HIST 303 - Midterm (Units 1-9)

Ecclesiastical Ordinances (of Geneva) (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

John Calvin 1541 - Made a model for how the Genevan church was supposed to function, according to Calvin's understanding of the biblical paradigm - Established the four church houses (Pastor, Teacher, Elder and Deacon) Significance: - Set up a model for a reformed church - uniquely set up an explicit provision for exercising church discipline, and to supervise the people

Institutes of the Christian Religion (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

John Calvin 1559 - Foundations of Calvinism - Discusses Calvinist beliefs - like predestination - Significance: Initially showed Calvin's dependents on Luther, Calvin became more independent with subsequent editions. Remains one of the classical statements of Protestant thought.

Latin church

That part of the Catholic Church that follows the disciplines and teachings of the Diocese of Rome, especially the liturgical traditions

Albrecht of Brandenburg

The Archbishop of Mainz who partook in indulgences, which led directly to the development of Luther's "95 Theses".

Consistory (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

The Consistory was organized by John Calvin upon his return to Geneva in 1541 in order to integrate civic life and the church -It initially consisted of the city's pastors and twelve lay elders who were selected from among the city's councils. -Worked as a court that judged people's public and private sin and punished

Saints

followers of christ who lived lives of holiness on earth and now share in eternal life with God in heaven

Erasmus

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Tower Experience

(1513 AD) Martin Luther had this while at University of Wittenberg while reading Romans 1:17 and 3:24. It resulted in his idea "Solafideism" that grace is a free gift and that faith alone saves.

Augustine of Hippo

(354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church.

Purgatory

(in Roman Catholic doctrine) a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.

Erasmus (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

- Dutch Christian humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance - Supreme Humanist scholar -Originally trained as a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style -he kept his distance from Luther, Henry VIII and John Calvin and continued to recognize the authority of the pope, emphasizing a middle way with a deep respect for traditional faith, piety and grace, rejecting Luther's emphasis on faith alone. - Erasmus remained a member of the Roman Catholic Church all his life,[6] remaining committed to reforming the church and its clerics' abuses from within. -He also held to the Catholic doctrine of free will, which some Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination. He taught that external rituals were not as important as internal devotion to Christ. - Most influential humanist in Europe was Erasmus. Erasmus's life and achievements combine so many themes of European renewal in the early 1500. - a friend to many bishops and princes and to anyone who shared his passion for learned wisdom. People came to him as devotees - believed he could improve the world with the help of leaders of the commonwealth and that he could make his own agenda of universal education and social improvements into theirs - Avoided taking sides in the Reformation - Wrote Enchiridion militis Christiani—the Handbook of the Christian Soldier. - This outlined the proper Christian life and condemned formal rituals without meaning

Affair of the Placards (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history

- France - October 18 1534 - Francis I (king of france at this time) this event was especially inflammatory because there were rumors that one of the tracts had actually been nailed to the door of the king's own bedchamber, at his chateau in Amboise. It caused a great deal of panic —the coordinated effort made everyone believe that a massive conspiracy was underway, and that it had penetrated into the king's inner circle. More people called out to the king to demand that he take steps to protect French Catholicism from heretical influences. As a result, Francis finally acted against the evangelicals. The machinery for prosecuting heresy was set in motion. Parlements across France were given the right to try heresy cases. Some parlementaires actively began looking for heretics to prosecute. - In 1542, the Sorbonne drew up the first French Index, or list of forbidden books. Then the Parlement of Paris backed up the Index by threatening with the death penalty those found with the banned books in their homes or shops. They tried to police the printers as much as they could to keep them from printing and distributing Protestant tracts.

John Calvin (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

- His version of protestantism that spread the furthest Born July 10 1509-He went to college in paris (secondary school before college) and studied latin. Then went to the university of Paris where he got in contact with the most important humanists of that time. At 18 1528, he started to study law but also studied humanities. Exposed to both humanists and protestant ideas -1533 converted to the idea of reform and embraced protestant -1533 Cop was elected as president of the university and his acceptance speech was seen as luthern and wasnt taken well. Calvin was seen as a suspect to writing the speech since they were friends so Calvin left paris -Suspect to the affair of the placards -Invited to be a minister in Geneva in 1536 1536 accepted protestant. Farel and calvin reformed the Geneva - Made public confession mandatory - After 2 years supporters of Calvin and Farel were a minority and Calvin and Farel were expelled from the city - Calvin was invited to Strossburg - In 1541, Geneva returned to a majority of supporters for Calvin and Farel and they were invited back - Counsel asked Calvin to draft regulations for the church but also was asked to help make a secular government - This gave Calvin a ton of power - Justification by faith, Absolute sovereignty of God (11:17) - Lord chooses his children, but no one else (predestination- believed that God had already chosen who would be saved and damned)Behavior of either party doesn't determine their fate - Created the Consistory. Consisted of 12 elders (magistrates) and 5 ministers. They heard complaints and people could report their neighbors

