HIST Inquizitive Midterm

Which of these technological developments did nomadic pastoralists transmit across Afro-Eurasia?

Bronze

Complete this passage comparing river basin societies to other agricultural societies.

Anatolia and Europe warriors making weaponry forts

Which methods did the Zhou Empire use to expand its influence and power?

state-directed development of agricultural lands military force, including the adoption and successful use of new military technologies visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation

Which Afro-Eurasian society resembled the Chavín societies of the Andes?

the Vedic societies of South Asia, in that both regions were connected by a common belief system and trade interactions but not by a single unifying political system

The temple complex at Thebes dedicated to Amun-Re is evidence of ____________.

the longevity of cultural, religious, and political ideas in the Nile River valley the relative prosperity of Egypt during both the Middle and the New Kingdoms general support for the cult of Amun-Re and the pharaoh's connection to this important deity

The text indicates that the ongoing warfare of the Warring States period (403-221 BCE) was fueled by the greater availability of weaponry and the increased power of local authorities. Which significant developments in the centuries before 403 BCE contributed to these changes?

improvements in metal-smelting technologies increases in agricultural production

Which group(s) of people most frequently transmitted knowledge and/or goods between the early river basin societies?

overland and maritime merchants nomads and oasis-dwellers on central Asian steppe lands

In English, we use words like politics and citizen to talk about systems of government, especially self-government. Consider the origin of these words.

polis civitas

Complete these sentences about Harappan history and the mystery of Harappan writing.

political history writing system alphabetic Dravidian language

Because archaeologists have yet to interpret the few Olmec glyphs that have been discovered, they need to construct an understanding of Olmec society without the benefit of written accounts. What can they deduce from each of the following pieces of evidence?

Olmec farmers produced an agricultural surplus that was large enough to support a class of artisans and artists, as well as a community of merchants. There is archaeological evidence of large artisanal workshops, and the products of these workshops can be found all over Mesoamerica. Olmec spiritual ideas spread well beyond the Olmec heartland on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Figurines of "were-jaguars" have been found in multiple locations, far from the Olmec heartland. Olmec leaders had the power to command significant amounts of labor. Olmec cities contained large structures, including mounds, plazas, palaces, and massive sculptures. The combined association of leaders with jaguar images, ball games, and human sacrifice suggests that this Olmec ball game may have been imbued with deep political and spiritual meaning. The burial sites of Olmec leaders contain game equipment, and monuments often include images of ballplayers wearing jaguar head-dresses standing atop a bound human figure.

Here you see a Greek sculpture depicting the gods Dionysus and Hermes (image A), and a Nok sculpture depicting an unidentified human figure (image B). Which comments about these two works are accurate?

The Nok piece uses the human form as a symbolic object by stylizing and exaggerating the figure's features. The Greek piece uses the human form as a symbolic object by depicting an anatomically accurate but idealized human figure.

Match each environmental description with the appropriate region.

central Europe Inhabitants of this grassland region adopted domesticated horses and wheeled wagons. northwestern Europe Inhabitants in this region of evergreen forests slowly adopted agriculture. coastal South America Inhabitants of this mountainous region traded extensively with neighbors living at different altitudes.

What was the mandate of heaven?

A Chinese concept that connected divine support for a ruling dynasty to its successful leadership practices

Why was an alphabet a particularly appropriate writing system for the Phoenicians?

An alphabet has fewer characters than earlier writing systems, making it faster and easier to learn, thus making literacy a genuine possibility for working merchants.

Even though they did not develop a unified empire, the Vedic peoples who settled in South Asia did develop a widespread system of social and economic hierarchy. What were the groups in this hierarchy called?

Varnas

Which of the following statements is supported by evidence from architectural remains on Crete and Thera?

Wealth and relative peace can lead to technological advances (like running water).

What does the chariot demonstrate about interactions between these communities?

Chariots show cooperation and economic interchange between pastoral nomads and settled peoples.

What messages do these images communicate? A)A chest from King Tutankhamun's tomb depicts him in a war chariot. B)The stone stele on which Hammurapi's Code of Laws was carved shows Hammurapi, standing to receive the laws from Shamash, God of the Sun.

