Hist 202 exam 1

Immanuel Kant

german philosopher "what is enlightenment?" 1784 enlightenment emerge when one use own's decision or reason / emerge from immaturity immaturity is one cannot use own's decision

Pico della Mirandola

men unlike other creatures which have certain destiny god bestow upon us a unique distinction - liberty to determine the form and value of our lives shall acquire modernism - ppl have the power to shape their own life

John Locke

political theorist in 17th ce proposed limited government. - He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances. He also provided powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration - gov protect life, liberty and estate theory of mind - the consciousness is each one's identity right of self-defence

Robespierre

- radical Jacobin leader - one of the principal figures in the French Revolution, overthrow the monarch and intend to build a new government on democracy - adopted a French writer, Rousseau's Social Contract Theory in which the people rule the government as a whole ( if one disagree on a law while majority agree, the law can't be passed but can be set up as a decree; the law need all ppl's agreement) - dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror which kill a lot of noble - but in 1794 he was overthrown and executed in the Thermidorian Reaction, the Reign of Terror end

Copernicus

1473- 1543 "concerning the revolutions of celestial spheres" -1543, published in Latin *was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who used math and formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. The Earth revolve at its axis and around the sun.* --- heliocentric universe his model was banned by the church as it oppose from what the church believes - geocentric The publication of this model in his book (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in *1543* is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the *Copernican Revolution* and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. becaz later Galileo proved the Copernicus theory was right

Martin Luther

1483-1546 16th ce was a catholic priest a professor in Uni of Wittenberg 1517 95theses - attacking the Catholic Church's corrupt practice of selling "indulgences" to absolve sin. excommunicated afterward - central beliefs - that the Bible is the central religious authority - that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds - each believer is a priest and can contact god spark the Protestant Reformation. - Although these ideas had been advanced before, Martin Luther codified them at a moment in history ripe for religious reformation. - translate bible into local language

Galileo

1564-1642 scientific experiment is the only way to prove the hypothesis - observation using telescope prove Copernicus theory - heliocentric is right the first scientist becaz he use scientific method as experiment to prove a theory his standing on Corpenican theory - trouble - banned by the church - accused by the church

Johannes Kepler

1571 - 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason. described his new astronomy as "celestial physics",[2] as "an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics",[3] and as "a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens",[4] transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.[5]

thomas hobbe

1588-1679 British political philosopher 1651 book Leviathan - absolutism - the only way for peace - as human are selfish and human relationship is competition English Civil War (1642-1651) his absolutism - power doesn't come from God

Sir Isaac Newton

1643-1727, physicist and mathematician one of the pre-eminence of British science at the end of 17th century Scientific Revolution mathematical principles of natural philosophy - 1687 his book spells out the law of gravity and famous 3 *laws of motion*, which describe the natural phenomena in the universe - points out that the *law of physics affect everything in the universe - thus the world works on mechanical principles that can be understood rather something deal with magic or legends* experiment - observation on general norm lead to the finding of knowledge

Benjamin Franklin

1706-90 One of the leading figures of early American history, helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776 delegate to the convention that produced the U.S. Constitution.

Denis Diderot

1713 - 1784 was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor of The Encyclopédie envision that every human include middle class should be able to study science The Encyclopédie incorporate all of the world's knowledge, simplified and publicized the advanced knowledge

Edmund Burke

1729-97 born in Irish British statesman conservatism Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). - support monarchy --- traditions stabilize the society opposition to Jacobinism predict the Great Terror which kill a lot of french monarch but he died b4 the modern government french built

thomas Paine

1739 -1809 British writer common sense 1776 January- blame George II and advocate complete break of American from Britain 1776 July 4 America declare independence rights of Man 1791 representative gov progressive tax - only ppl who paid tax can vote support women's rights but in a private way

jeremy bentham

1748 - 1832 utilitarianism "the greatest good for the greatest number" gov's policy should satisfy many ppl's need negative liberty - ppl should be free from restraints / the absence of obstacles ( regardless of politics, social or economic) happiness principle - basic - human are equal - each one is to count for one - individualism - what doesn't max one's happiness = immoral influence john stuart mill - who advocate that ...