John Wyclif (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, English priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford, became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism.-Wycliffe's followers, known as Lollards, followed his lead in advocating predestination, iconoclasm, and the notion of caesaropapism, while attacking the veneration of saints, the sacraments, requiem masses, transubstantiation, monasticism, and the very existence of the Papacy.-advocated translation of the Bible into the vernacularchallenged the authority of the church and the papacy. Similar to Jan Hus but not exact believed that lay people should be allowed more participation in the church. They also believed that the Bible should be put above the words and views of church leaders. They wanted to curtail the power of the priests as well, and believed that individuals did not need a priest to commune with God. Their ideas about church doctrines and practices were much more radical than most others who were calling for reform—they actually believed that new churches should be created-heretical group who followed the teachings of John Wyclif in England? Lollards

Huguenots (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-French Protestants became known as Huguenots -Huguenots did have to be careful about their religious activities. Wherever they could, French authorities arrested and exiled (or executed) outspoken Protestants in the years after the Affair of the Placards. Yet Huguenot numbers steadily increased until they constituted between ten and fifteen percent of the French population in 1559, when the first national synod of the French Reformed Church took place. In many areas of the kingdom authorities were either unwilling or unable to check the growth of Protestantism - the Reformation was largely an urban event, and that was as true in France as it was elsewhere. Protestantism enjoyed its greatest successes in places where books and religious pamphlets were easily available, and where populations were large enough to attract the interest of missionaries or ministers -It seems that religious conversions often took place among groups of people who were looking for an alternative identity or a new community -nobles were better educated than the vast majority of the population and thus had the easiest access to Protestant teachings. Nobles were also the most powerful people in their territories and could more easily exist as avowed Huguenots

Charles V (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-He struggled to hold his empire together against the growing forces of Protestantism, increasing Ottoman and French pressure, and even hostility from the pope. -October 1520 Charles was accordingly crowned king of Germany in Aachen, assuming at the same time the title of Roman emperor-elect. In the spring of 1521 the imperial Diet, before which Martin Luther had to defend his theses, assembled at Worms. The reformer's appearance represented a first challenge to Charles, beginning with a sweeping invocation of his Roman Catholic ancestors, read out to the Diet. After Luther refused to recant the substance of his writings and left the Diet, Charles drew up the Edict of Worms. With it, he rejected Luther's doctrines and essentially declared war on Protestantism -Charles V decided to give Luther a formal hearing within the Empire at the first avliable meeting of its Diets at Worms in April 152. He was asked if he would recant and instead of answering a yes or no he answered in a careful and dignified speech (see speech 131). Charles honoured Luther's safe conduct while issuing an edict condemning Luther as a heretic.

Printing press (Key term/event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-The impact of the printing press on European history cannot be overstated—it put into motion a series of dramatic changes that would affect every part of the continent and people from every social class. -one recent scholar has argued that as reading became more and more popular, individuals who read about other people they could never meet in real life actually developed a greater capacity for empathy, which may have led to the decline of violence in educated societies who argued several decades ago that the printing press didn't just create profound changes; it created modernity -Not only did the increased availability of texts mean that more people had access to new religious ideas, but the printing press set in motion changes in religion that the Catholic Church would have had to address even if Luther and Calvin had never existed -Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, is credited with printing the first full-length book using moveable type. Known as the Gutenberg Bible, it appeared in 1455 (a date I like to ask all of my students to memorize) -By 1500, less than fifty years after the appearance of the Gutenberg Bible, printing presses existed in over two hundred cities throughout Europe. By that time forty thousand different books, representing between eight and ten million copies, had been printed. -majority of the books printed during this time period were religious in nature -The most important items were not books, but short pamphlets and tracts meant for a popular audience. They often contained a number of illustrations and just short lines of text so they could be understood even by people who were barely literate. Luther's works made up twenty percent of all the pamphlets published in Europe between 1500 and 1530 -the printing press played a significant role in the spread of Protestantism. But the availability of printed books had deeper effects as well. With the advent of the printing press, we see important shifts in scholarly activity -that individuals could spend the time they had once spent copying pursuing additional education and mastering more content much more quickly. Thus printing meant a whole new definition of learning: the goal wasn't just to master a body of knowledge, it was to add to it and create something entirely new. -printing press therefore led to questions about authority. The church could no longer maintain a monopoly on religious texts. More and more people could read the Bible, simply because it was now printed. If anyone can read the Bible, whose interpretation of it is correct? -The advent of the printing press brought did not increase in secular literature, since authors no longer felt obligated to produce religious material

