HIST 1302 Chapter 26 Haney

Stagflation

A combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation in 1970's

Taliban

A faction of Islamic fundamentalists that came to power in Afghanistan

Neoconservatives

A group of intellectuals who charged that the 1960's had produced a decline in moral standards and respect for authority.

Philadelphia Plan

A plan that required construction contractors on federal projects hire specific numbers of minority workers

Vietnamization

A plan where troops would gradually be withdrawn while South Vietnamese soldiers continued fighting

Affirmative action

A program to upgrade minority employment

Pentagon Papers

A report tha traced American involvement in Vietnam back to WWII

Salvador Allende

A socialist elected as Chile President

Strategic Defense Initiative

A space based system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles

Identify the number of Americans killed in the Vietnam War, as well as the estimated number of Vietnamese.

About 58,000 Americans were killed. 3 to 4 million Vietnamese were killed.

Explain how the My Lai massacre and the publication of the Pentagon Papers affected public attitudes about the Vietnam War.

American soldiers massacred 350 South Vietnamese civilians. This turned many Americans further against the war. The Pentagon Papers traced American involvement in Vietnam back to WWII and how American presidents misled the American people about it.

Identify the key ways in which the sexual revolution that began in the 1960s began to affect marriage patterns, the birthrate, and divorce rates.

Americans accepted premarital sex. Divorce rate doubled. The age at which men and women married increased. Women had half as many children as in the 50's. Birthrate declined. More divorces than first-time marriages.

Explain how rising oil prices contributed to the 1970s economic crisis of "stagflation," and identify stagflation's two main features.

Arab states imposed high prices on oil to America in order to retaliate for its support of Israel. It also enacted an oil embargo against the US.

Explain how Nixon's decision to take the U.S. off of the gold standard was supposed to promote U.S. exports and reduce imports.

By taking U.S off the gold standard this made American good cheaper overseas and made foreign products more expensive. Promote exports and reduce imports.

Describe the Carter Administration's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and explain why that response had far-reaching consequences, including the rise of the Taliban.

Carter placed a boycott on grain exports to the Soviet Union and the Moscow Olympics. He increased American military spending. The US began to send aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan to fight against the Soviets. This resulted in the Taliban.

Summarize the Carter Administration's economic policies, particularly its approaches to government spending and the regulation of business.

Carter viewed inflation, rather than unemployment, as the main economic issue. He cut funding for domestic programs and enacted deregulation in transport/shipping, such as trucking and airline. Carter implemented tax cuts for the wealthy in hopes they would stimulate investment in American industries. Congress also repealed usury laws.

Describe the effect that stagflation and "deindustrialization" had on the nation's industrial centers, like Detroit and Chicago.

Caused manufacturers to rely on automation and cheaper labor, both in the US and overseas. This resulted in the older manufacturing cities like Detroit and Chicago to shut down their plants or radically reduce their labor.

Recount the events leading up to and including the overthrow of Chile's president, Salvador Allende on September 11, 1973, and assess the role of the Nixon Administration in these events.

Chile elected Allende as President. CIA worked with his opponents to destabilize his regime and overthrow his rule. Pinochet overthrew and killed Allende in a military coup. Pinochet took power as dictator. Nixon didn't war Allende but backed Pinochet.

Define the 1970s conservative movement's conception of freedom, and contrast it with that of the liberalism and social activism of the 1960s.

Conservative movement approved the freedom from government intervention, freedom of association, and freedom of local control. Conservatives used grass roots organization and tools to promote their candidates and ideals.

Religious right

Devout christians taking on responsibility for social reform

Describe what the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposed to accomplish, and explain how its opponents argued successfully against it.

ERA sought to eliminate obstacles to women participating in the workforce and modern society. Its opponents wanted traditional roles for women as wives and homemakers. They argued that this would let men off the hook for providing assistance to their wives and children. Amendment failed to achieve ratification due to conservatives.

Explain how the tax reductions supported by 1970s conservatives were supposed to affect business activity and government programs, and use California's Proposition 13 as an illustration.

Economic distress resulted in critique of government rather than seeking government support. Prop 13 provided tax cuts to businesses and home owners, while significantly reducing funds for schools and public libraries. They believed in limited government support of public programs and services and low taxes for families and firms.

Explain how the revelations of the Cold War activities of the FBI and CIA that followed the Watergate scandal further deepened Americans' mistrust of their government.

Every administration took part in abusive actions of power beginning with the Cold War. The FBI had spied on millions of Americans and tried to disrupt the civil rights movement.

Summarize the approach of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren Burger toward civil rights, and use the busing controversy to illustrate the challenges in desegregating America's schools.

