HIST 2580 - Exam II - §

Kim Il Sung

Kim Il-sung was the first Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994. He was backed by USSR. He was the leader of the Worker's Party of Korea (WPK). Coming to power after the end of Japanese rule in 1945, he authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defense of South Korea by the United Nations, led by the United States. Under his leadership, North Korea was established as a communist state with a publicly owned and planned economy. It had close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union. By the 1960s, North Korea briefly enjoyed a standard of living higher than the South, which was fraught with political instability and economic crises. The situation reversed in the 1970s, as a newly stable South Korea became an economic powerhouse fueled by Japanese and American investment, military aid, and internal economic development, while North Korea stagnated and then declined in the 1980s. Viewed as an enemy to the United States. He and NK considered Americans imperialists. Democratic People's Republic of Korea = NK

Norodom Sihanouk

King of Cambodia - (1941-55 and 1993-2004), who also served as prime minister, head of state, and president. He attempted to steer a neutral course for Cambodia in its civil and foreign wars of the late 20th century. Sihanouk steered a neutralist course in his foreign policy. In return for a North Vietnamese pledge to respect Cambodia's frontiers, he allowed Vietnamese communists to operate covertly from bases inside eastern Cambodia. He subsequently rejected U.S. aid and assistance, relying on his immense popularity with the Cambodian people to keep radicals of both the right and the left under control. Under Sihanouk's benign rule, Cambodia experienced 15 years of fragile peace and mild prosperity while much of Southeast Asia was in a state of upheaval. • Domino #1 - Cambodia the Regional War: Cambodia and Laos. o Sihanouk's fragile balancing act. Instead of dealing with crumbling economy and political landscape, he makes movies in which he is featured as the hero in each. o Sihanouk ousted; joint US-SVN operation into Cambodia in 1970.

Article IX of the Japanese Constitution (1947)

Statement written by American officials who headed the (MacArthur) occupation of Japan ('45-'52), which renounced war as a sovereign right of the Japanese nation. Article IX was written to ensure that Japan would never go to war again. They were expected to be orderly and controlled. American vision of an unarmed Japan, however, was short-lived because of threats that emerged in the late 1940s: China falls to communism - Chiang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan, the Soviet Union rises as a political/global threat, Korean War breaks out. The U.S. soon pushed for the rearmament of Japan because it wanted a military ally. Japan was reluctant because of the devastation of WWII. Americans accepted on the compromise that the creation of the "National Police Reserve" be established to protect the islands.

PKI (Communist Party of Indonesia)

Supported Sukarno. One of the world's largest communist groups before its eradication in 1966 (began in mid 1920s). The target of mass killings in Indonesia. Of the "30 September Movement" in Indonesia: The Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia; PKI) maintained that the coup attempt was an internal affair of the army. The army leadership, on the contrary, insisted that it was part of a PKI plot to seize power and subsequently embarked on a mission to purge the country of the perceived communist threat. In the following month the military slaughtered communists and alleged communists across Java and in Bali. In the years leading to October 1965, there were three significant powers in Indonesia: Sukarno, the army, and its rival the PKI. A charismatic independence leader, Sukarno held the powers in balance.

Konfrontasi

Indonesia-Malaysia "confrontation." Konfrontasi (or Confrontation, 1963-1966) was a conflict started by Indonesia under the leadership of President Sukarno, who opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. The Indonesians carried out armed incursions and acts of subversion and sabotage, including bombings, to destabilise the federation. Singapore experienced a series of bombing incidents. The war would later lead to the creation of ASEAN

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, written by Dean Acheson and Paul Nitze, approved (reluctantly) by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment. Quadrupled military budget, created "global situations of strength," one such situation was Japan. Also was used in Korean War, massive military build-up.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

1954-1977 *Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina *prop back up any falling "dominoes" *Members included the US, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines *The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some members did not support America in this effort *Dismantled in 1977 Purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region. Although called the "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization," only two Southeast Asian countries became members. The Philippines joined because of its close ties with the United States and out of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own government. Thailand, similarly, joined after learning of a newly established "Thai Autonomous Region" in Yunnan Province in South China, expressing concern about the potential for Chinese communist subversion on its own soil. The rest of the region was far less concerned about the threat of communism to internal stability. Burma and Indonesia both preferred to maintain their neutrality rather than join the organization. Malaya (including Singapore) found it politically difficult to give formal support to the organization, though through its ties with Great Britain it learned of key developments. Finally, the terms of the Geneva Agreements of 1954 signed after the fall of French Indochina prevented Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos from joining any international military alliance, though these countries were ultimately included in the area protected under SEATO and granted "observers" status. Hosted joint military exercises for member states each year. As the communist threat appeared to change from one of outright attack to one of internal subversion, SEATO worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards of the Southeast Asian States. SEATO charter was also vitally important to the American rationale for the Vietnam War.