Huldrich Zwingli (1484-1531) (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. -In Zurich December of 1518 they appointed a man named Huldrych Zwingli as the cathedral priest of the most important church in the city—the Great Minster (or Grossmünster -Zwingli was born in 1484 (just a few weeks after Luther) in the Swiss canton of Glarus. Like Luther, he had a humanist education. -After obtaining a Master's degree in Basel, he was ordained a priest -He was known for preaching Erasmian Christianity—he emphasized an interior, personal, and rational Christian belief. His main focus was in criticizing false, external worship that had no scriptural foundation -So when the magistrates of Zürich appointed him as cathedral priest, they knew they were getting a reformer(they just wanted Zwingli to continue to preach a humanist version of Christianity) -, Zwingli's theology took a more radical turn. He accepted and then taught the key evangelical principles of justification by faith and sola scriptura. He always insisted that he developed this theology independently, but he had most likely read Luther's works-and spoke out against certain Catholic practices like fasting during Lent and clerical celibacy- At this point, the Zürich city council began to take action, and in early 1523 they asked Zwingli to give a disputation and defend what he had been preaching. He did, and the council decided that they agreed with his ideas and that they would continue to support him-In the early 1520s, Zwingli and Luther had agreed on most major points of doctrine. However, by 1525, the two men had split over the issue that would become one of the most divisive in the Reformation: the Eucharist. Luther denounced transubstantiation, and argued that no priest could change physical elements into the actual body and blood of Christ. But he did insist on the real presence. He believed that Christ actually was in the physical elements, as a sign of his grace and his love for humankind. But Zwingli, and others, began to argue that when Christ had instituted the sacrament of the Eucharist and said, "This is my body," he meant "this represents my body." So communion, for Zwingli, was a symbolic ritual instead of a literal one, as Luther argued. Luther denounced Zwingli and his supporters, and called them sacramentarians. -Zwingli fought with the Zürich army and was killed in the brief war

Cathars (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-Located primarily in southern France, they were active in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Their beliefs and practices are quite difficult to pin down. Because it was an underground movement, there are very few records that explain exactly what the Cathars believed. Recent historical scholarship suggests that the Cathars were never a unified group; instead, there were simply a remarkably large number of individuals in Southern France who wanted to be able to worship in their own way, without a great deal of interference from Catholic leaders and priests. Many of them believed in dualism as well —the idea that all things spiritual were good, while all things material (including the human body) were bad. In order to achieve spiritual purity, many Cathars practiced extreme forms of asceticism. Not all people who would have called themselves Cathars did so, but enough did that it brought them to the attention of clerical leaders. Inquisitors were sent in to try to root out the heresy, and when that didn't work, the king of France sent in troops. The war was called a crusade (the Albigensian Crusade, after Albi, one of the main rebellious towns). For the most part, the church and the political authorities were successful, and the Cathars ceased to be an important force by the end of the fourteenth century.

Indulgences (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category . Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-Luther: what angered him about indulgences was that every assumption behind the indulgence system conflicted with the justification by faith. Humans could do nothing to gain their own salvation, least of all by buying a piece of parchment from archbishop Albrecht's agents. Luther already believed that indulgences completely reversed the true nature of repent -The sale of jubilee indulgences for the construction of St. Peters in Rome was regulated by the Summary Instructions issued by the archbishop pf Mainz, Albert of Hohenzollern. This was this document and the reports of Tetzel's indulgence preaching that trigger Luther's 95 theses. To reconstruct St. Peters Church. Preachers need to insist with great perseverance upon these advantages and persuade believers not to neglect to acquire these benefits of buying them -Which of the following individuals was selling indulgences in his territory, leading Luther to speak out against the doctrine?Albert of Brandenburg

Guise family (Key individual(s). Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-Noble French Roman Catholic family that played a major role in French politics during the Reformation -The Guises upheld firmly Catholic interests not only in France, -Their religious zeal, however, was often tarnished by their own violence, and by that of their partisans; it also covered certain plans for political reform that were dangerous to monarchical centralization.

Eucharist (Lord's Supper) (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-The Eucharist (/ˈjuːkərɪst/; also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.is the dramatic recreateion of the last supper before jesus's arrest and death.The goal is to break down the barrier between physical and spiritual. Usually only taken by the priest except for on easter

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date they lived - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-at the end of the Wars of Religion, abjured Protestantism and converted to Roman Catholicism (1593) in order to win Paris and reunify France. With the aid of such ministers as the Duke de Sully, he brought new prosperity to France. - 1598 whole kingdom was cool with his rule. So he wrote the edicto Compromise was now accepted-French king was originally a Protestant convert

Jan Hus (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-church reformer, an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation -Hus is considered the first church reformer-challenged the authority of the church and the papacy. Similar to John Wyclif but not exact believed that lay people should be allowed more participation in the church. They also believed that the Bible should be put above the words and views of church leaders. They wanted to curtail the power of the priests as well, and believed that individuals did not need a priest to commune with God. Their ideas about church doctrines and practices were much more radical than most others who were calling for reform —they actually believed that new churches should be created

