HIST 1302 TEST 4

a white suburban housewife.

According to the advertisements in popular magazines at the time, the ideal woman of the mid-1950s was

Cambodia

After April 1970, American troops entered ________ to "clean out" hidden Communist military bases, thereby extending the Vietnam War.

prevent widespread unemployment

An important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to

George Wallace's potential to drain away conservative votes from the Republicans.

As the 1972 election approached, the biggest threat to Nixon's reelection seemed to be

NSC-68

Authored by Paul Nitze, ________ endorsed a massive militarized version of containment that guided American foreign policy for decades.

the military.

Before becoming president, Eisenhower was MOST shaped by his experience in

new problems due to racial prejudice but better lives overall

Blacks who moved to northern cities tended to find

example of the American civil rights movement, such as that of the Greensboro four.

By 1960-1961, a number of students had become inspired to become social reform activists by the

black power.

By 1966, black leaders like Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown were proponents of what they termed

He felt trapped in that he saw neither a clear path to victory nor a way to withdraw without appearing weak.

By 1968, how did Johnson see his position in relation to the Vietnam War?

uniformity.

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing

nearly doubled.

By the end of 1970, the unemployment rate in the United States

Eastern Europe.

By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain were becoming deeply concerned over Soviet actions in

allow for the fall of the other nations in eastern Mediterranean, followed by those in Western Europe, if unchecked.

Drawing on the assumptions of the "domino theory," Truman believed the Soviet and Communist activities in Greece would

True

During Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, moderate republicanism involved the promise of restoring the authority of state and local governments. True or false

vetoes.

During his presidency, Gerald Ford achieved a record for

the absence of an electoral majority for Humphrey and Nixon, resulting in the election going to the House of Representatives

During the election of 1968, candidate George Wallace hoped for what scenario?

a simultaneously stagnant economy with inflationary prices.

Economists coined the term "stagflation" in the early 1970s to describe

Hungarian

Encouraged American propaganda broadcasts through Radio Free Europe, ________ nationalists rebelled against occupying Communist troops in 1956.

that the president had approved a White House cover-up

Essential to breaking the Watergate case was the 1973 testimony before the Ervin committee of White House legal counsel John Dean. What did he testify?

pardoned Nixon.

Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he

"conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to human beings"

How did Eisenhower describe his domestic policy of dynamic conservatism?

During Truman's presidency, many Americans were frustrated by his focus on communism abroad, which the general public never considered a threat, but years later, many have applauded his and McCarthy's efforts to thwart the numerous Communist spies within the federal government.

How has the public and historical perception of Truman's presidency evolved over time?

the federal government

In 1947, President Truman took actions to banish Communists from ________ by issuing an executive order known as the Loyalty Order.

Eisenhower reluctantly dispatched federal troops there to maintain law and order , angering many southern politicians

In 1957, nine african american students attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas for the first time . what describes the actions taken by Eisenhower

It was the site of the formation of the free-speech movement (FSM) following a student sit-in.

In 1964, which of the following was true of the University of California at Berkeley?

persistence of poverty in the 1950s.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the

It ultimately led Johnson to opt out of the presidential race.

In early 1968, what was one result of increasing opposition to the war within Johnson's own party?

emphasize the need for economic uplift for the black urban poor.

In part because of the Black Power movement, by the mid-1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. had decided to

Republican control of Congress.

In response to Truman's actions and policies up to that point, the 1946 congressional elections resulted in

It generated middle-class resentment that benefited the Republican party.

In retrospect, what was an effect of Johnson's approach to addressing poverty in the United States?

silent majority

In the election of 1968, Richard Nixon appealed to those he described as the ________ of working- and middle- class Americans who viewed protesters of the time with contempt.

Truman Doctrine

It committed the United States to help "free peoples" facing pressure from communism

GI Bill

It provided loans to veterans for education, job training, and the building of homes and businesses.

Marshall Plan

It was an international economic recovery program that also sought to reduce socialist influence in Europe and reestablish a strong Western Europe rooted in American values.

South Vietnam

John F. Kennedy described which country as the "cornerstone of the free world in Southeast Asia"?

the elderly.

