Hist63 Midterm (European history)
74. Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia? B. Indentured servants D. Aboriginal people A. Convicted prisoners C. Slaves
A
16. In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of A. the Stuarts. B. the Hohenzollerns. D. the Bourbons. C. the House of Orange.
C
53. Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688? A. The revolution restored the monarchy after the disastrous era of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. C. The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes. D. The revolution marked the emergence of democratic politics, with the establishment of natural rights and the defense of private property. B. The revolution secured equal rights for all Christians, including Catholics,
C
62. Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of C. Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World. B. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. D. Principia Mathematica. A. The Sidereal Messenger.
C
55. Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century? D. Sweden, Saxony, and Austria A. Prussia, Russia, and Austria B. The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Prussia C. Sweden, Prussia, and Russia
A
76. Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was A. France. B. Portugal. C. the Netherlands. D. Spain.
A
84. The attack on the Bastille had what political effect? B. The National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation. C. The peasantry revolted in the Great Fear and attacked noble manors across France. A. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work. D. The Parlement dissolved the National Assembly until the people of Paris returned the Bastille to royal control.
A
40. In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of B. Johann Sebastian Bach. E. Peter Paul Rubens C. Frédéric Chopin. A. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
B
21. The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included C. simplifying Prussia's laws. D. censoring the publications of scholars. B. curtailing the privileges of the nobility. A. freeing the Prussian serfs.
C
90. In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on A. the military. C. interest payments on the debt. B. the royal court. D. bread subsidies for the poor.
C
30. Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas? A. About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America. B. Brazil received about one-half of the slaves carried across the Atlantic, while the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. C. The Spanish colonies of South America received about 35 percent of slaves from Africa, while Brazil received about 15 percent and the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. D. The Caribbean received about 50 percent of the slaves, while North American and Spanish South America received about 25 percent each.
A
5. What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method? C. To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate A. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur D. To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge B. To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God
A
52. French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the A. prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France. C. destruction of the economic power of the Low Countries. B. destruction of English naval power. D. protection of Protestants in neighboring territories.
A
58. What was the core concept of the Enlightenment? A. The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life. B. Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith. C. Human beings are inherently corrupt. D. All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter.
A
61. What was the Republic of Letters? A. A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia D. A source of funding for philosophes developed by Catherine the Great B. An organization established to assist with Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopedia C. A governmental system advocated by Rousseau in The Social Contract
A
66. What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system? D. The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money. A. The rural poor worked for low wages B. Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists C. Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts
A
67. The spinning of thread for the loom A. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages. B. was established as a unique craft in which communities and even regions specialized, especially sheepherding regions. D. marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between merchants and spinners. C. was quickly turned into a mechanized process, which freed more women to take up operation of the loom.
A
69. At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that C. guilds provided a structural stability to the economy that permitted the free market to function effectively. A. the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens. B. capitalism could only flourish if workers' wages were kept low. D. the government had a responsibility to protect consumers and the general public from price gouging and fraud.
A
81. Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by A. allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically. C. refusing to take Holy Communion because the Catholic Church claimed that he had illegally seized church property. D. granting freedom of worship to Protestants and Jews, in violation of Roman Catholic law. B. attempting to remove his rightful son as his successor and name one of his illegitimate children as heir to the throne.
A
93. As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity? B. They permitted women to participate as passive citizens, without the right to vote but allowed to participate in public debate and gatherings. A. They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties. C. They permitted women who agreed with Jacobin principles the right to full participation in political life. D. They welcomed women as full political actors in their own right and with full civil liberties.
A
17. The discipline of natural philosophy focused on B. fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe. C. the application of ancient philosophy to theological questions. A. specific natural laws that governed all matter in material universe. D. theological principles that can be discovered in the study of nature.
B
24. What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses. D. He paved the way for peasants to own land—after he became the first non-noblemen to be England's largest landowner. B. He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research. C. He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them.
B
25. Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to A. the absence of marshes and swamps in the Netherlands. B. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country. D. the strong nobility of the Dutch. C. the increased migration of peasants from cities to the country.
B
27. Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about B. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers. D. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses. C. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production. A. the high cost of production in the rural countryside.
B
29. In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with A. France. C. the European continent. B. the British colonial empire. D. Asia.
B
31. In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in C. more consumer goods and greater prosperity. D. larger empires and more wars. B. more wars and likely fewer people. A. greater prosperity and a growing population.
