HIST 330 Final

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James K. Polk

"Fifty Four-Forty or Fight!", dark hourse canidate, Mexican-American war, manifest destiny, Rio Grande/Nueces River, Ostero Manifesto, Wilmot Proviso, Mexican Cession, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Seneca Falls Convention

Cornelius Vanderbilt

..., a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Whigs

..., conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Put-in-Bay

On Lake Erie; When Perry dispersed a British fleet at this place in 1813, it made another invasion of Canada possible. Canada was accessible through Detroit, and when the Americans seized Lake Erie, they got a chance to raid and burn York

USS Lexington

Sent to the Faulkland/Malvinas in the South Atlantic to protect US commercial interests. Flew the French flag to get more protection and to deceive the enemy they neutralized Argentine forces declared the Islands without government

Latin American Revolutions

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.

Rep. William L. Brent

Served on the Congress of Vienna for American

Convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Set the boundaries for Maine and New brunswick

Richard Rush

The Secretary of State that negotiated the Rush-Bagot Treaty

Veracruz

The ancient Aztec city located on the Gulf of Mexico where U.S. General Winfield Scott defeated the Mexican army in one of the important battles of the Mexican-American War.

Treaty of Wanghia

The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

congress system

The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement was the beginning of the European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance which included the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. (p.758)

Aroostook War

The result of the conflict over The Caroline ship, which consisted of angry Americans and Canadians, mostly lumberjacks, began moving into the disputed Aroostook River region, causing a violent brawl.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

New Mexico Territory

The vast amount of land between Texas and California territories, included present-day New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Burlingame Treaty

This treaty with China was ratified in 1868. It encouraged Chinese immigration to the United States at a time when cheap labor was in demand for U.S. railroad construction. It doubled the annual influx of Chinese immigrants between 1868 and 1882. The treaty was reversed in 1882 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Klemens von Metternich

This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression.

Ft. McHenry

This was a battle of the War of 1812 in the Baltimore Harbor, during its bombing the Star Spangled Banner was written.

West Florida

This was claimed by Americans after uninvited American settlers tore down the hated Spanish flag; the grab was ratified by Congress in 1812 - however, Americans wanted more of this land controlled by Spain

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Canadian Rebellion

Upper Canadians rebelled against the British gov't. They wanted it to be democratic. The rebellions were in 1837, and the Caroline Affair occurred. In the end, British rule was only strengthened and it was unsuccessful.

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

James Bayard

a Federalist and the sole congressman from Delaware; concluded that they had to "risk the Constitution and a civil war or take Mr. Jefferson"; brokered a deal for Jefferson that also broke the deadlock

Nicolas trist

agent who was authorized to negotiate a settlement, reached an agreement to end the Mexican war on Feb.2 1848 treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded California, New Mexico and acknowledged Rio-Grande as a Texas boundary, U.S promised to take over Mexico's debts to the citizens of the new territories and pay Mexico 15 million, Trist obtained most of Polk's original demands

Caroline Affair

canadians rebelled against GB and chartered an american ship to send supplies from NY, british authorities seized the ship and burned it killing an american. NY authorities arrested canadian authority who was under british orders. almost sparked a war btwn US and GB

Congress of Vienna

(1814) meeting of Napoleon's victors to devise a stable territorial arrangement: Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia and France. Restored France to 1790 boundaries and divided up the remaining land to create a Europe that was consolidated mostly into countries with balanced power. Ensure balance of power and protect each other from aggression from the others. Austria and Britain allied to restrain ambitions of Russia and Prussia.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Quintuple Alliance

(1818)- Once France had repaid the war indemnities from the Napoleonic wars, it rejoined the Quadruple alliance. At this point, the Bourbon monarchy had been restored, and so the monarchies all agreed to meet occasionally to discuss issues, like a form of United Nations council.

Indian Removal

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma. Trail of Tears

Martin van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Amistad

(1839) Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard; the ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial; former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

War of 1812

(JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act

Wilmot Proviso

(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

John Quincy Adams

..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

St. Croix River

Disputed River where there were two named by the British and the Americans and both believed their river to be the boundary of the United States

Lake of the Woods

Disputed territory where a border crosses a lake in Minnesota

Chesapeake Offensive

Divisionary strike in the Chesapeake bay area to divert attention away from the British main strikes in Lake Champlain and New Orleans. Started a blockade of DC and burned down the city and the white house.

Jackson's Raid

1818 andrew jackson raided east florida without orders. john quincy adams (sec. of state) supported him because he thought it would panic the spanish into further succession

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Texas Annexation

1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later bacame parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.

Stephen Decatur

A Navy officer took action against pirates and late at night sailed into Tripoli Harbor to get to a captured American ship and set it on fire so the pirates could not use it.

Sam houston

A Tennessee lawyer, congressman, and governor who became the leader of the Texan rebels. He was also elected into the Senate and the governorship of Texas. It is due to this man that Texas is part of the United Sates today. His capture of Santa Anna forced Santa Anna to give up the land and sign a treaty stating that the Rio Grande was the southernmost border of the now American Texas.

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus bringing western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

California

Acquired from Mexico in 1848 and admitted as a free state in 1850 without ever having been a territory

Transcontinental Treaty 1819

Adams-Onís Treaty; Spain ceded eastern Florida to the United States, renounced all claims to western Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the United States west of the Mississippi River extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean, thereby recognizing U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory. This treaty gave the United States its first legitimate claim to the west coast.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britian. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and surpress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

John Slidell

American and Mexico were on unfriendly terms with each other. The disagreement came over boundaries along Texas and in California. John Slidell was sent to Mexico in 1845 as a minister, He was given instructions to offer $25 million to the Mexicans for California. He was rejected by the Mexicans and they called this offer "insulting". After Mexico refused it lead to the Mexico American war.