Anabaptists (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

-term that we use to describe this part of the Reformation is Anabaptist. The word simply means rebaptizer, and a variety of different types of believers fit into this category. This is the term that most historians use today (except some German historians, who just use Baptists, but that has obvious problems for an American audience, where the Baptists are a separate religious movement that didn't begin until the seventeenth century, in England, and which spread to the colonies). But the sixteenth-century Anabaptists were men and women who decided that reformers like Luther and Zwingli had laid bare the treachery and tricks of the papacy, but had failed to build something better in its place. They believed that too many people were continuing in their old, sinful ways instead of striving for a holier life. Anabaptists wanted reform to happen faster, and they were willing to take matters into their own hands to make that happen.-Adopted most of the Lutheran beliefs (anticlergicalism, antipapelism, justification by faith and sula scriptra) - Based every practice off of scripture - Against infant Baptist (radical belief) sprinkling water on head -Believed in believers' baptism (since Jesus wasn't baptized until adulthood) in the form of emerging - Believed religious views were held higher than marriage so women could leave their non-believing husbands. Some polygamy was practiced. Believed the world was coming to an end Believers job to hasten the end on earth and would act with violence to make it happen - Other believed that persecution should be celebrated and were passive about it all

Babylonian Captivity (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

1308. Clement V, was from a French family and he moved the residence of the papacy to Avignon—a papal city contained entirely within the territory of France. For the next seventy years, until 1378, the elected popes were all French, and they lived in Avignon. This period is known as the Babylonian Captivity.

John Wyclif

1330-1384. John Wycliffe was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford. He became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism

Black Death (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

1348- 130 years before reformation. -It spread widely because no one understood the cause of the disease .-It affected people from all classes of society. -It caused increased devotion to the cult of the saints. Post plague era had a lot of children with religious names (Anthony, nicolo) after saints -It led some people to question the role of priests in the Catholic Church. -The demographic collapse created space for a reshuffling of agricultural resources that led to economic growth by 1500 .-Disease of small rodents typically through fleas, bacteria goes to lyphnodes. Swelling 2-4 days before death. 30-70% mortality rate. Huge demographic loss, worse in cities because cities were dirty and good place for rates to live. Port cities the first affected. Believed the air was bad (bad smelling air) but not in germs between people even though it wasn't through people. -Plague was a punishment from god and the cure was through spiritual belief -People built more churches and blamed the Jews, leppers, prostitutes, etc. Economic growth was stagnant with a higher population than ever before so resources were thin and most land was dedicated to growth of grain - Economy became more diverse because land could be used to grow other things since there were less people to feed More artisans and merchants Old systems broke down Recovery was pretty quick With the quick population growth, social and economic status was complicated and people looked to the church to help navigate. When the catholic church as too slow to change with the times, people left the church

Peasants' War (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

524-1525 The Peasants' War was violent and chaotic. It was the opposite of the discipline and order espoused by the Magisterial Reformers like Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer. And although the peasants lost their battle, it created an important shift in the reform -helps us to understand what the Reformation meant to the majority of the population, beyond just the scholars, rulers, and other elites. As perhaps the largest peasant rebellion in European history, -Peasant rebels were protesting taxes and feudal labor obligations, as well as the tithes -spring of 1525, revolts were again breaking out across the German lands. All told, there were probably about three hundred thousand individuals who were in one way or another involved in the Peasants' War in 1525, although many of those did not take part in any battles, and no peasant army was larger than twenty thousand or so in strength. (Most armies were much smaller—just a few thousand people.) The armies were divided into companies and then platoons. Units often rotated, so that some would stay and fight while others went home and worked. In this way, many more people were involved in the wars than just those who fought in the actual battles. The most well-known historian of the Peasants' War, Peter Blickle, called the rebellion a "revolution": The Revolution of the Common Man. And, in fact, the rebels came from all classes of society (except for the nobles, understandably) -targets were always the same—the landowners. That meant the princes and the nobility, but also bishops, abbots, and cathedral chapters. one hundred thousand peasants and townsmen died as a result of the wars- -Debates on cause: Economic issues-they believe that most peasants still had a stake in the feudal system, and were just trying to restore the village and community rights they believed had once existed in the ancient feudal system. Thus, for these historians the rebellion was more about restoring ancient practices rather than supporting or creating new ones .-The vast majority of the participants in the Peasants' War were NOT from the very lowest socioeconomic classes. -the war convinced the princes that they needed to either accept or reject reform in their territories.

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. In some religions, making a pilgrimage will forgive all of ones sins.

