tobacco" fundamentally alters the Virginia economy. Leads to the plantation system.

Tudor England

1. Early England—Characterized by political division and intermittent civil wars. 2. The Tudors—In control of England from 1485-1603. Brought much needed stability. 3. Early Expeditions—In 1497, an English expedition under John Cabot reached North America establishing a colony on Newfoundland.

The English Civil War and the Southern Colonies

1. English Civil War—Raged from 1642 to 1651 creating a lull in colonization. The Roundheads win the war bringing Cromwell to power. a) Roundheads—Puritans and the forces of Parliament. b) Cavaliers—Supporters of the King Charles I. 2. English Restoration—Brings Charles II to the throne in 1660. Cromwell is deposed. Rekindles colonization. 3. Proprietary Colonies—Land grants in America given to powerful supporters and friends of King Charles II.

Three Reasons for European's Initial Failure to Explore and Colonize

1. Feudalism—A system where Europe was divided into many small units rather than nations. This meant that Europe didn't have powerful nations or the economic ability to support exploration. 2. Age of Faith—Europeans were so interested in the afterlife and getting to heaven that they focused little on improving life on Earth. 3. Technological backwardness—Europeans did not have the knowledge or technology necessary to explore.

Important Pre-Contact Cultures: Southwest

1. Hohokam: Centered in present-day southern Arizona. a. Irrigation 2. Anasazi: Located near the "Four Corners." a. Chaco Canyon 3. Significance—Built sophisticated cultures in desert climates.

Results of the Great Awakening I

1. Increased church formation a. Helps lead to the formation of 1200 congregations between 1740-1770. 2. Increased religious freedom a. Less emphasis on established churches. b. People wanted a distinction between civic government and church government. 3. Divided communities a. New Lights—The generally younger people who embraced the "Great Awakening." b. Old Lights—The generally older people who did not like the "Great Awakening" and the changes it brought to the American church. 4. Lasting Impact on American Education—Spurs the creation of more American institutions of higher education. 5. Helped to Unite the Thirteen Colonies—First social movement to have impact throughout mainland British North America.

Important Pre-Contact Cultures: Eastern

1. Mound Building Cultures—In the Eastern part of the present-day U.S., cultures such as the Hopewell and Mississippians constructed ceremonial mounds which demonstrated their sophistication. 2. The Hopewell Culture (present-day Midwestern U.S.) a. Great Serpent Mound—Shaped like a snake. Over 1,000 feet long.

Agriculture in Colonies: Regions

1. New England—Self-sufficient farms worked by independent labors. Produce hay, corn, etc. 2. Middle Colonies—Larger farms (particularly in New York) where wheat and corn were grown. Engaged in commercial agriculture. 3. Chesapeake Colonies and North Carolina —Tobacco cultivated by slaves and small farms growing corn, vegetables, etc. and raising hogs. 4. Georgia and South Carolina —Rice cultivation is the major agricultural activity. Labor performed by slaves. 5. Backcountry—Small subsistence farms worked by families.

Columbus and Spain II

1. October 12, 1492—Columbus sights land on this date. 2. Hispanola—Columbus lands here and creates a settlement. It is the present-day Dominican Republic. 3. Tainos—The tribe which inhabited the lands Columbus initially encountered. They largely died out from disease and exploitation by the Spanish. 4. West Indies—Columbus believed he had reached islands near India thus the islands he landed on were termed the West Indies.

Portugal I

1. Portugal—Europe's first nation-state and the early leader in exploration. 2. Why Portugal was the first exploring power? • First Factor—It was a small nation which made consolidating control easier than in a larger space. • Second Factor—Its location (on the Atlantic Coast/close to Africa) • Third Factor—Portugal's status as a maritime nation.

Georgia (Continued)

1. Purposes: a. Serve as a buffer between S. Carolina and Spanish Florida. b. Give English debtors a new start in life. 2. Oglethorpe's rules: 1. No large plantations 2. No African Slavery 3. No rum 3. Result—Few debtors arrive, plantations, and slavery develop. Oglethorpe's rules were repealed. Georgia becomes a rice colony along the lines of South Carolina.

The Carolinas: North Carolina

1. Settlement is slow as most of the early settlers are small farmers arriving from Virginia. 2. Few large plantations. Mostly small, tobacco farmers who owned few slaves. 3. The economy centers around the production of tobacco and naval stores (shipbuilding materials from lumber). 4. Separation—In 1729, Carolina was officially spilt into North and South.