Johnson's Medicare program provided medical benefits to

He declared his preference for nonviolent civil disobedience.

Martin Luther King Jr. took which of the following approaches in writing his "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?

poverty.

Michael Harrington's book The Other America influenced President Johnson to declare war on

ordered a cover-up of the original Watergate break-in.

Nixon's Watergate-related resignation came with the revelation that he had

China's growing fear of the Soviet Union.

Nixon's new relationship with China was made possible by

capitalizing on southerners' skepticism of federal social welfare programs.

Nixon's southern strategy involved winning southern support by

enlarge the New Deal.

On the domestic front, President Truman soon made clear his intention to

racist nature of opponents of the United States, such as the Nazis, during the war.

One major reason that the Second World War inspired postwar changes in race relations in the United States was the

genuine demeanor and ability to arise above his limitations.

One of Truman's strengths as he assumed the presidency was his

the desire to combat "godless" communism.

One of the factors that contributed to religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was

get Kennedy's legislative program through Congress.

President Johnson's first priority on the domestic front was to

White wage earners from both the North and South were increasingly voting Republican instead of Democrat.

Richard Nixon's victory in the election of 1968 was made possible by what shift in voting behaviors?

the U.S. Army.

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in

exploiting public fears.

Senator McCarthy was very effective in

France.

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by

strategy of using the threat of nuclear war to prevent Communist aggression and, thus, keeping the financial cost manageable.

The American policy of "massive retaliation" refers to the

a need to be selective in its commitments abroad.

The Nixon Doctrine implied a foreign policy that was shaped largely by

order the development of a hydrogen bomb.

The Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb in 1949 inspired Truman to

violated by the Soviet Union.

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe were

environmentalism.

The energy crisis of the early 1970s increased support for

Henry Kissinger.

The figure who MOST influenced Nixon's foreign policy was

seizing the Suez Canal.

The first step in Egyptian General Gamal Abdel Nasser's bid to become the leader of the Arab world was

George Wallace.

The governor of Alabama who stood in the door to prevent black students from entering, proclaiming "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!" was

the Viet Cong.

The guerilla fighters in South Vietnam who sought to overthrow the U.S.-backed government were known as

achieve personal liberation by exceeding limits, embracing plain living, and rejecting the pursuit of wealth and careers.

The hippie movement sought to

avoid handing over the key White House tapes.

The major motivation behind the "Saturday Night Massacre" was Nixon's desire to

rhythm and blues.

The music Alan Freed labeled "rock 'n' roll" was actually

the suburbs.

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in

cold war related military spending

The single most important stimulant to the postwar economy was

"Americanize" the war and avoid the political damage of seeming soft on communism by losing.

Though Johnson believed the United States had an obligation to keep its promises to South Vietnam, another reason why he committed American forces to combat operations was to

an iron curtain

To what did Winston Churchill compare the boundary between Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe and Western Europe?

social welfare programs.

Truman viewed the results of the 1948 election as a mandate for

launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin.

Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to

a massive Chinese intervention.

UN forces reaching the Yalu River brought about

the University of Mississippi.

Violence erupted in 1962 when James Meredith attempted to integrate

limitations on the number of nuclear missiles and prohibition of missile-defense systems

What did Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev achieve by signing the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)?

the Great Society

What did President Johnson label his overall program of domestic reform?

It prohibited educational programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance from showing gender discrimination.

What did Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 do?

It cut off oil shipments to the United States

What did the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) do to punish the United States for supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War?

The civil rights movement had begun to fragment, and what came to be called "black power" was competing with the integrationist, nonviolent philosophy of leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr.

What did the events in the neighborhood of Watts reveal about the state of the civil rights movement in 1965?

North Vietnamese troops gained the upper hand over South Vietnam, successfully invading and capturing Saigon.

What had happened in South Vietnam by the end of 1975 following the Paris Peace Accords?

It resulted in the victory of Communists over Chinese Nationalists, and the Communists would go on to intervene in the Korean War to aid their North Korean allies.

What is one way the Chinese civil war proved significant for the cold war

It resulted in the victory of Communists over Chinese Nationalists, and the Communists would go on to intervene in the Korean War to aid their North Korean allies.