Chest from King Tutankhamun's tomb: The leader deserves to rule because he is greater than all other humans. The leader is a great conqueror. Hammurapi's Code of Laws: The leader is wise. The leader deserves to rule because he has a direct connection to the gods. Both Social order and organization are important to the success of our society.

Which of the following Axial Age belief systems most directly addressed questions about government and methods of leadership?

Confucianism

Match each person, text, and concept to the appropriate Chinese philosophy.

Confucianism The Analects the superior man (junzi) humaneness (ren) Kong Fuzi Confucius loyalty to family (xiao) ritual (li) Daoism Laozi The Daodejing doing nothing, or Action Without Action (wuwei) The Path (dao)

Which of these comparisons between Confucianism and Mohism are accurate?

Confucianism valued elaborate rituals and philosophical discourse, whereas Mohism considered them wasteful. Mohism was more concerned with the material, practical needs of working people than Confucianism was.

Match each question with the type of analysis scientists might use to answer it.

DNA analysis I've located a burial site with the well-preserved remains of several humans. Were the early humans at this site all related to one another? potassium-argon dating I've found some stone tools embedded in volcanic sediment. When were these objects covered by volcanic ash? At present, there is no definitive way of answering this question. I've located a cave filled with paintings of animals and hunters—though no human remains. Was the artist definitely a man, or might the painter have been a woman? radiocarbon dating I've found a ceramic jar full of millet. When was the millet harvested?

What does each ancient American development suggest about the region of Peru described in the reading?

Domesticated beans, chili peppers, and cotton ... demonstrate the independent development of agriculture in the Americas. Cobblestone roads, irrigation systems, and water sluices to manage water needs ... demonstrate community organization, cooperation, and engineering knowledge. Pottery and twined textiles made from dyed cotton ... demonstrate artisanal knowledge within agricultural communities. Inland agricultural produce consumed at the coasts, plus fish consumed inland, ... demonstrate a regular local trading network, similar to the ones between transhumant herders and agriculturalists in western Asia.

As human communities developed, they made the active choice between settled agriculture and pastoralism based primarily on their beliefs and values.

False

Before climate change forced them into closer proximity with Mesopotamian cities, transhumant herders like the Amorites were unknown to those urban populations.

False

Empires stifled the creativity and economic production of the people who lived on their fringes, since those people had to spend all their time resisting conquest instead of developing new ideas.

False

Look closely at these skulls. Which conclusion is most reasonable, when you combine your knowledge from the chapter with your analysis of the image?

From the picture, one cannot tell with certainty if or to what extent each of these creatures was a direct ancestor to Homo sapiens

Imagine that a Harappan importer/exporter lived in Lothal and engaged in trade (indirectly) with Mesopotamia. What kinds of knowledge might the Harappan importer/exporter have had?

He would have been familiar with local stones, like carnelian, and imported luxuries, like lapis lazuli. He would have had indirect knowledge of a variety of Harappan and Mesopotamian cities.

By the start of the Warring States period, regional leaders in China undertook large local engineering projects, like canal-building. In what way could this be evidence that the power of regional governments was growing at the expense of the Zhou central government?

It is evidence that local leaders controlled both the engineering expertise and the tribute labor that the Zhou government had once controlled.

Complete the passage about two local writing systems.

Minoan Mycenean Akkadian Anatolia Mesopotamia

What kinds of evidence convinced historians that climate changes underlay the collapse of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Indus Valley societies?

Sedimentation studies showing very low Nile floods are supported by concurrent written records of starvation. Soil samples from Mesopotamia showing a period of extreme drought help explain the abandonment of cities. Hydroclimatic reconstructions showing a 1,000-year-long precipitation decrease in the Indus River valley help explain the shrinking of cities toward the end of that period.

Which Axial Age thinker focused primarily on attaining personal contentment and spiritual growth, rather than achieving social and political order?

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

When archaeologists unearth an ancient city, what do differences in the sizes and contents of houses within the city reveal about that ancient society?

Social Hierarchies

Governments of the first millennium BCE utilized administrative innovations to manage growing populations and expanding territories. How were these new ideas about order and procedure mirrored in the ideas of Axial Age thinkers?