Slavery in Carolina

1. Slavery is present in South Carolina from the outset of English settlement. This makes it different from Virginia 2. By the early 1700s, South Carolina has a black majority. There are more enslaved laborers than white settlers. 3. Settlers are concentrated around coastal areas rather. 4. Rice production becomes the engine of South Carolina's economy. 5. Plantation agriculture and individualism shape colonial South Carolina's culture.

Characteristics of the Southern Colonies

1. Slavery—Found in each colony. Becomes a defining feature. 2. Profit Motive—Most southern colonies are formed with profit almost solely in mind. 3. Agriculture—Cash crops (Rice, Tobacco, and Indigo) dominate the economies of the Southern colonies. 4. English—Little diversity in the settlers. Most are white Englishmen or Scots-Irish. 5. Stratified—Society becomes dominated by a white elite of planters.

Portugal II

1. Slavery—Portuguese exploration of the African coast and the development of planation agriculture reintroduced slavery to Europe. 2. Sailing Techniques and Technology—The Portuguese refined sailing techniques through their exploration of the African coast. a. Volta do Mar—A ship can take an indirect route to its intended destination that takes advantage of following winds. b. Lateen Sails—Triangular sails that catch winds blowing from the side. c. Prince Henry the Navigator —A Portuguese noble who launched a research & development program for exploration. Columbus married one of his relatives.

Early English Settlements

1. Southern—Established in the South Atlantic to counter Spain. 2. "The Lost Colony" (1585)— Failed attempt at settlement by England on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. The settlers mysteriously disappeared. 3. Character of English settlement: After Roanoke, the burden shifts to joint-stock companies under a royal charter who took responsibility for the settlement and governance of the colonies.

Other Colonial Powers

1. Spain—Early dominance fades. 2. New France—French activity is mainly in Canada and around the Great Lakes/Mississippi River. Don't send many settlers. 3. The Dutch—Create "New Amsterdam" (modern-day NYC).

Wider Consequences of Discovery

1. The Columbian Exchange—The transatlantic exchange of goods, ideas, and people that has occurred from discovery to present. 2. Doctrine of Discovery—Spain theoretically possessed all of the land in the New World. 3. Treaty of Tordesillas—1494 treaty that drew an imaginary line dividing Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World. The line which benefited Spain in the long run was drawn by the Pope.

Important Pre-Contact Cultures: Eastern (Continued)

1. The Mississippians a. Most "sophisticated Native culture in America." 2. Cahokia a. Its peak population was about the size of Clemson's undergraduate student population. b. Contained houses, burial mounds, and a defensive wall. c. One mound was 110 feet tall. 3. Decline a. Overhunting, fighting, and disease contributed to the Mississippians decline.

Six Factors that led to European Exploration and Colonization

1. The Renaissance—Starting in the 14 th c., Europeans became more dynamic and outward looking. 2. The Crusades—Military expeditions during the 1000s & 1200s to reconquer sacred Christian shrines from Muslims. The discovery of goods such as perfume, silks, and spices fueled demand for them in Europe. 3. Technological Advances—New technologies such as the compass, the Astrolabe, and printing press became available to Europeans. 4. Bubonic Plague—Created more opportunities for survivors. 5. Creation of Nation-States—True nations developed where powerful royals would finance and reward exploring achievement. 6. Missionary Efforts—Exploration and colonization allowed Europeans to spread Christianity.

Georgia

1. The very last of the thirteen colonies to form. 2. Organized by Englishmen General James Oglethorpe. 3. Oglethorpe and a group of Trustees were granted this land between South Carolina and Spanish Florida. 4. The Trustees goal was to reduce urban poverty in England by resettling debtors and other economically struggling Englishmen.

Early European Exploration: The Atlantic

1. Vikings—The earliest known Europeans to reach the Americas. 2. Newfoundland—Around 1,000, a Viking expedition reached this area in present-day Canada. 3. Skaraelings- "Ugly wretches." What the Vikings called the Indians they encountered. 4. Archaeological and written evidence tells us about the Vikings voyage. 5. The Vikings never went back to the Americas.