Expected to lead justices in conservative direction White parents wanted to avoid integration

Watergate break-in

Fiver former employees of Nixon broke in at Democratic Party headquarters in Watergate apartment complex looking for something

Jimmy Carter

Former governor of Georgia. Ran for president as an "outsider". Embraced aspirations of black Americans.

Iran-Contra Affair

Greatest scandal of Reagan's presidency Basically, U.S had banned aid to the Contras who were fighting the gov't of Nicaragua. Reagan authorized the sale of arms to Iran who was fighting Iraq to release American hostages. The money from selling the arms was given to the Contras and this lasted for 2 years.

Characterize President Richard M. Nixon in terms of whether he reflected the ideals of liberalism, of conservatism, some of each, or neither.

Had BOTH liberal and conservative values. Echoed conservative language when condemnation of student protesters and calls for law and order In office he expanded welfare state and focused mainly on foreign policy(improving relations with Soviet and China)

Explain how Nixon's attitude toward his critics and opponents is revealed in his administration's "enemies list" and the Watergate break-in.

He viewed every critic and opponent as a threat to national security and developed an enemy list of reporters, politicians, and celebrities unfriendly to the administration. Five of Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Democratic Party headquarters, but were caught by police and arrested. Nixon was revealed to be involved and he resigned as a result.

Ronald Reagan

His campaign for presidency was a conservative tide

Identify the key groups that voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 (regionally, demographically, culturally).

His campaign united Sunbelt suburbanites, urban working-class ethnics, antigovernment crusaders, advocates of more aggressive foreign policy, libertarians, and the Christian religious Right.

Explain how President Carter's leadership on human rights marked a major shift away from the policies of previous presidential administrations of the Cold War era.

Human rights were a centerpiece to Carter's foreign policy. Carter cut off aid to brutal military dictatorship governing Argentina, which was previously supported by the US due to their "anti-communist" efforts.

Iranian revolution

Ideological shift in the Middle East from socialism and Arab nationalism to religious fundamentalism

Identify Foner's key examples of how the economic changes of the 1980s "undermined the very values and institutions that conservatives held dear." (This material is located under the heading, "Reagan's Legacy.")

Intended to discourage reliance on gov't handouts by rewarding honest work and business initiative, Reagan's policies inspired a speculative frenzy that enriched architects of corporate takeovers and investors in the stock market while leaving in their wake plant closings, job losses, and devastated communities. Nothing proved more threatening to local traditions or family stability than deindustrialization., insecurity about employment, and relentless downward pressure on wages.

Assess the impact of the Vietnam War on Americans' confidence in their nation and its institutions.

It discredited the US in its intentions, especially in its foreign policy. It was a pointless war that led many dead with a number of atrocities. The American government lied to the people and misled them to believe it was a worthwhile fight. Americans became hesitant to intervene in future foreign affairs and governments.

Describe how Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative and nuclear weapons policies intensified the Cold War.

Largest military buildup in American history, new long range bombers and missiles

Characterize the behavior of the nation's financial sector during the 1980s (when "making deals, not making products" was the priority), and explain how the crisis in the savings and loan industry reflects it.

Loan and savings industries sought to make profits. They invested in risky ventures that resulted in heavy losses and a bailout of 250 billion dollars.

My Lai massacre

Massacre of 347 Vietnamese civilians in the village. U.S army officers covered up the massacre for a year until an investigation uncovered events. 25 Army officers charged but only Calley the leader was convicted.

Kent State University

National Guard killed four protesters

Cambodia

Neutral. Widespread massacres.

Characterize the view of the Cold War that President Nixon and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, shared, and explain how this view led to Nixon's visit to China and the Soviet Union.

Nixon and Kissinger realized that China had different interests than that of the Soviet Union. Kissinger paved the way for Nixon to visit China. He did in 1972. The trip led to Beijing taking China's spot on the UN Security Council, ousting the ousted Taiwanese government. Nixon also visited the Soviet Union shortly afterwards, meeting leader Leonid Brezhnev. They agreed to SALT, freezing each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles.

Describe Nixon's Vietnamization strategy, explain how it came to include an invasion of Cambodia, and describe the subsequent fate of that nation.

Nixon invaded Cambodia to cut North Vietnamese supply lines that went through the country. It destabilized the country and led to Khmer Rouge taking control and murdering millions.

Describe how Nixon secured a negotiated end to the Vietnam War in 1973, and explain how this settlement ensured that the North Vietnamese would eventually take over South Vietnam.

Nixon negotiated a settlement in Vietnam. American troops would withdraw. It left the governments of both North and South intact. American bombings ceased and the draft came to an end. The North controlled parts of South and eventually unified the country in 1975.