Summary Instruction for Indulgence Preachers (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Archbishop of Mainz, Albert of Hohenzollern 1517 - Dictated how much indulgences would cost - Told indulgence preachers what to do - Was to raise money to construct St. Peter's in Rome - Significance: This document lead to Luther writing his 95 theses

St. Batholomew's Day Massacre (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

August 24 1572 royal government of France were putting on a wedding for the King's Sister (catholic) Henry of Navarre(protestant) and to bind the recent treaty. The most prominent leader came to the wedding and was almost assasisanted but was only badly injuried. Served as an excuse to extinguish all the protestants and massacre (2000-3000 people killed) and then as word spread on what was happening, other catholics in other cities began to kill protestants (3000-4000 people additionally killed) King Charles IX of France, under the sway of his mother, Catherine de Medici, orders the assassination of Huguenot Protestant leaders in Paris, setting off an orgy of killing that results in the massacre of tens of thousands of Huguenots all across France. Two days earlier, Catherine had ordered the murder of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader whom she felt was leading her son into war with Spain. However, Coligny was only wounded, and Charles promised to investigate the assassination in order to placate the angry Huguenots. Catherine then convinced the young king that the Huguenots were on the brink of rebellion, and he authorized the murder of their leaders by the Catholic authorities. Most of these Huguenots were in Paris at the time, celebrating the marriage of their leader, Henry of Navarre, to the king's sister, Margaret. A list of those to be killed was drawn up, headed by Coligny, who was brutally beaten and thrown out of his bedroom window just before dawn on August 24. Once the killing started, mobs of Catholic Parisians, apparently overcome with bloodlust, began a general massacre of Huguenots. Charles issued a royal order on August 25 to halt the killing, but his pleas went unheeded as the massacres spread. Mass slaughters continued into October, reaching the provinces of Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Bourdeaux, and Orleans. An estimated 3,000 French Protestants were killed in Paris, and as many as 70,000 in all of France. The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day marked the resumption of religious civil war in France.

Catherine de Medici (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Catherine de Medici, daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, was an Italian noblewoman who was queen of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III -Catherine ended the first civil war in March 1563 by the Edict of Amboise, an attenuated version of the Edict of January. In August 1563 she declared the King of age in the Parlement of Rouen and, from April 1564 to January 1566, conducted him on a marathon itinerary round France. o The nobels didn't like what she (Catherine) wanted to do with the compromise so they took things in their own hands and started a war by murdering some prothestants that were having a meeting Catherine was among those who appear to have authorized not the massacre itself but the death of the admiral and his principal followers.

Sacraments (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Catholic Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony, and Holy Orders.

regular clergy

Clergy who live under the rule of a monastic house; monks and nuns

conversos

Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized.

Jan Hus

Czech theologian and philosopher who became a church reformer and an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.

Humanism (Renaissance) (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Definition commonly wrong . humanism was not a move toward secularization, or the insistence on the use of reason at the exclusion of religion. What was it, then? Above all, humanism was a change in education. Much of humanism was a reaction against the otherworldliness of medieval Christianity. humanists suggested that instead Christians should concentrate on this world and make it a better place. The humanists didn't want a secular society. In fact, they wanted the exact opposite—a society that was even more Christianized. -The term usefully assosiciated with humanism is 'Renaissance': this conveys the right nuance that while something new was happening in Europe between the fourthteenth and sixteenth centuries it was seen as rediscovery of something very old-'civic humanism' is intended to describe the thought of those humanist who paid particular attention to ancient society in order to see how their own society and government might be reconstructed for the general good -Humanism can be described as emphasizing rational Christianity.

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony, protected Luther and sheltered him, under protection he translated Bible to German

Mass

Eucharist, Catholic ritual

Evangelical

Focusing on emotionally powerful preaching, rather than formal ceremonies, and on the teachings of the Bible.

Utraquists

Followers of Jan Hus that took charge of the church in Bohemia and believed that the laity should be able to partake of communion (wine and the bread)

Lollards

Followers of John Wycliffe

Karlstadt

German Protestant theologian, University of Wittenberg chancellor, a contemporary of Martin Luther and a reformer of the early Reformation

Augsburg Confession (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Germany, 1530 -It is also the foremost confession of faith for the Lutheran Church. Written by Philipp Melanchthon, a German Reformer and successor to Martin Luther, the Confession was presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530. Desiring to restore political and religious unity in the German Free Territories, Charles V had called upon the princes of the territories to explain their religious convictions. The Augsburg Confession was the explanation of Martin Luther's convictions.-consists of the twenty-eight articles of faith of the Lutheran Church. It is one of the documents in the Lutheran Book of Concord, which also includes the Apology and the Schmalkalden Articles, Martin Luther's summary of Lutheran doctrine. The Confession lists several abuses practiced by the Roman Catholic Church and makes scriptural arguments for their correction-It was the most definitive statement of evangelical beliefs that had yet been produced, and it only widened the gap between Protestants and Catholics even further as they realized just how different their beliefs had become