Characteristics of the New England and Middle Colonies

1.New England a.Religious purpose b.Economy centered around small farms, shipping, and ship building. c.Few slaves 2.The Middle Colonies a.More diverse in terms of settlers/religious beliefs. b.Economy centered around growing grains (wheat) c.Labor mainly by families/redemptioners.

The Middle Colonies: New York

1.New Netherland—Initially a Dutch colony known as New Netherland. Its principal city was New Amsterdam. 2. 1664—English seize New Amsterdam without a fight. Take control over the Dutch colony. Renamed New York. 3.Diversity—Great ethnic and religious diversity in the colony, but the Dutch settlers quickly assimilate into Anglo-American culture.

Beginnings

1.Origins-England broke away from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England. Not all Englishmen were happy with the Church of England. 2.Separatists (Pilgrims)—Believed the Church of England was corrupt and wanted to completely separate from it. 3.Puritans—Also believed the Church of England was corrupt, but they wanted to "purify" it by creating a separate godly community. Don't leave the Church of England.

Pilgrims II

1.Plymouth—In 1620, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts. Around present-day Cape Cod. 2.Relationship with Indians—Initially marked by cooperation. The local tribe had been devastated by disease and wanted to trade with the Englishmen.

The Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania

1.William Penn—The namesake of Pennsylvania. He receives land from King Charles II as a way to pay off a debt the monarch owed to him. 2.Society of Friends—Penn's son (also named William) was a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers) and upon inheriting the land sought to create a colony where Quakers would be tolerated.

Results of the War II

Changes to British Policy toward the American Colonies: 1. End of Salutary Neglect —England starts enforcing the laws and regulations on things such as trade. 2. Proclamation of 1763—No settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. 3. Permanent Standing Army—10,000 man standing army to be stationed in the colonies. 4. Quartering Act (1765)—Colonists have to assist in the provision and maintenance of the army. 5. Customs Service Reorganized— Tighter controls on customs laws. Harder to evade.

American Indians Before European Contact

Differences between Europeans and American Indians: • American Indians were not capitalists like Europeans. • They traded, but were not capitalists in the European sense. • American Indians had kinship systems. • A system of obligations to one's community. • American Indians were often Matrilineal. • Descent traced from the mother rather than father. • American Indians believed in Animism. Europe was almost universally Christian. • American Indians believed in the importance of spirits in nature.

The Puritans III

Dissenters I.Roger Williams—Minister who challenges Puritan leadership. He advocates for individual liberty and fair treatment of American Indians. Is forced to flee and creates the colony of Rhode Island. II.Anne Hutchison—A mother of 13 who criticized mandatory church attendance and the power of religious leaders/judges in the colony. Exiled from the colony.

Conclusion

England fills in the gaps between French and Spanish settlement. England's colonies are different because colonists arrive in large numbers. England also has more of an economic than religious motive. The southern colonies are built around cash crops and the labor of enslaved Africans.

Industries in Colonial America

Five Industries that flourished in the colonies: 1. Lumber—Trees cut down and hauled by river or team to sawmills. 2. Naval Stores—Tar, pitch, turpentine, and masts for ships. 3. Fishing—Centered on New England. 4. Shipbuilding—The construction of ships. Related to lumber and and fishing industries. 5. Fur—Mainly obtained through trade with Indians.

Pilgrims III

Four Basic Facts about the Pilgrims: I.Most of the Pilgrims had humble origins—Not as wealthy or well-educated as the Puritans. II.William Bradford—Dominated Plymouth Colony for its first thirty years. Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation. III.The Colony was Successful Economically—Contrasted with Jamestown. Plymouth's economy centers around farming, fur-trading, and fishing. IV.Later Absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony—Happened in the late 1600s. Not a traumatic event.

The Politics of Opposition

Four Components of American Political Thought That Drew on English Ideas: 1. All men have natural rights. 2. Government exists only to protect those rights. 3. Consent is expressed through representative government. a. Not through "Virtual Representation." b. Colonies want "Direct Representation." 4. "Country Whig" Ideology—Had existed in England for 150 years. Basically argued: a. Royals and Parliament in Britain were corrupt and spoiled. b. There should be more freedom of the press. c. There should be more freedom of religion. d. All adult males should have the right to vote.

