Hist Media Final

17. What ruling was made regarding the "Fairness Doctrine" in 1986?

had an opportunity to put them on the air and those who heard views they would not otherwise have heard. FCC Chairman Fowler, implementing President Reagan's marketplace philosophy, had stated that one of his priorities was to abolish the Fairness Doctrine. 1986- beginning of the end Argued they had to produce false statements to "show both sides" Thus violation of ethics and law Violates the first amendment (Anthony Scalia)

28. What was the FCC limit changed to in 1994?

he FCC extended the multiple ownership limits to 20 AM and 20 FM stations

2. The FCC instituted EEO rules: what did that mean to radio stations?

including the filing of annual reports on employment and affirmative action policies. An EEO office was established by the FCC to monitor licensees; it continued into the 1990s. Fearing the possibility of delay of license renewals as well as excessive legal expenditures, a number of stations made agreements with the petitioning groups to provide more equitable employment opportunities and to be more sensitive in their programming

32. The conglomeration of the media had what effect on jobs?

increased job losses later in the decade

25. In 1991, Vice President Dan Quayle attacked Murphy Brown for giving birth to a child out of wedlock, as a single working mother. Who was Murphy Brown?

is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from November 14, 1988, to May 18, 1998, for a total of 247 episodes. Murphy Brown, a famous investigative journalist and news anchor for FYI, a fictional CBS television newsmagazine.

27. 1992: the FCC increased the number of multiple ownership of radio stations from what to what numbers?

multiple ownership of radio stations from 12 AM and 12 FM stations nationwide to 30 and 30

18. In radio formats, specialized formats lost listeners, TOP 40 radio returned, relabeled as:

(by now referred to as Contemporary Hit Radio, or CHR), with its emphasis on personalities (Rick Dees and Scott Shannon, to name a couple of CHR superjocks) as much as on the music. It recalled for some listeners the 1960s, when such deejays as Alan Freed, Cousin Brucie, Wolfman Jack, and Murray the K reigned over the audio airwaves.

38. Radio conglomeration was criticized, with mergers having put two-thirds of all radio revenue into the hands of how many radio groups?

25

31. By the end 1999, Clear Channel had acquired how many radio stations?

830

29. The 1996 Telecom act eliminated the limits on multiple ownership, what were some of the other rule changes that affected broadcasting?

All new TV sets had to have a V-chip Scramble programs not suitable for children Increases broadcasting fines Automatic renewal of broadcasting licenses developing one-stop full-service offerings, to include cable, Internet, and telephone and other local and long-distance common carrier services. Continuing plans were made not only for international distribution of entertainment programs via satellite but for 24-hour-a-day news services to as much of the world and from as much of the world as possible

6. What was the Community Ascertainments Needs rule?

All stations were required to determine the 10 most significant issues in their communities of service and at the end of each year report to the FCC on the extent to which they had dealt with those issues in their programming. This requirement was also eliminated in the later deregulatory period.

22. What effect did this Act have on Radio?

Archiving radio and TV broadcasts on the web

37. Of Clear Channel, Cumulus Media, Citadel Broadcasting, Infinity Broadcasting, or Entercom, who owned the most stations?

Clear Channel

30. In 1997, what were the top 3 radio formats?

Country music, Adult Contemporary, News/Talk Stations

39. What highly popular singing group, whose members criticized the administration's war on Iraq, had their songs banned by many stations?

Dixie Chicks

19. In spite of deregulation, in what aspect of broadcasting did the FCC increase regulation?

FCC instead focuses on indecency clause Topless radio programs Obscenity Community standards

26. In 1992, how much was the total in fines paid by Infinity broadcasting for alleged indecency violations on the Howard Stern show?

His indecent material resulted in further fines for Infinity of $500,000, bringing the total to more than $1 million

13. In 1980, what 3 TV stations had their licenses rescinded by the FCC, and why?

WOR (Newark), KHJ (Los Angeles), and WNAC (Boston)—because of business misconduct by RKO's parent company, General Tire and Rubber.

35. An NAB survey showed that 43% of American homes were likely to buy what new medium?

a computer

16. In 1984, the limits on multiple ownership were changed to what new guidelines?

allow any one entity to own up to 12 TV, 12 AM, and 12 FM stations nationwide—an increase from 7-7-7.

12. Define "infotainment."

broadcast material that is intended both to entertain and to inform.

1980s 11. What were some of the technological advancements made in the 1980s?

cable and satellites advanced and fiber optics, high-definition television, digital broadcasting, and other new technologies were introduced

1990s 21. What was the single most important FCC Act of the decade?