The Buddha taught that just as individual states had laws, there was a universal law. Each person's station in life was a reflection of their karma, or the cumulative extent to which they had followed or broken the universal law in previous lives. Chinese leaders began to appoint skilled bureaucrats rather than solely employing hereditary officeholders, and Confucian thinkers held that people became fully developed members of society through a process of education, rather than simply by noble birth.

Place the following events in chronological order from the oldest to most recent.

The fourth great ice age began. Hominins began walking upright. Peking Man (a Homo erectus) lived in China. All 10,000 Homo sapiens adults still lived in Africa. The fourth great ice age ended.

Coins like these were used for trade in Zhou China, Vedic South Asia, and the Mediterranean basin. Which of the following statements regarding these coins are accurate?

The stamp on each coin served two purposes: it reinforced the power of the governing body that issued the coin, and it indicated that the coin was trustworthy and valuable. Coins were issued by imperial or municipal organizations that managed the weight and quantity of coins produced.

Though they did not use a wide variety of domesticated animals, Olmec and Chavín societies cultivated crops like potatoes, maize (corn), squash, beans, and cacao.

True

Match each environmental change in Mesopotamia to the resulting change in settlement patterns.

Transhumant herders invaded cities seeking grazing lands. Deserts expanded because of drought. Cities along the Euphrates became completely depopulated. The Euphrates River shifted to the west. Delta populations and political centers shifted northward. Salt water from the Persian Gulf seeped into marshlands and contaminated the freshwater table.

Settled agriculturalists used their labor and tools to grow food on a fixed plot of land for multiple growing seasons.

True

Place the following military developments in chronological order.

bridle mouthpiece and reins spoked wheels made of wood iron wheel rims relatively inexpensive iron armor for infantry and horse-mounted cavalry

In what ways were the Polynesian island societies similar to and different from the territorial states of China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt?

different from territorial states There were vast distances (chronological and geographic) between Polynesian settlements. Newly settled regions in Polynesia often were not connected to a central government. similar to territorial states The Polynesian societies were part of extended trade networks. The Polynesian societies show evidence of public works, such as irrigation systems.

Territorial states were only one form of political organization in this time period. Complete the passage about an alternative form of organization.

microsociety The Aegean the South Pacific

Which methods did the Persian Empire use to expand its influence and power?

military force, including the adoption and successful use of new military technologies visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation

Which methods did the Greek and Phoenician cities use to expand their influence and power?

trade colonies far from their home territory the adoption and successful use of new technologies and innovations in communication

When Vedic peoples migrated into regions of South Asia, how did they change the societies they conquered? How did those societies change them? Match each change to the appropriate category.

ways South Asian peoples changed Vedic culture: They introduced iron-bladed plows. They shifted the way wealth was measured, from livestock-based to land-based. ways Vedic peoples changed South Asian cultures: They devised standard weights and measures to improve trade. They introduced new domesticated animals. They imported an Indo-European language (Sanskrit).

Just as Indo-European nomads brought language, horses, and war chariots to agricultural societies across Afro-Eurasia, Austronesian oceangoing nomads in the South Pacific spread a common material culture. Which of the following are elements of this Austronesian legacy?

yams, breadfruit, and bananas outrigger canoes pigs

Chinese political ideology, supported by Confucian teachings, suggested that kingship was an honor bestowed by heaven upon a particular Chinese family, and that the family retained power so long as it ruled well and virtuously. In comparison, what was the Brahmanical political ideology of South Asia?

Kingship is an unpleasant task, so in exchange for helping keep society orderly and moral, the king gets to have great wealth, spiritual reward when his subjects behave, and the protection of the gods.

Imagine that archaeologists located the well-preserved remains of this central European long house (shown here). The following statements all focus on how various scholars might answer different questions about its past. Complete the statements below about building a narrative of the past based on evidence.

when the long house was constructed radiocarbon dating the genetic relationships of the people who lived there DNA analysis the temperature of the earth marine isotope stages

Match each Greek philosopher to one of his primary ideas.