Paleo-Indians: Characteristics

Hunter Gatherers

Development of Slavery

I. Ancient Institution—Existed in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as parts of Europe in the middle ages. II. Europeans—By the 1400s, slavery had died off in Europe. III. European Rebirth—Portuguese and Spanish exploration of the African coast triggers the reintroduction of slavery in Europe. IV. In America—First slaves arrive to Virginia in 1619 via a Dutch ship. The institution develops gradually.

The Great Awakening III

I. Changes that led to the GA: 1. 1720s—A new emotional wave of Calvinism sweeps over the colonies. 2. Driven by religious lethargy in the colonies and fear of the Enlightenment (an intellectual movement that emphasized human's ability to solve problems through reason). II. Emphasis areas of the GA: 1. Personal salvation over ritual. 2. Moral behavior for salvation. 3. Emotionalism—New preaching style that focused on emotional appeals.

The Townshend Duties

I. Charles Townshend—New Chancellor of the Exchequer needs to raise money from the colonies. He levies new taxes. II. Townshend Duties—Series of laws that: 1. Place taxes on items imported to the colonies. 2. Creates a new board of customs commissioners to end smuggling and collect taxes. 3. Bases the commissioners in Boston. 4. Significance—New taxes are a failure due to colonists opposition.

Development of Slavery II: Indentured Servitude

I. Composition—Young white males. Fewer female servants. II. Terms—Typically 4-7 years of labor in exchange for payment of passage, housing, food & freedom dues. III. Four realities: I. Planters want to maximize servants' labor. II. Servants want land & families after servitude. III. Servants hopes conflicted with planters' goals. IV. Planters found this system better than the alternative.

Settlement Patterns

I. Diversity—The colonies were remarkably ethnically and culturally diverse. II. Types of settlers: I. English—Largest ethnic group. II. German—Settle in the middle colonies particularly Pennsylvania. III. Dutch—Settle in New York and New Jersey. IV. Scots-Irish—Largest non-English group.

Agriculture in the Colonies

I. Farming—Most colonists were farmers. This was the primary economic activity in colonial America. II. Independent Farmers—Most free, white males own their own land.

Urbanization and Skilled Craftsmen (Continued)

I. Growth—The quality of American made products improve over time and by mid- century, American craftsmen make some high quality goods. II. Products: 1. Pennsylvania/Kentucky Rifle—Finely crafted and very accurate. 2. Conestoga Wagon—Very sturdy for overland travel. Primitive shock absorbers. 3. Silver Products—Paul Revere of Boston was very famous for his quality silverware.

Characteristics of New Spain

I. Highly centralized—Trade controlled by Spanish royal family. No representative government. II. Few Spanish colonists—Few families settled. Mainly soldiers or officials. III. Uniformly Catholic—No religious freedom or diversity. Catholicism remains the dominant religion in Latin America. Influences the U.S. as well. IV. Official systems of forced labor—Natives forced in labor though encomienda and repartimiento system. V. Relative mixture of races—Mixture of Europeans, Indians, and enslaved Africans but discrimination still occurs. A very clear social stratification develops.

Seven Years (French and Indian War) II

I. Initial Struggles—Colonists and British soldiers unable to take Fort Duquesne and struggle in initial fighting. II. William Pitt—New prime minister who reorganizes the war effort and turns the tide. III. Pittsburgh—In 1758, the British take Fort Duquesne and name it after Pitt. IV. 1763—The Seven Years War officially ends. Fighting in the colonies had wound down earlier.

Trade

I. Intercolonial—Between colonies. Constituted much of the trade. For example, exchanging New England fish for Virginia tobacco. II. Foreign Trade—With England and other parts of the world.

Further Spanish Settlement and Exploration

I. Island Hopping—In search of gold and other resources, the Spanish hop from island to island in the Caribbean-moving from San Salvador to Puerto Rico to Cuba. II. Exploring North America—Spanish explorers went into the interior of the present-day United States, but did not find the gold and riches they sought. a.Hernando de Soto—Explores the southern gulf coast of the United States. b.Francisco Coronado—Explores the southwestern United States.

Early English Settlements II

I. Jamestown (1607)—First permanent English settlement in America. II. The Virginia Company— Granted six million acres of land in North America by King James I.

Tudor England III

I. King James I—Ascended to the throne in 1603. II. The Treaty of Tordesillas—King James decided that it did not prevent England from settling on the outskirts of Spain's New World settlements.