B
32. The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to A. move to the cities to seek work. C. join the army or navy. B. become landless rural wage earners. D. emigrate.
B
4. The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by D. Jean Racine A. Thomas Hobbes. B. John Locke. C. Peter Paul Rubens.
B
41. Copernicus's theory of the universe A. was endorsed by the Catholic Church. B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe. C. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. D. used epicycles to explain planetary motion.
B
44. How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples? A. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior as well as religiously superior. D. European superiority was increasingly defined as religiously superior rather than biologically superior. B. European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior. C. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior rather than religiously superior.
B
45. Political power in the Dutch Republic was A. held by the central government. C. held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers. B. controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen. D. exercised by a democratically elected States-General.
B
48. The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was D. the 1640 uprising in Ireland. B. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II. A. conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation. C. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.
B
51. Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy? A. The royal family B. The sultan's slave corps C. Islamic religious officials D. Military commanders
B
57. Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as B. empiricism. C. naturalism. D. materialism. A. dualism.
B
59. A striking feature of the salons was that A. clerics were banned. B. philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. C. they were often sponsored by the government. D. members of the working classes often attended.
B
60. Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a A. loving father who intervened when necessary in human affairs. C. king who required Christians to be intolerant of any who did not worship him correctly. D. farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest. B. clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
B
63. In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that A. the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations. D. farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, as herds diminished the lands' productivity by trampling and flattening loose soil. B. landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently. C. the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, as the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish their authority.
B
64. The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. D. prevented the American colonists from building ships. C. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. A. restricted English banks from making foreign loans.
B
7. In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? A. He believed in democracy, like most philosophes. D. He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot. C. He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God. B. He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
B
70. Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed A. the African trade C. the colonial economy. D. the East Indian trade. B. the Atlantic economy.
B
75. The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the D. Treaty of London. A. Peace of Utrecht. B. Treaty of Paris. C. Peace of Westphalia.
B
82. Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s? B. After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies. A. The rising cost of increasingly elaborate court ceremonies forced the government to seek tax increases on all its territories. D. Great Britain sought to prepare the colonies for eventual independence by establishing local governments with existing systems of taxation. C. British merchant shipping to the colonies was under increased attack from pirates and hostile forces, requiring the British to provide expensive naval convoys.
B
85. The Abbe Sieye's "What is the Third Estate?" considered the third estate B. the true strength of the French nation. C. those who adhered to liberalism. A. a bunch of rabble-rousers. D. the business and professional elite.
B
9. In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the A. growth of a class of small landowners. C. establishment of an independent peasantry. B. consolidation of serfdom. D. establishment of many privileged towns as market centers.
B
97. Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution? A. It emphasized the unyielding response of the British government to American protests. C. It was a stirring indictment of the Loyalists and their failure to support the revolution. B. It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind. D. It was a brilliant summation of the ideas in Thomas Paine's Common Sense.
B
98. According to Olympe de Gouges, B. men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law. D. it was natural to exclude women from the political process. A. women should enjoy special rights and privileges. C. monarchy was the most oppressive form of government.
B
11. How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state? A. He reorganized the French economy according to mercantilist policies. C. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts. B. He encouraged Louis XIII to establish an elaborate palace and ground at Versailles. D. He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals.
C
18. How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity? A. It demonstrated that the biological and physical properties of nature operated by different principles. D. It provided evidence that proved the existence of God. B. It proved that the workings of nature could be understood without reference of God. C. It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
C
19. What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century? B. The bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism D. The common philosophical belief that the masses were like children in need of firm guidance A. The defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophes C. The emergence of scientific racism
C
22. Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges. B. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side. C. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively. D. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.
C
34. How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture? A. Enlightened authors embraced popular culture as an authentic expression of the human condition unaffected by Christian theology. B. Governments sought to use the critical perspectives of the Enlightenment to control and manage popular culture. C. As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar. D. Enlightened authors approached popular culture from an anthropological perspective that permitted them to analyze it without condemning it.
C
47. Mercantilist theory postulated that A. government should not interfere in the economy. C. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state. B. imports and exports should be equally balanced. D. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations.
C
49. How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army? A. He required women to work in the fields when their husbands served in the military. B. He purchased African slaves to sustain agricultural production while Prussian men trained for the military. D. He required monks, priests, and other clerics to perform agricultural work when needed by local nobles. C. He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.