An abstract divine aura is present throughout all of creation, but each different ethnic group depicts this divine aura in its own likeness, making it seem like there are many gods in the world. Xenophanes Everything in the world is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, called atoma. Democritus The way to understand the world is to collect information through observation, then use logical deductions to draw conclusions about how the world works. Aristotle Many physical phenomena, like musical sounds, are actually based in and describable by using numbers. Pythagoras

Based on your reading and the maps above, which of the following statements are correct?

The Persian Empire began to expand after the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Persian Royal Road ran right through the center of what had previously been the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

In what way(s) were the transhumant herders known as Amorites integrated into the political and economic life of Mesopotamian cities before 2000 BCE?

They paid taxes. They served as warriors for city-states. During the cooler parts of the year, their animals grazed in the fallow fields of agricultural villages.

Grave sites across all of Afro-Eurasia illustrate the fact that in the ancient world ___________.

exotic items, obtained through long-distance trade, were markers of wealth and power in every community river basin communities and smaller settlements alike engaged in long-distance trade

Which methods did the Neo-Assyrian Empire use to expand its influence and power?

visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation intimidation, through maiming, rape, and mass execution of conquered people successful use of new military technologies

How was Shang China similar to and different from Egypt's New Kingdom?

similar to Egypt In China, the ruler had a hybrid religious and political role. The Shang ruler was expected to be male, and the royal line was passed through the father's family. The Shang government used tribute labor for state-supported projects.

Identify the phrases that accurately complete the sentence below: This bronze piece is physical evidence of the Shang government's _______________.

wealth, showing it could divert bronze away from military uses toward luxuries power, showing it could exact tribute in the form of mining labor

Even though different regions domesticated different plants and animals, the agricultural revolutions that occurred across the world had much in common. What were these commonalities?

Agriculture and pastoralism existed side-by-side with hunting and gathering for thousands of years. Increased food supplies led to population growth and the development of more complex societies. Climate changes facilitated the beginnings of agriculture in multiple places and later caused migration, spreading knowledge of agriculture and new crops.

The chapter opens with a quotation from Master Kong Fuzi, also known as Confucius: "Guide them by edicts, keep them in line with punishments, and the people will stay out of trouble but will have no sense of shame. Guide them by virtue, keep them in line with the rites, and they will, besides having a sense of shame, reform themselves." (Confucius, The Analects, II, 3) What does this passage suggest about Confucius's views?

Confucius was concerned by lawlessness within his society. Confucius felt that leaders needed to understand the innate nature of the people over whom they ruled. Confucius believed that if leaders conducted themselves well, the people would come to understand the difference between right and wrong.

Which of the following military developments arose during the first millennium BCE and facilitated the rise of empires?

siege weapons, like battering rams, levers, and ladders crossbows mounted cavalry, riding horses, camels, or elephants torsion catapult

Scientists argue that, through natural selection, biological evolution results in progress to better, higher forms of life.

False

The Phoenician alphabet spread widely because royal scribes used it to administer the vast Phoenician Empire.

False

Place the following items in order.

Hominin brains began to increase in size. Hominins, such as the Homo habilis, began making tools. Hominins (Homo erectus) migrated into Asia. Hominins used fire to cook their food. Hominins developed complex spoken language.

The following items all address developments from 200,000 to 12,000 years ago. Place them in order from oldest to most recent.

Homo sapiens emerged in Africa. Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and developed complex spoken language. Homo neanderthalis died out. Almost all hominin cousins of Homo sapiens were extinct. Homo sapiens began migrating into North America. Homo sapiens began to develop agriculture.

How were urban and rural areas related to one another in the period from 3500 to 2000 BCE? Select all of the statements that are true.

Most humans lived in rural areas, even though urban areas were more densely populated. Urban and rural areas were closely tied together through trade. A worldwide warming cycle helped enable some rural villages to grow into cities.

Which comparative statements about creation narratives are accurate?

The Rig-Veda, the Bible, and the Popol Vuh all describe how humans were created by a divine being or beings. The scientific narrative of creation is unique in that no previous creation narrative included the concept of evolution.

Which of the following hominins developed first?

Australopithecines

Greek philosophers were primarily concerned with the question of how to develop the ideal state.