The Great Awakening IV

I. Leading Figures 1. Jonathan Edwards—Congregational minister in New England whose most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God." 2. George Whitefield—Anglican who came over the colonies to hold a series of huge revivals. Addresses huge crowds and later founds an orphanage. II. Spread of the Movement 1. Not confined to New England. 2. Spreads throughout the colonies and is very strong on the frontier.

Chesapeake Society: Maryland

I. Maryland—Formed by Cecilius Calvert, the Second Lord Baltimore, in the 1630s. II. Religious Freedom—Is formed as a colony for Catholics. III. Characteristics—Similar to Virginia except has a proprietor in charge & a significant Catholic minority.

New France I

I. New France—France's American empire. Canada + Great Lakes region + settlements down the Mississippi River. II. Patterns—Grows slowly. Mostly fur traders. III. Growth—Late 1600s. Stretches to the end of the Mississippi River. LaSalle responsible for this exploration.

Results of the War I

I. New France—Largely removes the threat posed by France. II. Reasons Why the British were Unhappy with the Colonists: 1. Colonists slow to provide troops for the war effort. 2. Slow to raise money to fight the war—wouldn't raise taxes. 3. Traded with the enemy in Canada and the Caribbean.

New Spain

I. New Spain I. Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec Empire in 1521 with the help of superior weapons, disease, and indigenous peoples who disliked the Aztec. II. Francisco Pizzaro—Spaniard who led an expedition into South America which led to the fall of the Inca. III. This leads to the establishment of New Spain—the Spanish empire in the Americas.

Seven Years (French and Indian) War I

I. Opening—Opens in North America rather than Europe. II. Fort Duquesne-French fortification in western PA lands also claimed by English settlers. Fighting breaks out when George Washington is sent to complain about the fort's presence. III. Fort Necessity—Washington has to fall back from Fort Duquesne and make a crude fortification. Surrenders on July 4, 1754.

Religion in Colonial America I

I. Religion—Much cultural variation, as shown by the religious variety in the colonies. II. Major Groups: I. Anglicans—Members of the Church of England. a. Second largest denomination in the colonies. b. Weaker than its numbers. II. Congregationalists—New name for the Puritans. a. Largest denomination in the colonies. b. Needed to receive "election" to membership. III. Presbyterians—Hierarchical and centralized. Third largest denomination. IV. Lutherans—Associated with German settlers. V. Baptists—Prominent by the 1700s. Believe in adult baptism. VI. Methodists—Arrive by the 1730s. VII. Quakers—Centered in Philadelphia, PA. a. Have influence disproportionate to their numbers. VIII. Catholics—Found in Maryland. a. Persecuted. Allowed to worship only in private homes. IX. Jews—Very few. Mainly in cities. a. Can't vote or hold office in any colony . X. Deists—Group that emphasizes reality and virtue and rejects established church doctrine.

New Laws IV

I. Repeal—Under pressure from British merchants, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. II. Significance of the Stamp Act: 1. It united colonial opposition. 2. Forced the British to back down. 3. Led Britain to take a more drastic step.

The Boston Tea Party

I. Tea Act (1773)—Created a monopoly on tea for the failing British East India Company. Resented by colonists because it deprived them of choice. II. The Boston Tea Party (1773)— 150 men disguised as Indians, but clearly members of the Sons of Liberty dumped tea overboard. This led to a severe British response.

The Aztecs (Mexica)

I. The Aztecs (Central Mexico) I. Strongest city was Tenochtitlan. II. A warrior people who subjugated and sacrificed surrounding peoples. III. They built a sophisticated society with roads, irrigation, and advanced legal and political systems.

English Reaction to the Boston Tea Party

I. The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (1774): 1. Closed the Port of Boston. 2. Restricted town & colonial governments in Massachusetts. 3. British soldiers to be tried outside of the colony. 4. In all colonies, Army can be posted to vacant buildings & barns. II. Quebec Act (1773) 1. Expanded the borders of Quebec which wiped out colonial claims. 2. Recognized the Catholic Church as the established church of Quebec. 3. Made it seem as if Parliament was blatantly hostile to the interests of American colonists.

Britain Cracks Down

I. The Declaratory Act (1766)— Stated that Parliament had authority over the colonies in "all cases whatsoever." II. Reduction of Tensions—There was a brief reduction in tension after the passage of the Declaratory Act.