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) Pres 1963-69

1964: LBJ assumes the presidency, campaign promise: "We are not about to send [US troops] 9-10k miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves. 1968 - Tet Offensive - NV aim was to win war militarily over the Saigon regime. "Deception plans" - launch attack in northwestern portion of South Vietnam. Thought Saigon was a deflection, but it is really what they were focusing on. LBJ - announces he will cease bombing and will not seek nomination as democratic candidate. Felt he had made a grave error. In foreign policy, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use military force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 525,000 in 1967, many in combat roles. American casualties soared and the peace process stagnated. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry anti-war movement based chiefly among draft-age students on university campuses. He subscribed to the domino theory in Vietnam.

Nixon Doctrine (1969)

A foreign policy of the U.S. government, announced by U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon in 1969, whereby the United States would thereafter support allies facing military threats with economic and military aid rather than with ground troops. It was announced during the Vietnam War (1954-75), at the beginning of a global tour by Nixon, in an informal discussion with reporters on the island of Guam. Nixon stated that the United States could no longer afford to defend its allies fully. He added that, although the United States would continue to uphold all of its treaty obligations, it would expect its allies to contribute significantly to their own defense. At the same time, he assured U.S. allies that the United States would continue to use its nuclear arsenal to shield them from nuclear threats.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia. 10 members: Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), Laos. The United States began engaging with ASEAN as a dialogue partner in 1977, and has cooperated with ASEAN ever since. Starting in the early 1990s, development cooperation increased dramatically through the launch of economic programs focusing on trade and investment, technology transfer, and education. • ASEAN: move toward regional integration: Southeast Asian nations take it upon themselves to prevent any more dominos from falling

Imperial Presidency

A structure in which enormous discretionary power to respond to national security crises and perceived dangers is concentrated in the office of the president. In this scheme, Congress, willingly or not, is only a minor player. Although the term has a contemptuous connotation, it is not so much the existence of an Imperial Presidency that has spurred public backlashes as it is the abuses of power that have sometimes come with it. Richard Nixon comes to mind. Historian Arthur Schlesinger coined the term "imperial presidency" in his book of the same title, writing that the Nixon administration represents the culmination of a gradual but stunning shift towards greater executive power.

Inchon Landing (Sept 1950) and Attack

Acting as the instrument of the United Nations, American forces came to the aid of the disintegrating South Korean Army, and with the help of units from a dozen other UN members, they held the Pusan perimeter. In September, MacArthur launched a brilliant, near-impossible, amphibious operation at Inchon, and by the end of the month, United Nations forces were in virtual control of South Korea. Resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations Command. Japanese military units secretly played a vital role in the drive northward. MacArthur = "sorcerer of Inchon" Battle of Inchon, Korean War

US Commander, General Joseph "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell

Active from 1904-1946 but especially relevant during WWII. Served in the China, Burma, India during WWII. Japanese and American forces began to realize during WWII that neither could shape China's politics. This became evident on the battlefields during 1943-44. Chiang's determination to keep his armies intact for a future showdown with communists led him to abandon US forces when Japan launched an offensive in Burma and China. Stilwell in frustration explained the Burma disaster by telling a reporter that "we are allied to an ignorant, illiterate peasant SOB called Chiang Kei-Shek." FDR would later beg Chiang to allow Stilwell to take command of Chinese forces so that bases could be saved. Tensions grew. Harbored disagreements with Chiang and Allies o General Joseph Stilwell - does not view Chiang as a viable hope - calls him the "little peanut" or a grasping, bigoted and ungrateful rattlesnake.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

An elaborate system of mountain and jungle paths and trails used by North Vietnam to infiltrate troops and supplies into South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos during the Vietnam War. The trail was put into operation beginning in 1959, after the North Vietnamese leadership decided to use revolutionary warfare to reunify South with North Vietnam. Efforts were gradually made to improve the trail, which by the late 1960s could accommodate heavy trucks in some sections and was supplying the needs of several hundred thousand regular North Vietnamese troops active in South Vietnam. By 1974, the trail was a well-marked series of jungle roads (some of them paved) and underground support facilities such as hospitals, fuel-storage tanks, and weapons and supply caches. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was the major supply route for the North Vietnamese forces that successfully invaded and overran South Vietnam in 1975. • 2.5M tons of US bombing of Laos along Ho Chi Minh Trail (1964-73)