C
54. The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or B. Estates. D. Moriscos. C. millets. A. Cossacks.
C
56. Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis? B. Protestant clerics rejected Copernicus, while Catholics embraced the interpretation as a new foundation for the heavens. C. Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century. A. The Catholic Church declared Copernicus a heretic, while Protestant faiths believed that the hypothesis had no bearing on Christian teaching. D. Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical to a literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognized a more modern approach to truth and adopted it.
C
6. How did governments respond to the new science? A. They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge. D. They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials. B. They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations. C. They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
C
71. The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to B. France's lack of allies. A. ineffective French military leadership. C. the size and strength of British naval power. D. the support of all Native American tribes to the British cause.
C
8. In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that A. the Bible was a fraudulent document promoted by the Catholic Church. C. all knowledge can be questioned and doubted. D. human beliefs are unified in their singular origins from God. B. the mind and body are united into one substance.
C
83. Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments? A. The Directory had an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. C. The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed. B. The Directory feared that without French intervention, Russia would dominate the continent. D. The Directory gave in to demands of the nationalistic populace.
C
89. What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety? C. To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within D. To investigate the army in order to weed out disloyal officers and ensure its obedience to the Legislative Assembly A. To build a coalition of provincial leaders in order to suppress rebellions in France B. To establish a secret police force in order to institute the Reign of Terror
C
92. The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily A. provincial nobles. D. wealthy peasants. B. businessmen. C. lawyers and government officials.
C
42. The concept of the reading revolution refers to the D. shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually. A. acquisition of literacy by the masses. B. spread of literacy among women. C. invention of the printing press.
D
43. How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance? B. Enlightenment thinkers drew inspiration from classical antiquity, whereas the Middle Ages and Renaissance focused on the Bible. A. Enlightenment thinkers rejected the basic tenants of Christianity and embraced a vision of a world without God. C. Enlightenment thinkers relished artistic production, while the Middles Ages and Renaissance focused on penance and prayer. D. Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
D
50. What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? A. Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices. C. Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions. D. People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions. B. Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy.
D
65. Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred C. primarily in prosperous regions that were establishing colonial lands in Asia and the Americas. B. primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations. D. in all regions. A. only in a few regions that were able to avoid warfare.
D
77. Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era? A. As a consequence of the Reformation, the number of schools for common people declined. B. Under the absolute monarchies, national school systems were created to educate nearly all of the children of commoners. C. Schools remained largely unpopular because of their requirements that all children learn Latin. D. Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
D
78. Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because A. sexual activity prior to marriage was extremely rare and harshly punished by the church. B. poor nutrition dramatically diminished women's ability to become pregnant and to carry a child to term. C. unmarried pregnant women commonly aborted their fetuses. D. of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
D
86. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed B. religious toleration to French Jews and Protestants. A. the abolition of monopolies, guilds, and workers' associations. C. elimination of all barriers to trade within France. D. equality before the law.
D
94. Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793? A. They were required by the Committee of Public Safety to apply the principles of liberty and equality to all French lands. D. They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island. C. They were captured by slave armies and forced to issue the edict abolishing slavery. B. The British and Spanish had already outlawed slavery; the French commissionaires feared a rebellion if they did not do likewise.
D
99. How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups? A. It granted free people of color political enfranchisement and equal status with whites. C. It responded to the wishes of the 90 percent of the population who were enslaved by abolishing slavery. B. It granted the Creole elite a representative form of government that offered them the chance to gain control of their affairs. D. It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.
D
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? A. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. B. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire. C. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
D
12. How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state? A. They adopted French coronation rituals. B. They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans. C. They eliminated all taxes. D. They claimed to be both political and religious leaders.
B
15. Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the B. Vendée. D. Levée en Masse. C. Fronde. A. Jacquerie.
C
23. Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era? A. Forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities. C. The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners. D. While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures. B. The large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside, for the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land.
C
26. Within the family, the operation of the loom A. was somewhat dangerous, and children were forbidden from helping with it. D. was considered a woman's job, as were most of the sewing crafts. B. generally only occupied one person, leaving other family members to farm or seek outside employment. C. was reserved for the male head of household.
C
95. What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code? A. The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people D. The abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion B. The rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism C. The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
C
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was A. reform of the church. C. the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy. B. a belief in decentralization. D. the sovereignty of the people.
C
33. In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was A. Paris. D. Vienna. B. Berlin. C. London.
C- London
14. Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a B. parliamentary government. A. popular democracy. D. military dictatorship. C. constitutional monarchy.