False

Increased literacy rates and improved writing systems facilitated the Axial Age because figures like Confucius, Laozi, the Buddha, and Socrates published popular books to communicate their ideas.

False

Microsocieties, like the Polynesians and the Mycenaeans, were completely isolated from the material goods and cultural developments of neighboring peoples.

False

This map reflects the fact that Homo erectus and Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa at different times, branching off into different hominin species. For example, Indo-Hittite was the language group of Homo neanderthalis, while Miao-Yao was most likely the language spoken by Peking Man.

False

Place each agricultural development in chronological order, from oldest to most recent.

People in Southwest Asia were actively cultivating barley and wheat. The inhabitants of Mesoamerica began the 5,000-year-long process of developing large ears of maize (corn). People in the Yangtze River valley began cultivating rice. The inhabitants of southeastern Europe began shifting from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to agricultural food production. The expansion of the Sahara Desert caused inhabitants to migrate south and east, dispersing agricultural knowledge in Africa.

Which of the following conclusions are supported by the information conveyed by the map?

People in sub-Saharan Africa traveled throughout the region via both overland routes and riverine routes. Metal mined in sub-Saharan Africa may have been used to help facilitate trade in the Mediterranean region.

Which factors contributed to the growth of trade in Mesopotamia?

People in the region pursued trade because they lacked a variety of natural building materials, metals, and minerals. Communities in the region were well situated for trade because the area was accessible on all sides, rather than hemmed in by mountains or other natural barriers.

Consider this map, Trade and Exchange in the Third Millennium BCE. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the map?

People in the third millennium BCE had already learned how to build boats and use them for trade, although they remained fairly close to shore in their travels. People in the third millennium BCE traded building materials, like lumber and stone.

How did the geography of Africa between the equator and the Sahara affect the settlement patterns and economic activities of African peoples?

The growth and increased aridity of the Sahara region pushed people to migrate to other parts of the continent. Because of the tsetse fly, dense human settlements were limited to the Sudanic grasslands and the Nile River valley.

This stele, dated to about 1700 BCE, is one of hundreds of similar carved stone tablets at Cerro Sechín. What do the ruins at Cerro Sechín suggest about the society that created it?

The inhabitants of this region engaged in war and exalted warriors. Cerro Sechín had powerful leaders and engaged in regional trade.

Which of the following accurately describe what Persian subjects believed about their king?

The king should exhibit ethical behavior, as described in the Avesta, the central text of Zoroastrianism. The king had to be physically fit, as well as mentally and ethically fit. The king was appointed by their god, Ahura Mazda, to rule over and maintain order across the whole earth.

The Sea Peoples who migrated into the Mediterranean basin and the Vedic peoples who migrated into South Asia were all Indo-European speakers.

True

This artist's rendering depicts the Battle at Salamis between Greek and Persian naval forces. What did this battle demonstrate about the relationship between the Persian Empire and peoples on its peripheries?

With political will and specialized knowledge, some peripheral peoples resisted conquest.

The text defines both henotheism and monotheism, indicating that religious beliefs fall along a scale from strongly monotheistic to strongly polytheistic, rather than simply being one or the other. Place the following deities in order, starting with the one who was from the most strongly monotheistic belief system, and ending with the one from the least monotheistic belief system.

YHWH Ahura Mazda Ashur Indra

If a person from 1985 BCE (the beginning of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt) traveled through time to 1475 BCE (during Hatshepsut's reign of New Kingdom Egypt), which aspects of Egyptian society would be familiar to him or her, and which aspects would be new?

new methods of making weapons and ceramics Egypt's expansionist tendencies and powerful military familiar Egyptians' fear of drought and reliance upon Nile flooding trade connections beyond the Nile River basin a kingdom-wide devotion to Amun-Re and the massive temple at Thebes

In what ways was Europe similar to China's river-basin societies during the period from 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE? How was it different?

similar to China: Europeans learned about bronze-making techniques (indirectly) from peoples of western Asia. Interaction between European agricultural communities included both trade and frequent warfare. Archaeologists identify major culture regions based on the styles of ceramic artifacts in Europe. not similar to China: The herding of cattle for milk and meat was important to European agricultural practices. European communities cooperated to create megalithic circular stone structures, indicating organization and astronomical knowledge.