Henry Kissinger

Nixons national security advisor and secretary of state.

Three Mile Island

Nuclear power plant in Penn. was the site of the accident that released radioactive steam into the air.

Contrast President Carter's perspective regarding the Cold War with that of previous presidents, and explain how his new outlook shaped his policies toward Latin American countries like Argentina, Panama, and El Salvador.

Previous presidents supported brutal dictatorships if they were pro-American and/or anti-communist. Carter turned on this view of the world in the name of human rights and supported countries that supported their peoples. He brokered peace between Egypt and Israel. He gave Panama rights to canal. Suspended military aid to El Salvador.

Characterize Jimmy Carter as a presidential candidate, and explain why he was an appealing choice to voters in the aftermath of the Vietnam and Watergate crises.

Ran for president as an "outsider" and used this as an advantage. "I'll never lie to you" Born again Baptist. Progressive. Embraced civil rights and black goals.

Assess the degree to which Reagan accomplished the conservative agenda of cutting government social programs and promoting the "traditional family values" of the religious right.

Reagan administration sharply reduced funding for Great Society antipoverty programs, food stamps, school lunches, and federal financing of low income houses. Reagan didn't do much for Christian Right's cultural headway. Bowers v. Hardwick upheld constitutionality of illegal homos.

Characterize presidential candidate Ronald Reagan's campaign rhetoric on the issues of race and government programs to promote civil rights.

Reagan emphasized "state's rights" as a family-friendly term for hating blacks and civil rights laws. It meant opposition to federal government's influence on civil rights laws. Reagan lambasted welfare cheats, school busing, and affirmative action.

Explain how Reagan's response to the PATCO strike of air-traffic controllers changed relations between employers and labor unions.

Reagan fired all of the PATCO strikers. he first time in a while where the president sided with the employers rather than the workers and unions. Employers began enacting anti-union acts and rules and regulations

Contrast the Reagan Administration's approach to human rights with that of President Carter, especially in its policies toward Latin American countries like Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala.

Reagan rejected Carter's emphasis of human rights. It promoted alliances with dictatorships in Chile, El Salvador, and South Africa.

Explain how President Reagan's use of terms like "special interests" changed their meaning and allowed him to use them against his opponents.

Reagan used to term "special interests" to refer to minorities, unionists, and others hoping to use Washington's power to attack social inequalities.

Describe how the distribution of wealth changed in the U.S. during the 1980s, and explain why this change hit minority workers especially hard.

Reagan's policies, rising stock prices, and deindustrialization resulted in a rise in inequality. Wealthiest had a lot more wealth. Middle class incomes stagnated. Poorest declined. Deindustrialization hurt minorities who had gained development work. Black middle class expanded due to previous civil rights. Blacks last hired and first fired. Black males fell farther than any group.

Assess the impact of "Reaganomics" on unemployment and inflation (the basic components of "stagflation" described earlier in this chapter).

Reaganomics caused severe recession period. Inflation decreased from 13.5 percent to 3.5 percent. Unemployment increased as companies downsized their workforce, shift production overseas.

Reaganomics

Reagans name for supply side economics which combined tax cuts with an unregulated marketplace

Describe the tax reforms that lay at the heart of "Reaganomics," and contrast this "supply-side" approach with the New Deal-style liberal economic policies.

Reduced top tax rate from 70 to 50 percent and to index tax brackets and take inflation into account. Reduced taxes on wealthy. New deal liberals wanted to use gov't to strengthen spending power of avg. americans. Supply-side economics = cutting taxes for wealthy and businesses. Workers work harder to keep their money.

Characterize the Reagan Administration's approach to the Cold War, and contrast it with those of his predecessors (Nixon, Ford, Carter).

Reignited hatred of Soviets and builtup US military. Supported SDI for space weaponry. He put short range nuclear weapons in NATO European countries to counter Soviets. Previous presidents attempted to get warmer relations with Soviets and keep it chill. Reagan sent troops to Granada, Leabnon. Reagan relied on military aid rather than American troops to pursue his foreign policy objectives.

Recount the key events that unfolded after the Watergate burglary, and explain why the investigation into it ultimately led to Nixon's resignation from the presidency.

Reporters investigated the Watergate break in and determined the White House was involved. Congressional hearings followed that revealed wiretappings, break ins, and attempts at sabotage. Nixon had made recordings of conversations with Archibald Cox. The SC demanded Nixon provide the tapes.

enemies list

Reporters, politicians, and celebrities unfriendly to the adminstration

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Said that equality of rights under the law could not diminish based on ones sex

Characterize the morale of U.S. troops in Vietnam by the end of the 1960s, and identify examples of how soldiers had begun to express their discontent.

