Hist. 128 Exam 3

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with the Confederacy. They owned slaves and felt like they had a common cause with the South. Confederate government took over federal payments for the tribes and invited them to send delegates to the Confederate conference. In return tribes supplied troops for the army. Some Cherokees and the Plain Indians sided with the Union but were not rewarded well.

Compromise of 1850

Complex compromise devised by Senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state, included stronger fugitive slave laws, and delayed determination of of the slave status of the New Mexico and Utah territories

Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863

Declaration issued by President Lincoln; preliminary proclamation released September of 1862 freed slaves in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863, date of the final proclamation - this date also authorized the enrollment of black soldiers into the Union Army.

Dred Scott

Dred Scott v. Sanford - 1857 U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, on the grounds that such a prohibition would violate the 5th Amendment rights of slave holders, and that no black person could be a citizen of the U.S.; A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Black codes

Laws passed from 1865-66 in southern states restricting the rights of former slaves; to nullify these codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment; Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Rise of Political Parties

The Electoral System broke down in the Election of 1800; The appearance of political parties had been to encourage debate over government policy. Revolutionary-era Americans had condemned political factions as anti republican, and the new state and national constitutions made no mention of political parties. This however quickly changed.

Popular Sovereignty

program that allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves

Gabriel's Rebellion

1800 uprising planned by Virginian slaves to gain their freedom; plot led by blacksmith named Gabriel, but was discovered and squashed

Free-Soil Party

1848; Political organization formed to oppose slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War; Martin Van Buren was elected president; by 1854, most of the members had joined the Republican Party.

Declaration of Sentiments

1848; document created by Elizabeth Cady Stanton modelled after the Declaration of Independance, where women listed their complaints against men - outlined goals of the women's rights movement; A formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Sentiments means "beliefs" or "convictions"

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephan A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issues for themselves; fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" and the formation of the Republican Party

Bleeding Kansas

1856 - Violence between pro and anti-slavery settlers of Kansas Territory; A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent; Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Mercy Otis Warren

A 19th century American historian who wrote a 3-volume history of the American Revolution.; 18th-19th c., a political writer and propagandist of the American Revolution and early Republican era; (Period 3: 1754-1800) American anti-British writer and playwright; "Conscience of the American Revolution"; America's first female playwright; first woman to create a Jeffersonian interpretation of the Revolution

Cotton as King

"Cotton Is King" = phrase from senator James Henry Hammond's speech in March of 1858 extolling the virtues of cotton and slave system of production that led to its bounty for the South

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.; A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.; A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.; attended Women's Rights conference by Stanton and friend

Wilmot Proviso

(1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate; Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North; A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching sanctuary in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States

South Carolina Ordinance of Secession

- ordinance of nullification that repudiated the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832; (1828) Written by John C. Calhoun; Document that protests against the Tariff of 1828 and stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede; led to Calhoun's Doctrine of Nullification which had the same idea as the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; South Carolina's reasons for secession include John Brown, the Election of 1860, persecution of slavery, and the Underground Railroad.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom; ..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913); (c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people.

Southern planters (farmers)

An individual who owned a plantation was known as a planter. Historians of the antebellum South have generally defined "planter" most precisely as a person owning property (real estate) and 20 or more slaves.[1] The wealthiest planters, such as the Virginia elite with plantations near the James River, owned more land and slaves than other farmers. Tobacco was the major cash crop in the Upper South (in the original Chesapeake Bay Colonies of Virginia and Maryland, and in parts of the Carolinas).

19th-century slave resistance

During the early 19th century, major conspiracies or revolts against slavery took place in Richmond, Virginia, in 1800; in Louisiana in 1811; in Barbados in 1816; in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822; in Demerara in 1823; and in Jamaica and in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831; Slave revolts were most likely when slaves outnumbered whites, when masters were absent, during periods of economic distress, and when there was a split within the ruling elite. They were also most common when large numbers of native-born Africans had been brought into an area at one time.