US Commander, General Douglas MacArthur

Complicated Figure - ego and romanticism occasionally overcame his judgment. Already famous son of the US general who quelled Filipino insurrection (1899-1902). Douglas was 1st in class at West Point, distinguished by his fighting in Mexican Border War (1914), WWI against Germans (1919), general @ 38yo, chief of staff @50yo, retired US service in 1937 only to be reappointed by Roosevelt as commander of US forces in Far East in 1941 - WWII. Later became SCAP and was the leader of the US Occupation of Japan, orchestrated the Inchon Landing/attack during the Korean War.

Containment Theory

Containment theory was a United States geopolitical policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, (Asia) China, Korea, and Vietnam. The basis of the doctrine was articulated in 1946 by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan during the post-WWII term of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. Was used in NSC-68, and Domino Theory, Vietnam War

Chinese Military Assistance Group (CMAG)

Continuing its support for the Viet Minh, the Chinese Communist Party dispatches advisers from the People's Liberation Army to North Vietnam in 1950. Headed by Wei Guoqing and Chen Geng, the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) helped to train and arm Vietnamese soldiers. The CMAG also assisted the Viet Minh with orchestrating the successful 1950 Border Campaign against France as well as the decisive Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Allegiance between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Democratic Rep of VN (DRV). PRC paid for 80% of DRV war costs through the CMAG.

1964 US Presidential Election

Democratic Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Republican Barry Goldwater in one of the largest landslides in U.S. history. The 1964 election occurred just less than one year after the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy. To American and foreign observers alike, this created a disturbing image of disorder and violence in the United States. In the tempestuous days after the assassination, Johnson helped to calm national hysteria and ensure continuity in the presidency. On November 27 he addressed a joint session of Congress and, invoking the memory of the martyred president, urged the passage of Kennedy's legislative agenda, which had been stalled in congressional committees. Johnson placed greatest importance on Kennedy's civil rights bill, which became the focus of his efforts during the first months of his presidency. Although Johnson emerged from the election with an almost unprecedented victory, his second term rapidly disintegrated as the Vietnam War overshadowed his "Great Society." Stemmed from a deceitful handling of the war during the 1964 campaign.

Dodge Mission (1949)

Detroit banker, Joseph M. Dodge, acted as MacArthur's senior partner to jump-start the Kennan-Draper economic plan. The plan pushed for fiscal austerity and was met with resistance by Yoshida, who feared it would lead to massive riots. Dodge stabilized the Yen through instantly balanced budgets and strengthened labor without the threat of protest and disruption of production. Dodge and SCAP conservatives pushed to kill the anti-zaibatsu program - newly resurrected zaibatsu. Economic revitalization of Japan. Dodge believed that Japan could be independent politically, but needed to be dependent economically. (balancing the consolidated national budget; establishing the U.S. Aid Counterpart Fund in place of the lending operations of the Reconstruction Finance Bank; establishing a single foreign exchange rate; and decreasing government intervention into the economy, especially through subsidies and price controls).

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

In early August 1964, two U.S. destroyers stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam radioed that they had been fired upon by North Vietnamese forces. In response to these reported incidents, President Lyndon B. Johnson requested permission from the U.S. Congress to increase the U.S. military presence in Indochina. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. This resolution became the legal basis for the Johnson and Nixon Administrations prosecution of the Vietnam War.

Philippine Independence (July 4, 1946)

During the Spanish-American War, Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines after 300 years of Spanish rule on 12 June 1898. By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo's hopes for independence were dashed when the United States formally annexed the Philippines as part of its peace treaty with Spain. Taft dynasty from 1900-1913. Wilson Admin favors Philippine Independence 1916. Jones Act gave a greatly increased measure of self-government to the islands. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established with U.S. approval, and Manuel Quezon was elected the country's first president. On July 4, 1946, full independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines by the United States. In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government.