In 1996 the FCC crafted rules that strengthened and clarified the way that broadcasters were expected to comply with the conditions of the 1990 Children's Television Act (CTA). It defined educational, what it termed "core programming," any program that furthers the educational and informational needs of children 16 and under, including issues dealing with a child's intellectual/cognitive or social/emotional growth. Telecommunications Act of 1996 Regulate Information technology Building websites, using e-mail, digital news feeds Internet usage rose 50% in 6 months Archiving radio and TV broadcasts on the web Cross-Media ownership Ex: AT&T sold cable, internet, and telephone services Satellite as a contender DirecTV, Primestar compete

14. In 1981, what acts of deregulation immediately took place under the new Reagan- influenced FCC?

Mark Fowler, was expected to immediately implement the new President's marketplace philosophy and deregulate the broadcasting industry, to "get the government off broadcaster's backs." Radio is deregulated Radio & TV can exceed 18 mins of commercials/hour Shortened time for license renewals "Ascertainment of community needs" dropped No longer required program logs Product placement allowed

1. Believing that the media was biased against him, what step did President Nixon take in 1970?

Nixon established a new governmental communications organization, the White House Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP), appointing Clay T. (Tom) Whitehead as director. The OTP was designed to be both an initiating and a coordinating point for the nation's communications development. President couldn't intimidate NBC, ABC, and CBS into favorable coverage, so he filed antitrust lawsuits. Violation of public trust, liberal biased. Nixon tries to end funding to public broadcasting.

40. The FCC found that U2 singer Bono's on-air use of the "f" word was in violation or not?

No

7. Was the FCC able to successfully ban songs with "drug lyrics"?

No, still unresolved issue.

5. The FCC had banned the sale of air time to alternative viewpoints on controversial issues; how did the courts rule on the ban?

Overturned the FCC's ban on the sale of time to present alternative viewpoints on controversial issues and (2) ruled that ads for automobiles and leaded gas fell under the Fairness Doctrine, entitling environmental groups to respond.

10. In 1978, a case went to the Supreme Court regarding indecency and obscenity; what was the station and the comedy routine that was broadcast?

Pacifica station WBAI The Court, however, didn't go beyond the "seven dirty words." It stated that the FCC did have a right, under the obscenity, profanity, and indecency provision of the Communications Act, to take action against any station that it deemed was in violation of that standard. It also decided that the FCC was correct in judging the "Seven Dirty Words" presentation to be indecent because its references to sexual and excretory functions violated community standards.

36. What was the incident that caused Infinity Radio's "Opie and Anthony" to be fired?

detailed description of two people having heterosexual sex in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York

41. To counter the right-wing dominance of talk media, a new group, Progress Media, announced in late 2003 that it planned to buy stations in major markets for an Air America Network and institute liberal talk shows. Who were among the first hosts signed?

Robert Kennedy, Jr., and author and comedian Al Franken were among the first hosts signed

23. The "safe harbor', a time period set aside for indecent program content, underwent a number of changes during the 90s- what was the final ruling?

Safe-harbor for adult programing 10pm-6am

4. By the end of 1970, what percentage of the radio sets were FM?

Sixty percent of the radio sets in the country now had FM reception.

8. 1972: a third of all listeners tuned into FM; what format did more AM stations switch to?

Some station began to move to more talk shows, and a number of those with sagging ratings saw these new talk formats hold the line and even increase their ratings. A few stations tried all-news formats for the first time, in New York, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles

24. In 1991, the FCC set what rule for the rates charged for paid political advertising?

The FCC also attempted to level the political playing field by requiring stations to sell political advertising time at the "lowest unit cost." The FCC opened more spectrum space to multichannel multipoint distribution systems (MMDS), also called wireless cable, through a lottery.

20. In 1988, what changes were made in the FCC's "non duplication" rule, and what effect did this have?

The FCC recognized AM's problems by eliminating its AM-FM non-duplication rule, and within a year some 1,000 pairs of stations were duplicating programs

3. The FCC cracked down on monopolies and instituted the "duopoly" rule; define it.

The duopoly rule prohibited the operator of a fulltime TV, AM, or FM station from acquiring another station in the same market.

9. 1975: what was the FCC's "cross-ownership" rule?

The rule barred future joint ownership of a daily English-language newspaper and a radio or television station in the same market.

15. In 1982, the "trafficking" rule was abolished; what did it regulate?

This rule had been designed to prevent stations from being bought and sold for immediate profit taking, thus neglecting programming or other operations in the public interest.