D
13. What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments? C. Smaller and less expensive bureaucracies B. Growth in armed forces D. Problems with local leaders A. Reduced taxation
B
28. From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France? D. The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean A. The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion C. The preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations B. The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries
A
35. Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by A. high infant mortality rates. B. church doctrine. C. Enlightenment philosophy. D. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities.
A
37. Louis XIV selected councilors from the A. newly ennobled or upper middle class. D. senior clergy. B. military commanders. C. university professors.
A
87. How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years? D. Initially pleased by the revolution's embrace of Enlightenment ideas, they came to fear the idea of nationalism spread by the revolution. B. Initially confused by the claims of the revolutionaries, they came to embrace most of their ideas as representing solid Enlightenment thought. A. Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message. C. Initially fearful of the revolution's chaos, they came to support the effort to implement needed reforms in France.
A
88. How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered? A. They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure. C. They spoke of peace and prosperity but instituted harsh purges of all political opponents and high new taxes to pay for the army. B. They promised to retain local tradition and institutions but removed all of the older nobility and eliminated the power of the Catholic Church. D. They chose not to seize territory permanently for France but began to appoint French military commanders as new nobles in conquered lands.
A
91. The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included A. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy. C. all commoners B. members of the clergy. D. members of the nobility.
A
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640? C. James I frequently lectured the House of Commons about his divine authority. B. Charles I married a Presbyterian princess. D. Charles I sought to impose the Scottish religion on England. A. Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
A
79. Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties? A. They had only limited opportunities to practice surgical techniques. B. Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death. C. They were reluctant to improve their knowledge of anatomy. D. All operations were performed with anesthesia, but it was difficult to use and caused many deaths.
B
80. How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates? A. It took no action because many delegates believed slavery would end in the near future as it became less and less profitable. D. It decided that a new state would make the decision whether to permit slavery itself before seeking admission to the Union. B. It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. C. It decided that slavery would not be permitted in new states formed after the Constitution's ratification.
B
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that B. women were best suited to a passive role in social relations. C. civilization was the foundation of freedom. D. without rational thought, human society would crumble. A. women should play an active role in public life.
B
10. How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? C. Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests. D. The size of armies decreased as they professionalized and became more efficient. B. Improvements in artillery made the use of cavalry obsolete. A. Gunpowder technologies were used for the first time in field operations.
C
100. After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved? B. The Spanish invaded from their colony of Santo Domingo, defeated the French, and allowed the formation of the sovereign nation of Haiti. D. The British invaded Saint-Domingue and, after defeating the French, allowed the Haitians to form the sovereign nation of Haiti. C. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence. A. A rival to L'Ouverture, André Rigaud, defeated the French forces and declared Haitian independence.
C
96. How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era? C. The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities. D. The Catholic Church promised to promote French nationalism, while the French state agreed to abandon efforts to control church doctrine. A. The Catholic Church was again recognized as the state religion, which all citizens had to embrace or face prosecution under the law. B. The Catholic Church reclaimed full authority over the appointment of church officials, while the French state gained the right to oversee church finances.
C
36. What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe? A. The prevalence of the extended family structure B. The fear of overpopulation C. The availability of premarital sex D. It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.
D
38. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that B. a constitutional monarchy was possible only in England. C. mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government. A. kings ruled by divine right. D. the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
D
39. In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France? C. English laws would be strengthened to protect the property of French nobles in England. D. English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized. A. England would lift trade restrictions against French products. B. England would provide troops to France in the event of war with Austria.
D
46. The Baroque style flourished in the context of the D. Catholic Reformation. B. Scientific Revolution. C. Protestant Reformation. A. Commercial Revolution.
D
68. The industrious revolution was a result of A. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset. B. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors. D. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods. C. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled.
D
72. Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe? B. The Spanish empire collapsed, for Spain lacked the resources to sustain its military presence in the colonies. C. Spanish landowners in the colonies instituted slavery among all the Indian populations in order to force them to work on their estates. D. Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially. A. It became insignificant to the French after the loss of their colonies in New France (Canada).
D
73. Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century? C. It relieved Europeans of the moral difficulty of separating families by having all slaves separated into unrelated groups of fifteen before the ships captains purchased them. B. It gave Europeans more control over the slave trade by sending ashore slave-hunting teams to seize slaves and force them aboard. D. It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas. A. It secured for Europeans supplies of slaves by establishing fortified trading posts on the coast, thus preventing wasted days at sea looking for slaves to purchase.
D