Geneva Conference/ Agreement 1954

Geneva Accords, collection of documents relating to Indochina and issuing from the Geneva Conference of April 26-July 21, 1954, attended by representatives of Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, France, Laos, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, the Viet Minh (i.e., the North Vietnamese), and the State of Vietnam (i.e., the South Vietnamese). The 10 documents—none of which were treaties binding the participants—consisted of 3 military agreements, 6 unilateral declarations, and a Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference (July 21, 1954). Intense negotiations following fall of the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu. Agreements were finally signed on July 21 between the French and Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian representatives. US made it clear that they did not see themselves as bound by the agreements. South Vietnamese also withheld approval, and the Final Declaration was left unsigned by all parties. The U.S. government undertook to build a separate anticommunist state in South Vietnam and in 1956 supported South Vietnam's refusal to hold nationwide elections in consultation with North Vietnam.

Sec. of State Henry Kissinger (1973-77)

German immigrant who fled to escape Nazi persecution of Jews. Became a political scientist, who, as adviser for national security affairs and secretary of state, was a major influence in the shaping of U.S. foreign policy from 1969 to 1976 under Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. July 1971, flies to Beijing on Nixon's orders to arrange Nixon's Feb 1972 visit. Surprising b/c Nixon was staunchly anti-communist. He was obsessed with "balance-of-power" politics. In Japan, he attempted to secure their independence, security, and order by exploiting the markets of Asia. Believed that Nixon admin should put the highest value on relations with Japan and warned that any attempt [by US or C] to compete for J's allegiance would result in resurgent J nationalism. 10/06/1973 - Egypt attacks Isreal. Kissinger supports Isreal and 6 Arab states retaliate by denying oil to US and its allies. US and J impose controls to prevent catastrophe from the embargo. Kissinger works out a truce b/w Egypt and Isreal. Formed the International Energy Agency.

Zaibatsu

Immense, family-based industrial-banking combinations that powered and dominated the economy. Examples include Mitsui and Mitsubishi zaibatsus - sometimes called "cabinets" as political corruption was often tied to their pocketbooks. Received help from an extraordinary government bureaucracy. Originated especially in the Tokugawa (1603-1867) and Meiji (1868-1912) eras. Notably powerful during the 1930s. MacArthur sought to dissolve Zaibatsu combines during the US occupation ('45-'52) period. Was largely unsuccessful. Broken up in 40s only to be rebuilt by 1955 because Tokyo officials allowed the concentrate resources in order to control investment and their society. Old Z relied on their own capital, new Z depended on concentrated banking system that worked intimately with the finance ministry and MITI. By '57-'60, Kishi Nobusku, a powerful political broker, worked to overthrow the occupation reforms that limited the zaibatsu. Now has moved to Keiretsu or "subsidiary" models.

Sukarno

He was the leader of the Indonesian independence movement and subsequently the first president of Indonesia. He declared independence in 1945; however, it was not until December 27, 1949, that the UN recognized independence (immediately after the fall of China). He established strong relationships with the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and the Military. This created a triangle structure of support with himself at the top. Sukarno created his own philosophy and power structure buttressed by military reinforcements. The CIA made several unsuccessful attempts to oust him. o Konfrontasi: Indonesia-Malaysia "confrontation." The US was alarmed by Sukarno's growing radicalism. He tilted toward the Soviet Union and China. Began attacking US-owned plantations. Soon declares a communist axis between Beijing, Pyongyang, Hanoi, and Phnom Penh. The failure of the 30 September Movement (1965) led to the destruction of the PKI with executions of its members and sympathisers in several massacres, with an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 dead. He was replaced in 1967 by one of his generals, Suharto. · "30 September Movement" Indonesia o Major conspiracy theories behind the orchestrator of the movement and attack. o China and PKI? - OR - Suharto? o Who paid for the movement? § PKI (500k or up to 3M) § Sukarno o U.S. complicity? September 30th Movement, group of Indonesian military personnel who captured and murdered six generals in 1965, marking the commencement of the abortive coup that led to the fall from power of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.