Caleb Cushing

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844

John L. O'Sullivan

An American colonist and editor who first termed the phrase "manifest dynasty" in an effort to promote the annexation of Texas in 1845.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Juan Batuista Alberdi

Argentine political theorist and diplomat, sent copies of an Argentine constitution to US delegates to the Constitutional Assembly; many US suggestions were incorporated into the Argentine constitution

Ii Naosuke

Argued that it would be useless to try to fight the Americans and should just try to let them on their own terms. He was at odds with Nariaki

Nicaragua

As the American government began work to advance the nation's economic interests overseas they began to intervene in foreign affairs more and more. One of which was Nicaragua. Taft supported a revolt against the current government and when the revolution took power the secretary of state Philander C. Knox encouraged the banks to offer substantial loans to the new nation and because of this America would have huge economic and political sway over the Nicaraguan government

Harris Convention

At this convention, Townsend Harris negotiated 5 ports to be opened in Japan to American trade

George Canning

British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.

USS Potomac

Sent to the East indies under Jackson to demand restitution for stolen property and killed Malaysian pirates and women and children alike.

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

General Zachary Taylor

Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.

Col. Stephen Kearny

Commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico.

William Bainbridge

Commodore in the US Navy, commanded USS Constitution and USS Philadelphia; USS Philadelphia ran aground off the shores of Tripoli and he was captured and imprisoned

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Greytown

Fearing that the grasping Yankees would monopolize the trade arteries in Nicaragua, Great Britain (the world's leading maritime and commercial power) made haste to secure a solid foothold at this eastern end of the proposed Nicaraguan canal route, a challenge to the Monroe Doctrine

Gen Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

General who seized power in Mexico, dissolved the national congress late in 1834, abolished the federal system, and became dictator of a centralized state, provoking Texans to declare their independence from Mexico.

Panama Congress

John Quincy Adams; organized by Simon Bolivar in order to bring together the new republics of Latin America to develop a unified policy towards Spain; proposed a unified American force, with a mutual defense policy, a common military, and a defense congress; the American representatives were delayed in attending the Congress, as one died en route and the other arrived after the Congress had ended, so that Great Britain received preferential trading deals with the South American countries

General Winfield Scott

Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war.

Nueces River

Mexico thought this river was the border between Texas and Mexico

Jonathan Russell

Minister to Sweden

Treaty of Tienstin

More ports opened, consulates for most favored nation, Christian religion & missionaries protected, foreigners allowed to go wherever they want

Oregon Treaty

Negotiation of the border between Oregon and Canada; Americans wanted it at 54º40' (slogan became "Fifty-four forty or fight!"); eventually was put at the 49th parallel

Daniel Webster

Organized the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 that set the limits of Manifest Destiny in the area of the North east.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Greek Revolution

Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.

Ukase of 1821

Russia is declaring territorial sovernty of everything from Alaska to San Francisco. Russia shuts down all their ports to us and says that they no one can come within 100 miles of Russian territory. George Canning suggests to George Rush (U.S. ambassador) send out a warning to European countries to not encroach on territories in South America or Oregon. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams opposes this because we're issuing it with Britain. He wants to issue this alone. He says Britain will take charge and we will possibly be limited in the future to expansion. He knows Britain will still back us on this even if we issue this alone.

Luis de Onis

Spanish diplomat, John Quincy Adams began negotiations with him to buy Florida from Spain

Plattsburgh

The British attempted to capture this city on the shores of Lake Champlain, but the fleet was defeated by the Americans in September 1814. The British retreated to Canada. Saved New York from invasion. Was the key turning point in the war

Captain John Fremont

considered the father of California. When war broke out in California, he helped overthrow Mexican rule. California was declared an independent country, the Bear Flag Republic.

balance of power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Polignac Memorandum

document written by George Canning in 1823, stated that Great Britain had no intention of aiding Spain in the retention of her colonies in Latin and South America; mainly in response to the Monroe Doctrine

Charles Bagot

foreign minister of GB who worked to settle Great Lakes dispute

Lord Castlereagh

foreign minister of Great Britain-to him balance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or the domination of Europe by any single state- proposed by Tsar Alexander I were too much as they feared an unbalancing of forces in central Europe

George Prevost

governor-in-chief of British North America and commander of British forces in North America. Prevost was able to secure from the House of Assembly a new militia act and funds for defence. The British government ordered Prevost to act defensively in the event of war and to take the offensive only to repel invasion. His strategy, thus, was above all to safeguard Québec, the only permanent fortress in the Canadas

Arbuthnot and Armbrister

in 1818 during the First Seminole War, Jackson captured and executed Arbuthnot and Armbrister, two British subject charged with aiding the Seminole and Creek Indians

East Florida

land of Seminoles, gained by the Adams, Onis Treaty after Jackson's incursion

Tokugawa Nariaki

lord of Mito, advocated war against the West after the arrival of Perry with the argument that it would increase the whole country's morale and avenge the great insult of Perry's arrogance. Contributed to the rise of nationalism

Thomas Mcdonough

naval officer pushed Britain back to Plattsburg and saved New York

Judah P. Benjamin

served as Secretary of War and State in the confederacy, as well as in the the house of representatives and the senate. he was the first Jew to be appointed to a cabinet position and considered for the supreme court

King Cotton Diplomacy

the South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the blockade

Young America

the confident, manifest destiny spirit of the Americans in the 1840's and 50's. Expansionists began to think about transmitting the dynamic, democratic spirit of the US to other countries by aiding revolutionaries, opening up new markets, and annexing foreign lands

legtimacy

the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime

Status quo ante bellum

the way things were before the war in 1812