Slaves' forms of resistance

Enslaved African Americans resisted slavery in a variety of active and passive ways. "Day-to-day resistance" was the most common form of opposition to slavery. Breaking tools, feigning illness, staging slowdowns, and committing acts of arson and sabotage--all were forms of resistance and expression of slaves' alienation from their masters. Running away was another form of resistance. Most slaves ran away relatively short distances and were not trying to permanently escape from slavery. Instead, they were temporarily withholding their labor as a form of economic bargaining and negotiation. Slavery involved a constant process of negotiation as slaves bargained over the pace of work, the amount of free time they would enjoy, monetary rewards, access to garden plots, and the freedom to practice burials, marriages, and religious ceremonies free from white oversight. Some fugitives did try to permanently escape slavery. While the idea of escaping slavery quickly brings to mind the Underground Railroad to the free states, in fact more than half of these runaways headed southward or to cities or to natural refuges like swamps. Often, runaways were relatively privileged slaves who had served as river boatmen or coachmen and were familiar with the outside world.

Gettysburg

Epic 3-day battle during Civil War; July 1-3, 1863; confederate defeat and loss at Vicksburg in southern Pennsylvania; turning point in the war and the beginning of the end for the Confederate Army.

Slave marriage

Marriages between slaves were informal unions, but they had distinct ceremonies and customs. Such as jumping the broom, recognizing the two slaves a couple. Surprisingly some slave owners would even perform the marriages themselves. Slave marriage increased autonomy; Slaves begin to form family structures, multigenerational nuclear family structures, want to be recognized as officially married couple, form of social control, planter paternalism, prevented major slave rebellion, motivating force, sense of hope, part of the family

President Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln, he was impeached in 1868 for violating the Tenure in Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval; he was found not guilty in his impeachment trial, so he was not removed from office.; became president after Lincoln's assassination. Many thought he was too easy on the South. Congress impeached him but he was not removed from office; had many failures but successfully protected the Monroe doctrine in Mexico and purchased Alaska from Russia which was of great benefit to the country. He was also the first president to be Impeached beginning March 13, 1868.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in early 1800s; reaction to growth of secularism and rationalist religion; lead to Baptism and Methodist Churches

Abolitionists

Social movement of pre-Civil War era that advocated for the immediate emancipation of the slaves and their incorporation into American society as equal citizens; Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry);

First state to secede from the Union

South Carolina in Civil War

Greater United States

The territory that is owned and operated by the US

Battle of Bull Run

Two part battle of Civil War; first land engagement of Civil War; First Part: July 21st, 1861 in Virginia at which Union troops had to quickly retreat. Second Part: One year later, August 29-30, 1862 - Confederates captured federal supply depot and forced Union army back to Washington

Black soldiers for the Confederacy

acknowledged that the Confederacy legally prohibited slaves from fighting as soldiers until the last month of the war. But they argue that 10 percent of the Confederate states' 250,000 free blacks enlisted as soldiers, and that thousands of loyal slaves fought alongside their masters even though the Confederacy prohibited it; built roads, batteries and fortifications; manned munitions factories; Their expressions of loyalty to the Confederacy stemmed from hopes of better treatment and from fears of being enslaved. In several communities they formed rebel companies or offered other forms of support to the Confederacy.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.; Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.; Was called "Unconditional Surrender" Grant- when he captured Fort Donelson he told the Confederates that he would not accept any terms except unconditional and immediate surrender

Slave religion

combined African traditions and Christian beliefs; A distinctive version of Christianity adopted by slaves in the face of hardship. A blend of African traditions and Christian belief, slave religion was practiced in secret nighttime meetings on plantations and in ''praise meetings.''

Empire-building in American West

lecture notes

Southern paternalism

the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves. basically, southerners convinced themselves that the slave system benefited all of its participants, including slaves; The belief in the south that the slave system benefited all of its participants, including the slaves, and relied on the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves; This was the idea that the white Southern Plantation owners had a right and responsibility to restrict the freedoms of those thought inferior to them. This was a justification for slavery because whites were viewed as superior to blacks and therefore gave white men right to rule over, own, and dominate any black.