Hist 102 Midterm Exam Multiple Study Guide (1-150)
The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________ method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.
"patio"
The following sequence of events is correct:
1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation 2) French War of Religion 3) Thirty Years' War 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England.
The New Sciences were allowed to flourish in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands and England, mainly because of:
A certain liberty of investigation that other areas lacked.
The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in:
A short-lived theocracy.
In the presence of the German emperor Ferdinand III in 1672, Otto von Guericke demonstrated that:
A vacuum could be created by pumping the air out of two sealed spheres.
On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.
Bartholomew
In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there.
London
Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of ____________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces.
Louis XIV
Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an Aztec slave who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Malinche
Under Sultan Süleyman I, the fiscal-military state of the Ottomans reached its apogee as the sultan was able to finance a massive expansion of the military and bureaucracy, which along with the ________ formed a centralized state.
Royal household
When he gathered his clan and declared himself an independent ruler in 1299, the Turkish warlord Osman was nominally subject to the:
Seljuks
The Incas built tens of thousands of _________ everywhere in their empire, requiring subjects to supply the nearest one in their vicinity.
Storehouses
Features of the late Maya States in the Yucatán included all of the following EXCEPT:
Surprisingly, there was little if any centralization of political authority.
When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.
Tenochtitlán
The Aztec and Inca empires which developed in the early fifteenth century were different from the earlier expanding states in that:
The Aztec and Incan empires were states with capitals and ceremonial centers, and vastly larger tributary hinterlands.
All of the problems below began disturbing Roman Catholic laypeople and some clergy from the later 15th century onward, EXCEPT:
The Church's high taxation of peasants.
All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT:
The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany.
The framing device of Cervantes' Don Quixote, the figure of Cide Hamete Benengeli who chronicles the novel's 74 episodes, suggests that:
The narrator may be lying, since he is a perfidious Muslim.
The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the:
The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II.
The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:
The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.
The most original contribution of Sinan to Ottoman architecture was:
To adapt the dome-over-a-square concept from Roman designs.
After conquering a city-state, the Incas instituted a decimal system of population organization to provide the necessary numbers for the mit'a, or '__________'.
Too take a turn
During the second half of the fifteenth century, the Incas:
Turned from conquest to consolidation.
2.) All of the following are true of the state of Wari EXCEPT:
it seems to have had less control over elites than most other empires in the Americas.
By the second half of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was a vast multiethnic and multireligious state of some ______________ inhabitants.
15 million
The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware.
Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet.
All of the following statements are true of the Portuguese interaction or contacts in West Africa EXCEPT:
African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting Portuguese iron plow shears.
When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________ inhabitants.
5 million
The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world.
Amsterdam
Potable water was made available in Tenochtitlán by means of:
An aqueduct that arrived on one of the western causeways.
All of the following are true except.
Aztec warrior elite males were forbidden to marry local women, but they took many concubines.
All of the following is true of Chichén Itzá EXCEPT:
Because of the dearth of available resources, Chichén Itzá could not develop merchant groups or participate in regional trade.
For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.
Bolivia
Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________.
Calvinism
The outstanding painter of Spain during Philip II's reign was El Greco, who had received his early training in his native _____________.
Crete
The southern Peruvian city-state of _________, with its Inca elite, emerged in the early fifteenth century at the head of a highly militaristic, conquering polity.
Cuzco
Philip II built the massive palatial complex of _________, incorporating a royal residence, a monastic school and a royal necropolis, a very short distance away from the then small provincial city of Madrid.
El Escorial
The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________ entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.
Encomiendas
In Tiwanaku society, llamas were used as transportation animals and as a __________.
Food source
The practice of the devșirme contradicted Islamic law, which:
Forbade the enslavement of "peoples of the Book".
Because _________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars.
French
The alliance between the Ottomans and the __________ horrified western Europe in 1534 because it indicated that the Ottoman Empire was a player in European politics.
French
In "Patterns Up Close," the author believes all of the following to be true about ritual human sacrifice EXCEPT:
From first-hand reports and archeological evidence, we can ascertain the exact extent it was practiced by Aztec and Inca societies.
Beginning in the 1990s and on the basis of the study of terra preta, scholars proposed that indigenous peoples in the Amazonian rain forests:
Had employed slash and char techniques, reducing trees to nutrient-rich charcoal.
The following statement is true of John Calvin:
He believed that all humans were predestined for heaven or hell before their birth.
By declaring that "Paris is well worth a Mass", Henry IV meant that:
He would convert to Catholicism in order to hold France together.
When the Spanish arrived in Mexico, the Nahuatl-speaking residents of Tlaxcala were:
Held out in opposition to the Aztec core and supplied soldiers to the Spanish.
An expedition sent out the Portuguese king ___________ the Navigator captured the city of Ceuta on the North African coast in 1415.