Joanna Southcott

1750 -1814 question institution of marriage and gender role claim she pregnant the Messiah

National Assembly

1789 - called by the 3rd estates; initiate the French Revolution --- indicating the common ppl can decide their fate Becaz the deputies of the Third Estate, fearing that they would be overruled by the two privileged orders 1791 - Constitution eliminates the aristocratic privileges declaration of the rights of men and of the citizen restrict the power of catholic church redraw the map of france redistribute the tax - equally

Adam Smith

18th ce Scottish Wealth of Nations (1776) made him leading figure in economic view on human: selfish division of labor increase productivity form the capitalism - free trade market - the prominent economy system now opposed mercantilism—the practice of artificially maintaining a trade surplus - commercial monopoly

Johann Gottfried Herder

18th ce German linguist Treaties on the origins of language 1772 knowledge is possible only through the medium of language. the structure of language is a true image of human nature. A poet is the creator of the nation around him https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/herder/ "nation" in question is not racial but linguistic and cultural respect the diversity of language and culture

john stuart mill

19th ce English philosopher utilitarianism 1861 happiness = aim of all human activity On Liberty 1859 best expression of utilitarianism - advocate the freedom from the tyranny of majority - each one freedom shouldn't intervene others - harm principle - the only purpose of power against one's will is to prevent harm others liberalism, individualism precursor support women's rights subjectification of women - object women should obey men in all things

karl marx

19th century join Young Hegelians, who strongly criticized the political and cultural establishments of the day. with Friedrich Engels published "The Communist Manifesto, which introduced their concept of socialism as a natural result of the conflicts inherent in the capitalist system - form the basis of Marxism - influential to China and Russia

Joseph de Maistre

19th century French conservatism - support monarchy French revolution is a punishment / religious expiation for the sins of the times convinced of the need for the supremacy of Christianity and the absolute rule of both sovereign and pope. state that if the monarch is removed the world is in chaos

Robert Owen

British social reformer late 18th - mid 19th ce factory managers New Lanark factory town - base for his social reformation and became a place of pilgrimage for social reformers, build school advocates of utopian socialism. education reform - primary means to improve

charles fourier

French utopian socialist and philosopher who advocated a reconstruction of society based on idea that the natural passions of man would, if properly channeled, result in social harmony.

voltaire

a french enlightenment writer in 18th ce attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. --- advocate of civil liberties form the idea of modern civil rights

jacobin

a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4.

Aristotle

an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist 4th ce BC Science - geocentric - earth is universe center - ...

Thomas Aquinas

catholic monk 13th century adopt Aristotle's theory on nature christian cosmology - nature isn't random but ordered - nature is eternally unchanged - first cause of all existence of god

Madam de Geoffrey

salon holder in 18th ce in French salon - place for intellectual discussion. stimulate and arrange listen to ppl get ppl for discussion patronage intellectual figures protect intellectual figures ..

laissez - faire (French: "allow to do")

the function of the state - maintain order and security - avoid interference with the initiative of the individual in pursuit of his own desired goals - enforcing contracts received strong support in classical economics as it developed in Great Britain under the influence of economist and philosopher Adam Smith. ( origin - france maybe - french industrialist ask government to leave them alone

napoleon

was a French military leader and emperor crowned himself emperor in 1804. able to win the war which nations come to defeat france and he gain land defeated by Russia 1812 was exiled to the island of Elba resume power in 1815 Hundred Days campaign defeated in Battle of waterloo exiled to the island of elba ----- mark the end of the French monarch politics - illusion of democracy - Plebiscites - citizen can only vote for yes or no napoleon code - streamlined the French legal system and continues to form the foundation of French civil law to this day.