The Great Awakening I

I. The Great Awakening—A period of intense, religious excitement from the 1720s- 1740s. II. Preconditions for the Great Awakening—Prior to the GA, religious fervor declined in colonial America.

The Maya

I. The Maya (Southern Mexico and Central America) •Reached their peak before European contact. •Created an advanced society with cities, pyramids, a written language, etc. •Declined as result of ecological disaster, overpopulation/internal fighting, and the emergence of the rival Toltecs.

The Legal Framework

I. The Right to Regulate— England had already established the right to regulate trade in the 13 colonies. II. Navigation Acts-Starting in the late 1600s, England passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts. According to the laws: 1. All trade involving the colonies had to be done in English ships. 2. Certain "enumerated goods" had to first go to England or an English controlled port. 3. All goods going from Europe to the colonies have to first go to England. 4. The laws aren't really enforced until 1763.

New Laws II

I. The Stamp Act (1765)— A tax on all legal documents in the colonies. Generated immediate anger. II. The Sons of Liberty— Formed in Boston in response to the Stamp Act. 1. Often use violence to protest British policies.

New Laws I

I. The Sugar Act (1764)— Tax on the importation of foreign molasses. 1. Reduces the cost of sugar, but means a tax will actually be collected. 2. Colonists believe its unfair because it wasn't so much a trade regulation as a tax. 3. Colonists believed they could not be taxed without representation.

Conflict

I. Threat to Britain—New France formed a ring around British settlement in North America. II. Conflict—European conflicts often spilled over into the colonies. England and France fought often in the late 1600s/1700s. III. Wars: I. King William's War (1689-1699) II. Queen Anne's War (1701-1713) III. King George's War (1744-1748) IV. Seven Years (French and Indian War) (1754-1763)

Trade: Three Basic Routes

I. To England and Back—Raw goods exchanged for higher quality goods. II. To West Indies and Back—Trade with English-owned islands, as well as Spanish, French, and Dutch owned islands. III. Triangular Trade Route—Exchange of goods and peoples between America, Europe, and Africa.

The Townshend Duties and the Boston Massacre

I. Unrest—Resistance in Boston leads to an increased British troop presence. II. The Boston Massacre (1770)— A confrontation between Bostonians and British soldiers leads to the death of colonists and generates outrage in the colonies. I. Has huge propaganda value.

The Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania II

I."Holy Experiment"—Pennsylvania is dubbed a "Holy Experiment" because of its founders attempts to tolerate a variety of groups. II.Settlers—Quakers, Many German farmers fleeing Central Europe, Scots—Irish, and other groups. III."Redemptioners"—Akin to indentured servitude. A migrant would have to obtain payment upon arrival from a friend or relative or enter into a labor contract. IV.Economy—Lots of family farms that grow wheat. Middle colonies are the "breadbasket" of colonial America.

The Puritans IV

I.Fears—As the colony grows, the sense of purpose brought by the original settlers' fades. They began to fear their grandchildren are not part of the "elect." II.Salem Witch Trials-1690s. One interpretation is the trials are a manifestation of the tensions in the colony. The accused were often women that challenged social norms.

Pilgrims I

I.Flight from England—The Pilgrims flee persecution by escaping to the Netherlands then America. II.American Settlement—The Pilgrims were initially supposed to land in an area of land under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company. III.Mayflower Compact—The first written governing document in America. Drafted out of necessity.

The Puritans I

I.Massachusetts Bay Company—Created to facilitate Puritan settlement in America. Its charter gives the Puritans substantial independence from English control. II.John Winthrop—Leader of the expedition and future governor. Selects colonists carefully. III.Massachusetts Bay Colony—The Puritans set up a colony in present-day Massachusetts. IV.Puritan New England—Puritans spread throughout the region to set up colonies in places such as Connecticut, Rhode Island, etc.

Significance of the Archaic Indians (9,000-3,000 years ago)

Led to the development of more sophisticated American Indian cultures (had permitted settlements) (beginning of Agriculture)

The Puritans V

Legacies: 1."A Shining City on a Hill"—John Winthrop's proclamation provides the idea of a high moral purpose for America. 2.Strong faith in Education—The Puritans placed a high value on education and set up British North America's first college. 3.Belief in Democracy—Towns decide who is qualified to vote. A vibrant democracy flourishes there as qualifications for voting are eliminated over time. 4.Abolitionists—New England becomes the center of the abolitionist movement in the United States.