Le Duan

Le Duan was a founding member of the Indochina Communist Party. He joined the Viet Minh, Ho Chi Minh's anti-French communist-led front, and attained an influential position on the Central Committee of Ho's new Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in 1945. After Vietnam's division in 1954, Le Duan was put in charge of establishing an underground Communist Party organization in South Vietnam. He thus oversaw the creation in 1962 of the People's Revolutionary Party, a crucial component of the National Liberation Front. General Offensive-General Uprising Strategy: send North Vietnamese boys to fight a conventional war that South Vietnamese boys were not winning with guerilla tactics. Instead of only fighting battles in remote battlefields, also go directly to the cities and metro areas to accelerate war. Fierce opponent during the Vietnam War

San Francisco Peace Treaty (Sept. 1951)

Marked the end of the US occupation of Japan. 54 nations (not including mainland China or India) met to discuss and sign the peace treaty. The main obstacle of the treaty was rearmament, as J was reluctant in the aftermath of WWII. US maintained bases in Japan and Okinawa - to which J complained b/c US could use force whenever it desired in J. Yoshida demanded that the rights of US troops be handled in a separate executive order. Another point of contention was US attempts to divorce Sino-Japanese trade, which could not be separated. US needed to move quickly according to Dulles to prevent their joining the Communist bloc. 49 nations sign (not the Soviets, Poles, or Czechs).

Operation Menu

Operation Menu was a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia that began in 1969 as part of both the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War and continued until 1973. The targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN — commonly referred to during the Vietnam War as the North Vietnamese Army [NVA]) and forces of the Viet Cong (VC), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). o U.S. began secret bombing of Cambodia in 1969 (500k tons dropped by the end of 1973 - Operation Menu).

Viet Minh (1941)

Organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. US felt that if Viet Minh prevailed, the entire region would fall under communist control. In late 1943, members of the Viet Minh, led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, began to infiltrate Vietnam to launch guerrilla operations against the Japanese, who occupied the country during World War II. The Viet Minh forces liberated considerable portions of northern Vietnam, and after the Japanese surrender to the Allies, Viet Minh units seized control of Hanoi and proclaimed the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. First Indochina War begins in 1946 as Viet Minh and French forces fight. Dien Bien Phu happens in 1954, then the Vietnam War (1955-75) begins as a measure to replace French.

Theory of People's War (WWII-Vietnam)

People's war is a Maoist military strategy. First developed by the Chinese communist revolutionary leader Mao Zedong (1893-1976), the basic concept behind People's War is to maintain the support of the population and draw the enemy deep into the countryside (stretching their supply lines) where the population will bleed them dry through a mix of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare. It was used by the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and by the Chinese Soviet Republic in the Chinese Civil War. The strategy of people's war was used heavily by the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War.

Zbigniew Brzezinski (hostile toward Soviet Union)

Polish-American diplomat and political scientist. He served as a counselor to President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1968 and was President Jimmy Carter's National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981. o Carter cemented the process of establishing friendly relations with China - Zbigniew Brzezinski affected this, redirected Carters attention on anti-Soviet relations. Hawkish against USSR

Domino Theory

Post-WWII U.S. foreign policy which stated that the "fall" of a non-communist state to communism would precipitate the fall of non-communist governments in neighboring states. The theory was first proposed by President Harry S. Truman to justify sending military aid to Greece and Turkey in the 1940s, but it became popular in the 1950s when President Dwight D. Eisenhower applied it to Southeast Asia, especially South Vietnam. The domino theory was one of the main arguments used in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations during the 1960s to justify increasing American military involvement in the Vietnam War.

Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP)

Post-WWII, US Occupation (1945-1952) of Japan. Originally, it was supposed to be an allied venture. Instead, it became an American one, and more precisely a General Douglas MacArthur one. Goals: demilitarize and democratize. Moved Japan away from a totalitarian state to democracy at the U.S.'s instruction. Included a series of unitive reforms, a new constitution, demotion of the prestige of the emperor and alignment with the occupation, 31 articles focused on fundamental human rights - women too, renunciation of war (article 9), the trial of war criminals, welfare programs. Sweeping political, economic, military, democratic reforms. Dramatically changed Japan's trajectory in global affairs.

The Japanese (economic) "Miracle"

Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato (from '60-'64), previous head of MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) commited Japan to double its income during the 60s. Rapidly rising income took wind from political sails of left-wing. The program offered leverage in world affairs. Leverage was economic and not military. Create a dependency on Japan and not vice versa. Wanted to be 3rd pillar in the "free world." Ikeda's program used US military protection to free up resources for industry rather than armed forces. Welcomed US markets for J goods. While Ikeda's economic scheme succeeded, it slowly ate away at relations between the US and J. Two nations clashed over China, then Vietnam, then "Nixon shocks." Def'n: Period of rapid economic recovery and development after World War II up until the end of the Cold War. Ministry of Finance guided the "economic miracle." MITI was instrumental in the record economic development: counteracted SCAP deflationary policies, enabled zaibatsu reformation, offered low-cost loans for long term growth. Global reputation = "merchant of transistors" as their GDP grew competitively. The goal that J sought: economic security that would produce political autonomy that would lead to domestic order.