Briçonnet

Head of humanism during his life in France

Edict of Nantes (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

King Henry IV of France 1598 - most important step toward religious tolerance, or at least confessional coexistence, that came out of the Reformation period - Primarily to promote unity - granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time - revoked by King Louis XIV and Protestantism once again became illegal in France - Significance: Recognized the Calvin Protestants as their own religion

secular clergy

Live and work among everyday people; priest, bishop, and archbishop

Martin Luther (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Luther was a typical recruit to the monastic and clerical life, a bright boy from a hard-working middle rank family with a shrewd respect for education -His Dad wanted him to go into law, but he didn't listen and wanted to be a monk-Luther was a dominant figure in its Theology Faculty and was mistaken for a humanist scholar once his troubles became public in 1517. He kept his distance from humanism and he loathed the ethics of Aristotle - Luther's turning point has been linked to the picturesque tale of 'tower experience' drawn from his own account long afterwards in 1545 and remarkably difficult to place the exact time that this occurred. His realization came from seeing in a new light from Romans 1:17 with the meaning of one words being translated. Is new understanding was the it meant the declaring of someone to be righteous: God inputs the merits of the crucified and risen Christ through grace to a fallen human being who remains without inherent merit and who without this imputation would remain unrighteous. He now saw the bible in a different way (• Tower experience- mistranslation in Romans. Became to find a new answer to his worthiness which was God's grace. Humanities merit didn't matter it was god's mercy that saved you. He began to preach this) -Luther himself continued to accept the existence of Purgatory until around 1530 -Luther spoke out on October 31, 1517 and is celebrated as Reformation Day in Germany - Luther was accused of heresy and questioning the authority of the pope - Luther made an honest but fatal comment that was whatever opinions of the Hussites were heretical, that they were evangelical and Christian - Luther was condemned for heresy by papal Bull in 1520 -justification by faith, which is how he explains salvation-Believed in scripture alone meaning that this was the ultimate authority not the pope and the pope lead people astray -Thought sermons should be in german not latin, including hymns

Babylonian Captivity of the Church (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1520 - Luther accuses the Roman church and the papacy of keeping the church in captivity, equating Rome with the biblical Babylon that exiled the Israelites from their homeland, holding them captive in Babylon. According to Luther, the pope was holding the church in captivity through the use of the sacramental system and Rome's theology - In 1521 Luther was asked to either confess or recant his books, this treatise. - Captivities: withholding the cup in the Lord's Supper from the laity, the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the Roman Catholic Church's teaching that the Mass was a sacrifice and a good work. - was a critique of the medieval Roman church's system of sacraments. The treatise is a summary of Luther's thinking on the sacraments and it is still the confessional Lutheran relationship to the number of sacraments Significance: Accused the pope of being an Antichrist,

Invocavit Sermons (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1522 - Wittenberg, Germany - Elaborated his ideas on ecclesiastical reform - Inner change has to happen before outer change, he said the opposite had happened in Wittenberg - Significance: showed that Luther was a conservative reformist

Letter to Archbishop Albert of Mainz (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1517 - Denounced the practice of Indulgence selling, specifically, John Tetzel selling indulgences - Included his 95 Theses in this letter - Significant because indulgences was one of the reasons for Luther's theses and reformation ideas

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1520 - Luther called for Secular authorities to help reform the Catholic Church - Just a list of reforms Luther wanted to happen - Significance: Threw fuel on a fire. Did not help ease any religious tensions. - Erasmus called it an "irreparable breach" - other notable figures refused to comment, rejected it, or wrote scathing rebuttals

The Freedom of a Christian (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1520 - further establishes Luther's thought - The title became a popular slogan - Significance: showed Luther's ideas for ecclesiastical reform

Concerning Governmental Authority (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1523 - Luther had decided that Church & state should be separate, and not connected like they had been before. - With this in mind, he explores the political consequences of his new belief - Describes the proper Christian attitude towards political authority - Significance: Church and state had historically been very connected. Luther was arguing for another Reformation idea

Friendly Admonition to Peace (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1525 - This was Luther's response to the twelve articles which had implicated him because of the evangelical character of their demands. - The Twelve articles (of the Swabian Peasants) seemed to be pages out of Luther's book. Luther responded with this tract which was meant to appeal to peace as a plea that the grievances of the peasants be duly considered and bloodshed avoided. - Luther made it clear that he didn't approve of the peasants arguments. - Luther rejected the use of the gospel to sustain secular demands and insisted that the laws of society must provide the answer for social amelioration.

Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther 1535 - Expresses Luther's theology on Justification by Faith, using one of the books he considered the most authoritative in the Bible - Significant because it shows Luther's Reformist theology

Preface to the German Translation of the New Testament (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Martin Luther September 1522 - argued that people should read the scriptures for themselves (which is why he translated the Bible to German) - argued that certain books in the bible had more authority than others (John's Gospel, St. Paul's Epistles, and St. Peter's 1st epistle being the best) - Luther also believed only the Scriptures should be a guide for Christian faith. - Significant because: - Only using the scriptures rejects the authority of the Pope. This is another Reformation idea. - Having the scriptures available in a common tongue was an emerging Reformation idea. - The idea that some books of Scripture had more authority than others was an idea put forth by Luther.