Henry
An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury.
Janissaries
In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise.
Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper.
Fought in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1571, the Christians won the Battle of _________ thanks to their superior naval tactics.
Lepanto
The ____________ cast doubt on the impression created by the Spanish conquerors of the magnitude of human sacrifice among the Aztecs.
Minuscule numbers of victims' bodies found at Tenochtitlán.
During the Reconquista, Iberian Christians sought to rid the peninsula of:
Muslim rule
The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York.
Philadelphia
The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______ in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico.
Potosí
The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.
Racial mixture
After staying three months on the first Bahaman island he found, Christopher Columbus returned to Iberia with ________ and a small quantity of gold.
Seven captured Caribbean islanders
All of the following are true of Maria Cunitz, one of the most remarkable scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century, EXCEPT:
She was a nun who lived and studied among the Cistercian monks.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas?
The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population.
The city of Tula, originally formed by craftsmen and farmers fleeing the collapsed state of Teotihuacán:
The city of Tula, originally formed by craftsmen and farmers fleeing the collapsed state of Teotihuacán:
One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements in the Brazilian interior was:
The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.
The Aztec foundation myth has all of the following elements EXCEPT:
Their hunter/warrior patron god ordered them to show their gratitude by the sacrifice of virgin maidens at the beginning of each lunar cycle.
In 1498, _________ reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India.
Vasco Da Gama
Inca weaponry
Was metallurgically superior to Aztec, often including the use of very hard bronze.
The indigo plant, which _____________, contributed to a booming economy in South Carolina starting in the 1740s.
Was processed into a dye.
In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:
Were equal in percentage of the population to Creoles
In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.
Western Hispaniola
1.) The Toltec state introduced all of the following military innovations EXCEPT:
Wheeled chariots that were used to terrify the enemy.
Perhaps the most important mit'a obligation which subject households owed to the Inca in the conquest phase of their empire was the service of ____________.
Young men between 18 and 30 years of age in the military.
At the very end of the period of Teotihuacán, Maya, and Toltec expansion, the three cultural traditions finally merged in the ____________, but the merger did not last long.
Yucatán Peninsula
"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the _______ language).
French
A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated.
Guadalupe
All of the following is true of the period called "The Renaissance," EXCEPT:
Byzantine, or Eastern Orthodox, Christianity became more influential in Western Europe, weakening the Roman papacy and leaving it vulnerable to Protestant incursions.
A standoff between the Parliament and King _________ of England (and Scotland) led to civil war and the king's execution in 1649.
Charles I
The Spanish fiscal-military state reached its mature phase of centralization under the rule of:
Charles. V
In his preface, Cervantes claimed he had written Don Quixote of La Mancha to "ridicule the absurdity" of notions of ___________.
Chivalry
The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was:
Christ's command to covert the heathen populations in the newly discovered lands.
The innovations of Desiderius Erasmus helped lay the foundations for modern:
Critical textual research
Cortés captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.
Cuauhtémoc
Coffeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read __________, and exchange ideas.
Daily newspapers
The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world.
Diseases
Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648.
Dutch
During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V?
England
The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________.
English-Scottish union of 1707.
Because any target beyond the range of four days' march (roughly 40 miles) from Tula was beyond the capabilities of the Toltec army to subdue, they __________ instead.
Established Colonies
The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.
Estremadura
Wari culture seems to have been more active in ________ than its Tiwanaku counterpart.
Founding colonies
Toward the end of the ___________ century, an emerging Aztec elite was firmly integrated with the ruling classes of many of the two dozen or so city-states around the Valley of Mexico.
Fourteenth
At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south.
Francisco Pizarro
The lasting achievement of the Marquise de Châtelet was:
Her translation of Newton's Mathematical Principles from Latin into French.
The Ottomans and the _________ dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600.
Indian Mughals
Since the Portuguese had pioneered a direct route from Europe to India via Africa, the _________ became another front of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the race to gain dominance over the lucrative spice trade.
Indian ocean
The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources.
Indigo and rice
All of the following were true of Tenochtitlán EXCEPT:
Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated.
The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________ who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs.
Merchant investors
A(n) __________ warrior organization called the Safavids proclaimed 14-year-old Ismail their Hidden Imam in 1501.
Shiite
34.) The Shehzade and Süleymaniye mosques in Istanbul and the Selimiye mosque in Edirne were designed by __________.
Sinan
The final provinces added to the Inca empire, in the __________ century, were in northern Ecuador as well as on the eastern slopes of the Andes.
Sixteenth
Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.
Slave raids
The Ottoman army carried all wages, gunpowder, weapons, and the majority of its food in its wagons and barges because:
Soldiers were not permitted to provision themselves from the belongings of villagers.