Since college students couldn't be drafted then working class whites and minorities had to fight. They took drugs, wore peace and black-power symbols, refused orders, assaulted officers. Deserted the army and at home held antiwar demonstrations.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan to support a friendly gov't threatened by an Islamic rebellion

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet premier came to power in 1985

Identify the key areas of American life in which President Nixon expanded the role of the federal government with new regulatory agencies.

Spent on social services and environmental initiatives. Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the National Transportation Safety Board. He expanded the food stamp program and indexed Social Security benefits to inflation. He helped enact the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Air Act.

Explain what happened at Kent State University in 1970

Students protesting and the Ohio National Guard killed four antiwar protesters

Explain how the United States' effort to promote its Cold War allies' economic development ended up hurting U.S. manufacturing.

The US promoted industrial reconstruction of Japan and Germany and South Korea and Taiwan became industrial centers. American companies began investing in overseas plants and other nation's industries. Outsourcing became popular and led to merchandise trade deficit.

Explain how the Burger Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action in the case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978).

The case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke rejected the use of affirmative action quota systems in admissions programs in universities.

Describe how the legal rights and identities of gay Americans changed during the 1970s.

The gay and lesbian movement expanded greatly. Gay rights groups reached into the thousands. Elected gay officials and enact laws to decriminalize gay relations and discrimination. APA removed homosexuality from the list of mental diseases.

Explain how the Nixon Administration's Philadelphia Plan addressed race and civil rights issues, and why it failed.

The goal was to hire more black workers and weaken power of trade unions but he abandoned the plan to woo white collar workers for his reelection. Instead the new plan would change to voluntary hire of minority workers.

Identify the religious origins of the movement to end abortion, and explain how the phrases "the right to choose" and "the right to life" reflect the influence of the 1960s.

The movement to reverse Roe v. Wade began with the Roman Catholic church. The language of rights was utilized by both sides. "Right to choose" emphasized women's rights. "Right to life" emphasized rights of the fetus.

Describe how the religious right responded to the social and cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s, and explain the role that television played in mobilizing its movement.

The rise of the religious right was a response to the civil rights, sexual freedoms, and change in traditional gender roles of the 1960s. They were against the SC decision of porn is okay, removing prayer from school, and abortion. They utilized television to spread their messages and beliefs. Jerry Falwell - "pro-life, pro-family, pro-America"

Summarize the causes and goals of the Iranian revolution, and explain why it became a large political crisis for the United States.

The shah who ruled Iran was a dictator as well. Carter and America supported him for oil. Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the shah and established an Islamic republic. Carter granted the shah asylum to receive medical treatment. Iranians seized the American embassy and held the ambassadors captive.

Describe the impact that the 1980s had on the public reputation of conservatism, and assess how the 1988 election seemed to herald a new era of political antagonism and lack of integrity.

Those receiving public assistance was a drain on taxes. Both parties ran negative campaigns using Tv ads and media

Busing

Transporting students via buses to achieve school integration

Summarize the Iran-Contra Affair, and assess its consequences for Reagan's staff and for Reagan himself.

US banned aid to the Contras fighting Sandinista government of Nicaragua. Reagan authorized sale of arms to Iran, fighting in Iraq, to secure release of American hostages. Set up system that diverted some of the proceeds to buy military supplies for the Contras in defiance of the congressional ban. It lasted for two years. Several were convicted of perjury or destroying documents and pleaded guilty before trial.

PATCO strike

Union of air traffic controllers began a strike in violation of federal law

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

University set aside a certain number of spots for minority student to be admitted to medical school and Nixon rejected the idea

Explain how the Three Mile Island incident influenced public attitudes about nuclear energy, and how this event complicated the nation's effort to use less imported oil.

Wanted to expand the use of the nations nuclear energy. Publics reaction to the three mile island ended the nuclear power industry's expansionism.

Explain how new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev fundamentally altered his nation's priorities, and how he and Reagan de-escalated the tensions and perils of the Cold War.

Wanted to reform the Soviets repressive political system and reinvigorating its economy. Political openness and economic reform. Agreed to eliminate intermediate and short-range nuclear missiles in Europe

Warren Burger

Was a federal court-of-appeals judge until Nixon appointed him for chief justice

Savings and loan industry

allowed institutions to invest in real-estate ventures an corporate mergers

Explain who the neoconservatives were, and why they turned against the government programs and foreign policy priorities of the presidents of the 1960s and 1970s.

"group of intellectuals who said the 1960's had a decline in moral standards and respect for authority" Believed social programs did more harm than good.

Proposition 13

A ban on further increases of property taxes