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther's doctrine that a person can be saved only by faith in God, and not by good works

Katharina von Bora

Martin Luther's wife

Moriscos

Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Granada to avoid being exiled

Account of Our Religion (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Peter Riedemann 1541 - Most substantial, coherent statement of faith and practice of the early Anabaptist-Hutterite community - Made an argument for their ideas of communal living (if all things come from God, then man can't claim to own something) - Since the Hutterite Anabaptists were left alone by authorities, they were able to create their own communities and structures

Iberian Reformation

Reformation never took off in Spain, the Reconquista gave a strong Catholic identity

Schleitheim Confession of Faith (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

South German & Swiss Anabaptists 1527 - Purpose was to clarify the theological heterogeneity of the Anabaptist movement which had expanded rapidly and become a catchall for all sorts of radical dissent. - Believer baptism was shared by Anabaptists everywhere, other tenets were by no means universally accepted. - Significance: This document acknowledges that not all Anabaptists concurred with its affirmations, expressed a consensus in several other areas and showed that the ramifications of Anabaptists thought went beyond the issue of baptism.

Michael Servetus (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Spanish physician and theologian whose unorthodox teachings led to his condemnation as a heretic by both Protestants and Roman Catholics and to his execution by Calvinists from Geneva in 1553

Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants (This is a key text. Short answer question. Seven on the exam, must answer five of them. -Identify the text -provide the author -date written - a summary of the main points of the text - significance of the text in the larger context of reformation history)

Swabian Peasants 1525 - Peasants rose in southwest Germany in the fall of 1524 their pronouncements seemed to express a Lutheran orientation. The most famous of a large number of similar but unprinted peasant documents, serve as a excellent illustration. - The German peasant uprising of 1524-25 had an intriguing relationship to the Protestant reformation since the real causes of the peasants discontent reached back into the preceding century, where they found expression in periodic uprisings and restlessness. - The Protestant reformation and its slogans (freedom of a Christian, the priesthood of all believers and the repudiation of human laws and regulations provided the theological rationale for their concerns.) - 12 articles seemed to express a Lutheran orientation - References scriptures, says if any demand was not supported by scripture, they would withdraw it.

Diet of Worms (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

The Diet of Worms of 1521 was an imperial diet (remember, an assembly meeting) of the Holy Roman Empire. It was convened to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther's teachings. The diet was held in Worms, -Luther's formal hearing with the Emperor took place at 1521-Charles V decided to give Luther a formal hearing within the Empire -He was asked if he would recant and instead of answering a yes or no he answered in a careful and dignified speech (see speech 131). Charles honoured Luther's safe conduct while issuing an edict condemning Luther as a heretic. Fredrich had made sure to keep him safe and once in Saxon, he staged a kidnapping which carried Luther out of the public view and vanished for 10 months

Francis I (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

The French king from 1515 to 1547-Francis and the pope had already made an agreement (the Concordat of Bologna) that cemented the right of the crown to appoint bishops and abbots in France. So, although there were many voices for reform of clerical abuses in France, there were few people who saw an advantage in rebelling against the pope .-Francis himself was attracted to humanist ideas. He was an important patron of the arts in France, and he invited Erasmus to come and head a new college for the study of ancient languages in Paris, along with other scholars in Greek and Hebrew. -King Francis had to walk a fine line—he needed to keep Parlement and the Sorbonne happy, but he himself actually liked some of the new ideas. His compromise solution was, at first, to take a middle ground. He protected the Humanist groups, like those in Meaux, and he continued to support them financially. But he made no political move towards Protestantism. So most of the scholars and reformers that Francis favored remained safe, but increasingly the more conservative voices in society were crying out for the king to make a firm statement against the Protestants -1529:he couldn't hold this middle ground for long. In that year, a French church council, dominated by the Sorbonne faculty, was held. This council issued a firm definition of heresy, condemned Lutheran doctrines, and stated their Catholic positions on the doctrines of transubstantiation, justification by works, and the efficacy of the sacraments. -After the Affair of the PlacardsFrancis finally acted against the evangelicals.

Leipzig debate

The Leipzig Debate was a theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt, Martin Luther, and Johann Eck

Conciliarism

The authority of the church resting in the hands of councils rather than in the hands of the pope. Used to end the great schism and lead the councils of Constance and Pisa.

Papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Relationship between the Humanist Movement and the Reformation?

