Hist 102 - Midterm 1 Ch. 15 & 16

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

- Aztec warrior elite males were forbidden to marry local women, but they took many concubines.

Wari and Tiwanaku had certain similarities, such as all of the following EXCEPT:

- Despite obvious signs of rebellion, it is clear that the commoners respected and protected temples and temple sculptures.

Wari culture seems to have been more active in ________ than its Tiwanaku counterpart.

- Founding colonies

Among the inhabitants of Tiwanaku, a wooden foot plow with perhaps a bronze blade seems to have been the main farming implement, but:

- Hard archaeological proof remains elusive.

Mehmet II besieged and conquered Constantinople within ________ in 1453.

2 months

In many places, the ____________-mile Incan road network still exists today.

25,000

The most prominent of the small Maya states, Chichén Itzá in the northern lowlands, flourished from about ____________.

850 to 1000

Both the Habsburgs and the Ottomans renewed the traditional Islamic-Christian imperialism which had characterized the period of 600-950 and which had given way to the Muslim and Christian commonwealths of _________.

950-1450

Tenochtitlaìn was:

A city established one of the islands in the Valley of Mexico.

Pulque was:

A fermented drink made from the pulp of the maguey plant.

Employing ________, researchers have revealed a huge area in the Purus region of the Amazon rainforest that was home to perhaps 60,000 inhabitants in the thirteenth century.

Aerial photography

All of the following is true of Chichén Itzá EXCEPT:

Because of the dearth of available resources, Chichén Itzá could not develop merchant groups or participate in regional trade.

The Spanish fiscal-military state reached its mature phase of centralization under the rule of:

Charles V

_________ inherited Habsburg territories throughout Europe and the Inca and Aztec Empires in the Americas when he became Emperor in 1516.

Charles V

The Ottomans benefited from the trade of a new commodity, _____________, which was produced in Ethiopia and Yemen.

Coffee

_________ were autonomously-operating Christians or Muslims who pirated ships, confiscated their cargoes and held their crew and travelers for ransom.

Corsairs

Unlike his counterparts like Isabella and Ferdinand, the Ottoman sultan:

Could prevent noble sons from inheriting lands from their fathers.

The outstanding painter of Spain during Philip II's reign was El Greco, who had received his early training in his native _____________.

Crete

After the sack of Rome in 1527, Leo Africanus (otherwise known as Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan):

Disappeared from Rome, and presumably returned to North Africa.

Because any target beyond the range of four days' march (roughly 40 miles) from Tula was beyond the capabilities of the Toltec army to subdue, they __________ instead.

Established colonies

Toward the end of the ___________ century, an emerging Aztec elite was firmly integrated with the ruling classes of many of the two dozen or so city-states around the Valley of Mexico.

Fourteenth

The Ottomans and the _________ dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600.

Indian Mughals

An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury.

Janissaries

Toward the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman sultans equipped their Janissaries with cannons and _________.

Muskets

When he gathered his clan and declared himself an independent ruler in 1299, the Turkish warlord Osman was nominally subject to the:

Seljuks.

After staying three months on the first Bahaman island he found, Christopher Columbus returned to Iberia with ________ and a small quantity of gold.

Seven captured Caribbean islanders.

A(n) __________ warrior organization called the Safavids proclaimed 14-year-old Ismail their Hidden Imam in 1501.

Shiite.

_________ was the stage of many royal and public celebrations in the city of Istanbul.

The Hippodrome

All of the following is true of communications in the Inca empire EXCEPT:

The rugged, mountainous terrain prevented the construction of roads of the same quality as those in the Aztec empire.

The expulsion of the Jews from "Sefarad", as Spain was called in Hebrew, was designed:

To strengthen the "Christian unity" of Iberia.

The _________ Sarayi or "Palace of the Gun Gate," begun in 1459, incorporated a royal residence, an imperial administrative school for the training of bureaucrats, barracks for the troops of Janissaries, an armory and a hospital, and it became an object of both fear and fascination for the Sultan's subjects.

Topkapi

During the second half of the fifteenth century, the Incas:

Turned from conquest to consolidation.

In 1498, _________ reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India.

Vasco Da Gama

Perhaps the most important mit'a obligation which subject households owed to the Inca in the conquest phase of their empire was the service of ____________.

Young men between 18 and 30 years of age in the military

Iberian Muslims were known as _________.

moriscos

All of the following are true of the state of Wari EXCEPT:

- It seems to have had less control over elites than most other empires in the Americas.

The Aztec and Inca empires which developed in the early fifteenth century were different from the earlier expanding states in that:

- The Aztec and Incan empires were states with capitals and ceremonial centers, and vastly larger tributary hinterlands.

All of the following were true of the Incan empire EXCEPT:

- The name of the empire, "Tawantinsuyu," means "Land of Warriors."

After conquering a city-state, the Incas instituted a decimal system of population organization to provide the necessary numbers for the mit'a, or '__________'.

- To take a turn

In Tiwanaku society, llamas were used as transportation animals and as a __________.

-Food source

Beginning in the 1990s and on the basis of the study of terra preta, scholars proposed that indigenous peoples in the Amazonian rainforests:

Had employed slash and char techniques, reducing trees to nutrient-rich charcoal

The naval Battle of _________ was the culminating victory of this Holy Christian League over the Ottoman Turks and one that would dangerously sap the Ottomans' supply of experienced naval manpower.

Lepanto

Around 900, migrants speaking the language __________ arrived in the vicinity of the collapsed Teotihuacán.

Nahuatl

The Aztecs created an imperial polity from the Pacific to the Gulf, from Tarasco 200 miles to the northwest, to __________, over 500 miles to the south.

Oaxaca

The chacmool, or __________, can be found in several Mesoamerican sites, as far north as Tenochtitlán and Tula.

Offering table

Toward the middle of the fifteenth century, Aztec rulers set up a military school system for the sons of the elite plus those commoners who were to become __________.

Priests

The Shehzade and Süleymaniye mosques in Istanbul and the Selimiye mosque in Edirne were designed by __________.

Sinan

In an effort to deal a definitive blow to the Ottoman naval threat, the Holy Christian League was formed consisting of _________.

Spain, the Pope, Venice and Genoa.

The Incas built tens of thousands of _________ everywhere in their empire, requiring subjects to supply the nearest one in their vicinity.

Storehouses

Another commonality between the Aztec and Inca capitals of the fifteenth century is:

That they were among the largest cities of the world.

The apogee of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as:

the Magnificent

During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V?

war with England

The Incans did all of the following with their mummies (mallquis) except:

- Yes - Dressing them in fine clothing - Yes - Furnishing them daily meals - Yes - Carrying them around to visit mummified relatives - False - Using them to terrorize enemy armies

Growing to a city of 30,000 inhabitants by the seventh century, Wari enlarged its agricultural base through the expansion of __________.

-Terrace farming

The problems identified in the textbook as leading to the deterioration of the late Mayan states included all of the following EXCEPT:

-The area experienced uncontrollable population growth, as was true in China.

Like the Romans, and despite the fact that they lacked wheeled transport, the Incas were well aware of how crucial paved and well-supplied roads were for ___________.

-Transporting soldiers

The largest Maya kingdoms grew to 50,000-60,000 inhabitants and reached astounding rural population densities of about ___________ persons per square mile.

1000

With the introduction of gunpowder and firearms, the fiscal-military states of the period starting around ________ became much more powerful enterprises which would, in turn, evolve into absolutist and ultimately national states.

1450

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate by __________.

1492.