Suharto - Indonesia - 1967

Seized power from Sukarno in 1967. Army officer and political leader who was president of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998. His three decades of uninterrupted rule offered Indonesia political stability and sustained economic growth, but his authoritarian regime finally fell victim to an economic downturn and its own internal corruption. In Indonesia in October 1965, Suharto, a powerful Indonesian military leader, accused the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) of organizing a brutal coup (9/30 movement) attempt, following the kidnapping and murder of six high-ranking army officers. Over the months that followed, he oversaw the systematic extermination of up to a million Indonesians for affiliation with the party, or simply for being accused of harboring leftist sympathies. He then took power and ruled as dictator, with U.S. support, until 1998. The decimation of the PKI and Suharto's rise to power constituted a major turning point in the Cold War.

Syngman Rhee (S. Korea)

Syngman Rhee was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. He was backed by the US during the Korean War. Rhee oversaw the transfer of power from the United States Army Military Government in Korea to the Government of South Korea and the establishment of the First Republic of Korea. Rhee adopted a strongly anti-communist and pro-American stance, and led South Korea through the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Both Rhee and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. At the outbreak of hostilities on June 25, 1950, all South Korean resistance at the 38th parallel was overwhelmed by the North Korean offensive within a few hours. By June 26, it was apparent that the Korean People's Army (KPA) would occupy Seoul. Rhee stated, "Every Cabinet member, including myself, will protect the government, and parliament has decided to remain in Seoul. Citizens should not worry and remain in their workplaces."[27] However, Rhee had already left the city with most of his government on June 27. At midnight on June 28, the South Korean military destroyed the Han Bridge, thereby preventing thousands of citizens from fleeing. On June 28, North Korean soldiers occupied Seoul. Controversial as he made amendments to concentrate power and secure multiple presidential terms. Truman administration left Korea out of "defense perimeter" but important buffer - Korea never fell in the defense perimeter. Huge oversight. Republic of Korea = SK

Tet Offensive (Vietnam War -1968)

Tet Offensive, attacks staged by North Vietnamese forces beginning in the early hours of January 31, 1968, during the Vietnam War. The Tet Offensive consisted of simultaneous attacks by some 85,000 troops under the direction of the North Vietnamese government. The attacks were carried out against five major South Vietnamese cities, dozens of military installations, and scores of towns and villages throughout South Vietnam. o 1968 - Tet Offensive - aim was to win war militarily over the Saigon regime. "Deception plans" - launch attack in northwestern portion of South Vietnam. Thought Saigon was a deflection, but it is really what they were focusing on. LBJ - announces he will cease bombing and will not seek nomination as democratic candidate. Enter Richard Nixon - more difficult opponent for Le Duan.

Dien Bien Phu (Battle of - 1954)

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the decisive engagement in the first Indochina War (1946-54). After French forces occupied the Dien Bien Phu valley in late 1953, Viet Minh commander Vo Nguyen Giap amassed troops and placed heavy artillery in caves of the mountains overlooking the French camp. Boosted by Chinese aid, Giap mounted assaults on the opposition's strong points beginning in March 1954, eliminating use of the French airfield. Viet Minh forces overran the base in early May, prompting the French government to seek an end to the fighting with the signing of the Geneva Accords of 1954. After the French pulled out, the U.S. made a firm commitment to enter into the Vietnam war in order to defend capitalism and prevent Vietnam from falling to communism.

Bao Dai Solution (March 1948)

The French colonial effort of the late 1940s to construct an anti-communist, nationalist regime in South Vietnam around the French-friendly Nguyen Dynasty Emperor Bao Dai. French foreign/colonial policy decision-makers sought to retain effective dominion over a "de-colonized and independent" Vietnam and wanted U.S. military aid to finance their struggle against the Viet Minh. They could refuse to negotiate with the Viet Minh by claiming that Bao Dai was the genuine leader of Vietnam. French attempt to reduce support for the Viet Minh by creating the State of Vietnam in the south and naming a Vietnamese president. The United States recognition in February 1950 of the government headed by Bao Dai constituted the initial American political commitment in Indochina. It brought American resources and prestige to the support of France in its efforts to defeat the communist-led Viet Minh, the predominant force of Vietnamese nationalism. This American decision was based on the calculation that only the success of the so-called "Bao Dai solution" could assure the preservation of a noncommunist, Westem-oriented Southeast Asia.