Which statements are true of Harappan societies, Mesopotamia, and Egypt? (Note: If a statement is true in only one or two of these regions, it should be considered not true of all three regions.)

true of all three regions Their agricultural productivity depended on the rising and receding waters of local rivers. Their communities were organized enough to produce large-scale public works and infrastructure. They engaged in long-distance trade, especially in precious stones and metals.

Complete this sentence about the ways Buddhism challenged the status quo in South Asia.

urban merchants and Kshatriya oligarchs Brahman priests and monarchs

The political legitimacy of Egyptian pharaohs, Mesopotamian kings, and Shang kings was closely tied to their perceived ability to use religious ritual and engineering to control one vital resource: ____________.

water

Which group of Indo-European migrants settled in Anatolia, forming territorial states that used chariot-based warfare to challenge Egypt and Mesopotamia?

Hittites

This map shows that Egypt's Middle Kingdom fell as a result of extreme drought.

False

According to the text, leaders each had particular beliefs that justified their power. Match each leader to the way in which he would have described his calling as a leader.

"Ahura Mazda has appointed me to rule over all peoples and carry out his fight for order and morality on earth. My calling is to conquer other lands and liberate the people living there from the oppression of their own kings." King Darius I of the Persian Empire "I am the agent of the god, Ashur. My calling is to conquer other territories and transform them from chaotic places into orderly lands." King Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire "Heaven confers the privilege of leadership on honorable families that rule in an organized, virtuous way. If I allow my people to suffer through my own negligence, Heaven will shift its approval to a different ruling family, and my family will be ousted from the throne." The Duke of Zhou (according to Classical Chinese history) "My family line is one of those that brought wisdom to this region. It is my correct place in the cosmic order to fight when needed and to rule over others. I do this with the aid and spiritual guidance of Brahmans." A Vedic king in South Asia

Sima Qian, a first-century BCE Chinese historian, explained why the Xia (Hsia) dynasty ended and the Shang (T'ang) dynasty began (around 1600 BCE): From K'ung-chia's time to the time of Emperor Chieh [three generations later], the feudal lords had revolted many times against the Hsia. Chieh did not engage in virtuous [government] but in military power and [this] hurt the families of the hundred cognomens. ... Chieh then summoned T'ang and jailed him in Hsia-t'ai. After a while he freed him. T'ang cultivated his virtue and the feudal lords all submitted to T'ang. T'ang then led troops to attack Chieh of Hsia. Chieh fled to Ming-t'iao and subsequently was exiled and died there. Before he died he said to someone, "I regret failing to kill T'ang in Hsia-t'ai; that is what has brought me to this." What conclusions can you draw from this account?

According to Sima Qian, Emperor Chieh died without ever understanding why he had failed as king. Sima Qian suggests that rulers gain support through virtuous behavior, not through violence.

Which statements can be supported using information from this map and the image of a Harappan necklace made with lapis lazuli and carnelian?

Although the necklace was discovered at a Harappan site, trade routes in the ancient world were such that it could have been buried with an Egyptian pharaoh. The necklace is evidence of specialization and agricultural surplus in Harappan societies.

In what ways were the Hittites of Anatolia similar to the Vedic peoples who moved into South Asia?

Both used their military skills to establish power over agricultural populations in their regions. Both were nomadic chariot warrior peoples who came from the steppes of Central Asia.

Identify the accurate statements about nomadic pastoralists and transhumant herders.

By the second millennium BCE, some nomadic pastoralists had stopped farming, instead focusing intensively on animal-breeding and herding. Some groups of transhumant herders developed into nomadic herders as their flocks grew in size, requiring more frequent, longer-distance moves in search of new pasturage.

In what way were the interactions between early communities within Europe similar to the interactions between communities in Mesopotamia?

In both regions, competition for resources led to territorial conflicts.

The urban-rural divide refers to the different economic foundations underlying urban and rural societies, with rural residents working the land to produce food and livestock, while urban dwellers developed increasingly specialized skills.

True

Relations between Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Hittite rulers were managed entirely through warfare and trade.