African Slavery in the Colonial Period

Middle Passage—The brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic. 1. The configuration of the slave trading ships were designed to maximize profit. 2. Little food and water provided 3. At least 15% of the enslaved die on each voyage. 4. Survivors arrived in a weakened state.

Development of Slavery III

Reasons: I. Reduction in white labor supply—Wages in England increase decreasing the numbers of indentured servants arriving. II. Need for a servile work force—Still need one and Englishmen cannot be enslaved by other Englishmen. III. English entry into the slave trade—Formation of the Royal Africa Company in 1670. IV. Health factors—African slaves were more resistant to malaria and yellow fever. V. Elite's fear of an insurrection—Perhaps the most important reason. Triggered by events like Bacon's rebellion.

The Puritans II

Some Characteristics of the Puritans I.Formation of Christian Communities—Utopian communities centered around faith. II.Family/Congregational Groups—Family and church were the centers of Puritan life. III.Town—The basic unit of government in Puritan New England. IV.Subsistence Agriculture—More about feeding your family than making money from selling cash crops. V.Less Stratification—Society wasn't as highly stratified as in England or in the southern colonies.

Jamestown

Struggles: 1. Shortage of food—The colony was regularly threatened by famine. 2. Health conditions—Poor drinking water, malaria, poor sanitation. 3. Poor relations with Indians—For the most part, English colonists treated the Indians in a haughty & disdainful manner.

African Slavery in the Colonial Period (Continued)

Three Key Points: I. Only a small percentage of African slaves actually went to British North America. II. The slaves experienced a greater rate of natural increase in the 13 colonies than elsewhere. III. African slaves were originally not one group at all.

Development of Slavery IV

Two main points: 1. Slavery did not occur automatically or naturally. It evolved in response to a certain set of circumstances including: shortage of labor, white discontent, and availability of Africans. 2. The idea of freedom evolved and changed over time. Eventually, it came to the point that one was either slave or free.

New France Characteristics

a.Few actual settlers. b.Establish friendly relationships with Indian tribes. c.French explorers lay claim to land in the midwestern United States and along the Mississippi River. Found cities such as Detroit and New Orleans.

Pilgrims vs. Puritans intro

•England's other American colonies were located in the mid-Atlantic and northeast. •These colonies take a different path from the southern colonies: •New England= Faith over profit. •The Middle Colonies=Greater diversity and a focus on farming crops like wheat. "Breadbasket." •Neither New England nor the middle colonies have as many slaves as the southern colonies. •Understanding these differences helps to explain the present-day U.S. and why the American Civil War occurred.

New France

•Giovanni da Verrazano—An Italian explorer who worked on behalf of France. He explored the Atlantic coastline of the present-day U.S. •Jacques Cartier—French explorer who sailed the St. Lawrence river and established a settlement at present-day Montreal in 1540. •Samuel de Champlain—The "Father of New France." Leads 27 expeditions to the New World.

New Spain: New Mexico

•In the late 1500s, Juan De Onate received a land grant to the territory north of the Rio Grande river and settled it with 250 colonists. •Santa Fe, New Mexico—First permanent seat of government in the present-day United States. •Spanish motives=Gold + silver and Christianizing the Pueblo Indians. •The Spanish focus their efforts on Christianizing the Pueblo after discovering little gold. •Mistreatment of the Pueblo leads to revolts including the Pueblo Revolt.

New Spain: Florida

•Ponce De Leon—Explored Florida in 1513. First Spaniard to explore Florida. •St. Augustine—Founded in 1565. First permanent European settlement in the present-day United States. •The Spanish were motivated to create this permanent settlement by French efforts to colonize Florida. •The Spanish also introduced new crops such as oranges and animals such as cattle to Florida and establish a series of towns with Christianized Indians and Spanish.

The Incan Empire

•The Incas controlled a 2,500-mile area that stretched from Chile to Colombia. •The Inca were ruled by an empire and had a sophisticated society with irrigation, a network of stone highways, and places to store food in a time of famine. •The problem, however, is the Incan Empire stretched over such a vast territory and encompassed such a variety of peoples that it was difficult to maintain.