Malayan Emergency 1948-1960

The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war fought in the Federation of Malaya from 1948 until 1960. The conflict was between Commonwealth armed forces and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the military wing of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). The fighting spanned both the colonial period and the creation of an independent Malaysia. Although it was referred to as "The Emergency" by colonial authorities, the MNLA referred to it as the "Anti-British National Liberation War". o Malayan Emergency - aka war - (1948-1060) with US support after 1950. o The problem of Malaysia (1963): Second Malayan Emergency and expulsion of Singapore (1965).

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)

The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was a treaty signed by the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China and the Soviet Union on 14 August 1945. Provided that the Soviet Union cease aiding the Chinese Communist Party. Furthermore, the two nations agreed upon joint control of the Chinese Eastern Railway and to facilitate its eventual return to full Chinese sovereignty. However, Chinese Nationalists noticed that the Soviet Union secretly and continuously supported Chinese Communist Party and People's Liberation Army which were opposed to the ruling Kuomintang and the government of Republic of China. The relation collapsed when Chinese Communist Party proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949 and the Soviet Union recognized it. During WWII, US was allies with both USSR and China. However, by the Korean war USSR and China signed a new Treaty and US perceived this alliance as a potential threat.

US Seventh Fleet

The US 7th Fleet is one of the US navy's largest numbered fleets. It includes ships, submarines, air crafts, and of course, marines and sailors. It came into creation during WWII and has been deployed in the following wars: WWII, Korean, Vietnam, among others. WWII: deployed in the Battle of Leyte Gulf - cost was very high and the number of casualties that MacArthur suffered which would have raised questions about Mac's tactics if they had been made public. K: Truman, on Acheson's suggestion, authorized deployment of the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the Taiwan Strait to prevent the Chinese Communists from taking Taiwan and stepped up assistance to the French fighting Communist forces in Vietnam. Mao responds with force. V: entrance into V war with the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.

Dixie Mission (1944)

The United States Army Observation Group, commonly known as the Dixie Mission, was sent during World War II to Yan'an, China, to establish the first official relations between the Communist Party of China and the United States of America. It lasted from 22 July 1944 to 11 March 1947. The goal of the mission, beyond the establishment of relations with the Communists, was to investigate the communists from a political and military perspective. This task was spearheaded by John S. Service of the United States Department of State, General Joseph Stilwell was also involved. Their initial reports presented a positive outlook on the Chinese Communists as a potential and useful wartime ally. Controversy later surrounded their reports as opinions in Washington adopted a more negative stance towards the communists. Eventually, many of the men associated with the reports were condemned by pro- Chinese Nationalist factions in the American government and fell victim to McCarthyism.

Paris Peace Agreement (1973)

The United States, South Vietnam, Viet Cong, and North Vietnam formally sign "An Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" in Paris. Due to South Vietnam's unwillingness to recognize the Viet Cong's Provisional Revolutionary Government, all references to it were confined to a two-party version of the document signed by North Vietnam and the United States—the South Vietnamese were presented with a separate document that did not make reference to the Viet Cong government. This was part of Saigon's long-time refusal to recognize the Viet Cong as a legitimate participant in the discussions to end the war. Establish peace and end the Vietnam War

Sino-Soviet Split (1960s)

The breaking of political relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism-Leninism, as influenced by their respective geopolitics during the Cold War (1945-1991). In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sino-Soviet debates about the interpretation of Orthodox Marxism became specific disputes about the USSR's policies of national de-Stalinization and international peaceful coexistence with the Western world, which Mao decried as Marxist revisionism. Against that ideological background, the PRC assumed a belligerent stance towards the West, and publicly rejected the USSR's policy of peaceful coexistence between the Eastern bloc and the Western bloc.

Vietnamization

Vietnamization of the war was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops." Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens' mistrust of their government that had begun after the offensive worsened with the release of news about U.S. soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai, the invasion of Cambodia, and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers.

William Westmoreland

o Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) Commander William Westmoreland Most notably commander of United States forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968. Worked with LBJ for public relations campaign. During 1967 Westmoreland was active in the Johnson administration's Progress Offensive, a public-relations campaign designed to persuade an increasingly tense public that the United States was winning the war. The campaign was deceptive and omissive.