What is one way the Chinese civil war proved significant for the cold war?

He was able to build bipartisan support on an unprecedented level.

What is significant about the way Truman got the United States involved in the Korean War?

Conservative southern Democrats joined with Republicans in blocking efforts such as those to increase federal aid to education.

What obstacles did John F. Kennedy face in terms of enacting his domestic programs?

false reports that the North Vietnamese had fired on two American naval ships

What prompted Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

the sit-in

What protest tactic did black students in Greensboro, North Carolina initiate?

It explained the challenges of many upper- and middle-class women and helped launch the second phase of the feminist movement.

What role did Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique play in American history?

He retained most New Deal programs

What stance did Eisenhower take in terms of the new deal program

nonviolent civil disobedience

What tactic did Martin Luther King Jr. and the activists who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott follow in their protest?

It significantly increased.

What trend did home ownership tend to follow between 1945 and 1960?

It led to increased U.S. government funding for science education and defense spending.

What was one way in which the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik was significant?

A CIA-engineered coup in Iran was viewed as successful and emboldened Eisenhower to authorize other secret operations to undermine governments thought to be falling victim to communism

What was one way in which the intervention of the United States in Iran in the 1950s was significant?

It struck down "separate but equal" in public education.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in the case Brown v. Board of Education?

The metaphor lent itself to Kennedy's intentions for America to explore science and space, embark on issues of poverty and surplus, and be more aggressive in waging the cold war than Eisenhower.

What was the idea behind the New Frontier according to John F. Kennedy

to deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba

What was the main reason the Soviets placed missiles in Cuba?

It was the movement of many whites to suburbs in response to the migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities in search of better opportunities after the war.

What was the phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s after the Second World War?

southern opposition led by the Citizens' Councils and local and state governments against federal efforts to integrate public schools

What was the policy of "massive resistance" as promoted by senators such as Harry F. Byrd of Virginia?

Describing how quickly communism would spread once it infiltrated a nation, the theory was used by Eisenhower to justify beginning conflicts such as the Vietnam War, despite the fact that anti-colonial insurgencies often resulted from nationalist motives.

What was the significance of the "falling-domino" theory?

It created a large network of interstate highways, which in turn helped create jobs, tourism opportunities, and economic growth.

What was the significance of the Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)?

The Court ruled that women have a "right to choose" whether to keep a pregnancy, as it would affect their health and well-being.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade?

Widespread access to the pill led to more open discussion of birth control, reproduction, and sexuality in general.

What was the significance of the birth-control pill in the 1960s?

They supported states' rights and racial segregation.

What was the stance of the Dixiecrats in the 1948 campaign?

Most American households owned a car, resulting in a greater range of choices such as the growth of fast-food restaurants as well as unintended consequences such as environmental pollution.

What was the state of car ownership in America by 1955?

The hard realities the hippies experienced, such as poverty and drug addiction, had caused the hippie phenomenon to begin to fade.

What was the state of the hippie movement at the very end of the 1960s?

He had a reputation for hardline anti-communism and a tendency to conceal his real ideas.

Which of the following accurately describes Richard Nixon in the years leading up to the 1960 presidential election?

ideological competition between democratic capitalism and totalitarian communism and their opposing views of what the postwar world should become

Which of the following appears to have led to the cold war in retrospect?

The Viet Cong were made up of men and women who blended in among the civilian population.

Which of the following complicated American efforts to defeat the Viet Cong in South Vietnam?

the new moderate wing of the Democratic party

Which of the following did James (Jimmy) Carter Jr. represent?

gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam

Which of the following did Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" involve?

He secretly contacted the South Vietnamese government and offered better terms for peace negotiations, hoping to sabotage Johnson's efforts to end the war sooner.

Which of the following did Richard Nixon do in order to undermine the Democrats and increase his own chances of winning the election in 1968?

a consumer culture in which a large number of people participated

Which of the following differentiated the postwar era from earlier periods of prosperity?

his non-Washington background in the aftermath of Watergate

Which of the following helped Jimmy Carter win the 1976 election?