False

This bas-relief stone carving is part of the Borobudur Buddhist monument on the island of Java, in Indonesia. It was carved in the eighth century CE. Therefore, it was quite likely carved by an artist who was one of the original settlers of Java.

False

Identify the correct interpretations of the excerpt from the Upanishads, entitled "Becoming a Brahman Priest".

Honesty and an excellent work ethic were traits of the Brahman. It was part of the natural order for men to wield complete control over women, including making servant women sexually available to guests.

Match each group of people to the ways they influenced development in the Mediterranean world between 1200 BCE and 400 BCE.

Israelites These people developed an extremely influential version of monotheism and an accompanying moral system, which significantly influenced future religious developments in Afro-Eurasia. Phoenicians These people established numerous trade outposts in the Mediterranean region, which helped facilitate the spread of their most amazing invention: the alphabet. Greeks These people established numerous trade outposts across the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions and ultimately mounted meaningful challenges to the Persian Empire. Sea Peoples These people altered values and practices along the Eastern Mediterranean basin, giving rise to militaristic cultures like those described in the Iliad.

What can a reader infer about Zhou beliefs regarding political leadership from the Chinese Classic of History, excerpted in the section entitled "Zhou Succession Story"?

It is the duty of all loyal aristocrats and government officials to help and sacrifice for their king. Although the Zhou king ruled over many people, he was subject to the dictates of Heaven, with which he communicated with the help of his own ancestors. The Zhou king should show overt gratitude and appreciation when people are loyal to him and his family.

Match each idea with the philosophy it best reflects.

Platonic philosophy as described in The Republic The best society would be one led by a philosopher-king, in which each person strove to perform fitting tasks with honor and integrity, rather than simply chasing after money and power. Buddhism Human life is full of suffering, but people can permanently escape suffering and achieve enlightenment by successfully renouncing all desires. Confucianism Human beings are innately good, but they need education, training, and positive role models to help cultivate their goodness and forge a collectively orderly society. Daoism There is an innate order to the natural world. If human beings ignore artificial rules and live in harmony with the natural processes, society will be orderly without the need for energetic government. Brahmanic teachings from South Asia Social order can be maintained only if everyone stays in their preordained place in society. The role of kings is to help maintain that order, and the role of priests is to guide kings and facilitate their relationship with the gods.

During the Spring and Autumn period, some Chinese rulers gave peasants the right to own their land in exchange for taxes and military service. This led to increased agricultural productivity because the farmers worked to benefit themselves. What does the timing of this development suggest about private property rights? Select all appropriate answers.

Private property rights developed long after agriculture first began. Private property rights were the result of a political exchange in which governments promised to protect individual ownership of parcels of land in exchange for tax payments and military service.

Which of the following statements are supported by the map?

Ready access to both timber and the sea was a prerequisite to becoming a seafaring power. The Mediterranean basin was divided into two competing trade systems, rather than simply being one interconnected network of independent port cities.

Meroe was similar to its neighbor Egypt in many significant ways, but dissimilar in others. Match each characteristic of Meroe to the appropriate category.

Similar to Egypt The primary god of Meroe Burial practices for the kings of Meroe Not similar to Egypt The way that new kings ascended to the throne in Meroe The spoken language of Meroe Meroe's trade partners

Match the symbolic origin of each Vedic varna with the set of tasks its members performed in Vedic society.

These people were peasant farmers and herders. They were the least powerful of the Vedic clans. In the Upanishads, the Vaishyas were described as coming from the Primeval Man's thighs, denoting brute strength and located on the lower half of the body. These people came from indigenous families that were never integrated into Vedic lineages. They were laborers and slaves in enterprises controlled by other groups. In the Upanishads, the Shudras were described as coming from the Primeval Man's feet, the part of the body that carries out the lowliest work and is located closest to the ground. These people were religious scholars and performed religious rituals. Though they were not political leaders, the political leaders depended on their support. In the Upanishads, the Brahmans were described as coming from the Primeval Man's mouth, high up on the body and able to speak the truth. These people were warriors, landlords, and political leaders. They depended on the support of religious leaders to maintain their positions. In the Upanishads, the Kshatriyas were described as coming from the Primeval Man's arms, denoting skill and carrying out the will of the mind.