The humanist movement was the catalyst to the Protestant Reformation and the thoughts and ideas of Martin Luther. It was the humanist education that exposed Luther to the classics and the early Church fathers that previously had been known by name only. Humanism gave Luther the chance to see an actual Bible and read the scriptures for himself. Humanism gave Luther the ability to fluently communicate his findings and debate intellectually his standings. Without the humanist movement and the influence of the humanist education, Luther's reformation might never have happened though he never embraced the movement. Humanism, through the Protestant Reformation, completely changed the course of history and sent silent shockwaves across all lands.

Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms

The meeting of leaders in the Holy Roman Empire at which Luther was formally condemned; Luther was told by the pope to recant 41 of his 95 theses; At worms, Luther was asked to recant basically all of his teachings; Luther asked for a day to think it over; the next day he says he will not recant because there was nothing logical or in the scripture saying he was wrong; Charles created the Edict of Worms saying all of Luther's books were to be burned, his property to be confiscated, he was cut off from the church, he was wanted to be arrested and no one was allowed to help or harbor him; caused most of Northern Europe to become Protestant

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews were held captive in Babylon. Could also refer to Luther's treatise on how the Papacy is holding the church captive

soteriology

The study of the doctrine of salvation

Thomas Müntzer (Key individual. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Thought Revelation was a social revolution and led a revolt. Lead 8000 peasants. Defeated and decapitatedHe preached an apocalyptic gospel that gave the rebellion religious legitimacy. -Thomas Müntzer began preaching an apocalyptic gospel, and went as far as to suggest that if rulers refused to submit to godly law—if they refused to ease the taxes and fees owed by the peasants—that they had the right to revolt and overthrow those rulers. -Müntzer had been invited to preach, an urban rebellion broke out, led by a group of people who wanted to replace the members of the city council with those whom they believed would act in accordance with godly law -was captured in the decisive Battle of Frankenhausen, tortured into recanting his heretical doctrines,** and beheaded.

Purgatory (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

Time in-between before heaven (Indulgence: Remove time from purgatory) -place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.

Melanchthon

a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. German author of the Ausburg Confessions

Confraternity

a brotherhood, especially with a charitable or religious purpose

Devotio Moderna

a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity of life

alumbrados

a term used to loosely describe practitioners of a mystical form of Christianity in Spain during the 15th-16th centuries. Some alumbrados were only mildly heterodox, but others held views that were clearly heretical, according to the contemporary rulers

Origen

also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria

Savonarola

an Italian Dominican friar from Ferrara and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor.

Relic

an object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by, a saint or other holy person. In the Reformation, some would sell something claiming it was a relic.

Cardinal Cajetan

best known for his interview of Luther at Augsburg in 1518, but he was also a prolific theologian in his own right who authored more than 150 works

Apocrypha

biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of Scripture

Ottoman Turks

captured Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art

Münster (Key term/event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

city the Anabaptists gather and proclaim to be the New Jerusalem in 1534-35-Anabaptists after the Münster disaster tended to be non-violent and submissive to governmental authority

religious orders

community of men/women who live and worship together and minister a community in a specific way-males are brothers or monks, females are nuns.

treasury of merit

consists, according to Catholic belief, of the merits of Jesus Christ and his faithful, a treasury that because of the communion of saints benefits others too.[1] According to the Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, this Catholic belief is a way of expressing the view that the good works done by Jesus and others can benefit other people, and "contemporary Roman Catholic theologians see it as a metaphor for ways in which the faith of Christ and the saints helps others".

Tetzel

northern german clergyman who sold indulgences, representing the spiritual corruption of the church

Ninety-Five Theses (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

park that set off the Reformation and caused the permanent splintering of Western Christianity -Formed a text against indulgences in the form of the 95 theses and posted on the door of the church in 1517. Wanted to start an academic debate. He was an Augustine, this was not a unique thing to do and was often the way to start an academic debate. But these theses were written with an angry undertone and provoked a response. Criticism of clergy. These were spread and the printing press got ahold of them.

Mass (Key term. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

the most important ceremony•hoc est corpus meum: This is my Body. Held up sacred elements to change them. Most important part of mass because provided a reminder that god is involved in life and that it is a miracle-which of the following are the two most important pillars of the medieval Catholic Church:the doctrine of the Mass and the authority of the Papacy

Great Schism

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

celibacy

the state or condition of those who have chosen or taken vows to remain unmarried in order to devote themselves entirely to the service of the Church and the Kingdom of God

French Wars of Religion (Key event. Be able to identify all of this category. Identify: - Where it took place - The date it took place - Notable events - Notable figures in this event - Significance of this in the larger context of reformation history)

were a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598. -need to remember that these wars were not the result of a simple conflict between Huguenots who wanted the right to worship and the Catholics who wanted to deny them that privilege. The wars were about two competing visions of what a godly society should be, and the reason that both sides fought for so long was because no one wanted to give up on that vision -Cause was both political and religious

Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

written by Martin Luther; were arguments against buying and selling Church indulgences; symbolized the starting point of the Protestant reformation