It outlawed segregation in public facilities on the basis of race, sex, or national origin.

Which of the following is true of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

It brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war.

Which of the following is true of the Cuban missile crisis?

a student protest shut down the campus

Which of the following occurred at Columbia University in 1968

Republicans continued to make gains in the Deep South, highlighting the region's shift to that party.

Which of the following occurred during or as a result of the 1964 election?

Korea became divided into northern and southern halves, with the Soviets organizing a Communist government in the north and the Americans then helping to establish a democratic government in the south.

Which of the following occurred in Asia with the end of the Second World War?

National Security Act

Which of the following reorganized the American defense and intelligence establishment in 1947, creating the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense, National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency?

Although white, middle-class Americans enjoyed unprecedented economic growth, the idealized image of America at the time was much more complicated in terms of race and class, and many feared what the new age of nuclear terror might bring.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the United States in the 1950s?

The forces that contributed to the complacent prosperity of the fifties had ironically contributed to the sense of upheaval and unprecedented counterculture that helped define the sixties and early seventies.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the period of the 1960s and early 1970s?

He yearned to be recognized as a transformational leader.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Lyndon Johnson?

Anti-war protests outside it turned into massive riots following the arrival of police.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago?

It was a civil rights organization led by Martin Luther King Jr. that coordinated activities between a cluster of organizations such as churches and community groups.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?

The law ensured all citizens the right to vote, resulting in the dramatic expansion of black votes in the South.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

It was a postwar trend that reinforced the idea that a woman's place was in the home and helped drive economic growth due the market of goods centered on children.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the baby boom in the United States?

They had connections to the CIA and the Nixon campaign, helping engage in partisan sabotage.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the burglars arrested at the Watergate apartment complex?

Benefits experienced by African Americans were limited because for example, most colleges and universities remained racially segregated and refused to admit blacks.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the GI Bill on African Americans?

Truman was reluctant to run for reelection and refused to plan a campaign because he had long ago lost the support of working-class voters such as farmers and labor unionists.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political climate as the 1948 election approached?

They focused more on cultural and individual change than political activism.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the youths of the counterculture?

He celebrated racial equality but was reluctant to promote it himself due to the fear of alienating potential political allies.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes John F. Kennedy's stance on civil rights?

He recommended that the United States contain Soviet expansionist tendencies through efforts to undermine the appeal of Soviet communism.

Which of the following statements describes the role State Department official George Kennan played in the onset of the cold war?

The United States became the first country to recognize the Jewish state.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to Israel's founding in 1948?

It suggested the lesson that not even a president is above the law, even though Nixon did avoid jail time.

Which of the following was a legacy of the Watergate scandal?

It was thoroughly bungled and embarrassed Kennedy

Which of the following was true of the Bay of Pigs invasion?

It was thoroughly bungled and embarrassed Kennedy.

Which of the following was true of the Bay of Pigs invasion?

Although Nixon and Kissinger ended America's combat role and claimed North Vietnam had changed its basic stance, North Vietnam had actually left Communist troops in South Vietnam.

Which of the following was true of the settlement ending the Vietnam War, known as the Paris Peace Accords?

a countercultural and anarchistic group who wanted to overthrow the power structure

Who were the Yippies?

He felt it promoted thought control.

Why did President Truman veto the McCarran Internal Security Act?

for insubordination

Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?

Both countries had governments viewed as "unfriendly" regimes, and it was feared they would join the Soviet bloc.

Why did the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) work to replace the leaders of Guatemala and Iran in the 1950s?

The commitment to NATO as a mutual defense alliance against the Soviet Union marked an end to isolationism in the United States.

Why was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) significant to American foreign policy?

give up their jobs to returning veterans.

With the end of the Second World War, women workers who had taken on traditionally male jobs during the war were encouraged to

It generated middle class resentment that benifitted the Republican party

in retrospect what was an effect of johnsons approach to addressing poverty in the US

failure of the states to ratify the equal rights amendment

the feminist movement experienced a setback with the

this controversial group of artists was self absorbed and reckless, and often rejected traditional responsibilites of middle class life

which of the following statements accurately describe the beats