Histology Test 3

Larynx 1. how long is it 2. passage for air between the ___ and ___ 3. reinforced by _____ and _____ connected by ligaments 4. movement of 3 by skel muscle maintains ______ and participate in ______ d 5. _____ prevents food or fluid from entering 6. what epi does it start as? what does it transition to? 7. mixed ____ are found in LP 8. below 5 and vestibule, mucosa projects into lumen as two pairs of folds separated by _____ 9. the upper pair, the immovable _____ is partly covered in RE overlying glands and lymphoid nodules 10. the lower pair or _____, have features in phonation

1. 4 cmx 4cm 2. pharynx, trachea 3. hyaline/elastic cart 4. open airway, sound production 5. epiglottis 6. SSE, RE 7. serous/mucous 8. ventricle 9. vestibular folds 10. vocal folds

Epidermis- Langerhans Cells 1. these are _____ derived from monocytes and are most clearly seen in the ____ layer 2. have processes extending between keratinocytes of all layers; bind, process, and present antigens to _____ 3. these are ____ cells- type of cell in IS

1. APC; spinous 2. T lymphocytes 3. dendritic cells

Follicular Growth and Dev Pt 2 1. stromal cells outside growing follicle diff to form _____ which diff further as two distinct tissues around follicle: 2. well vascularized endocrine theca interna- secretes _____ which enters granulose cells and aromatase converts it to _____ --> this will leave the follicle and enter cap 3. fibrous _____ with sm merges with stroma 4. as follicles grow, they move _____ 5. small spaces appear between granulose layers as the cells secrete ____- this accumulates and merge and GC reorganize around cavity called ____ which produces follicles called ______ 6. as 5b dev, the GC around oocyte form a hillock called ____ which protrudes into the antrum 7. GC immediately outside the zone pellucida make up the _____ 8. the single large antrum of a _____/_____ follicle accumulates more fluid and expands to 2cm diameter or more

1. follicular theca 2. androstenedione; estradiol 3. theca externa 4. deeper into cortex 5. follicular fluid/ liquor folliculi; antrum; secondary/antral follicles 6. cumulus oophorus 7. corona radiata 8. mature/ graafian

Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption 1. _____- water and solutes in blood leave and enter lumen of nephron 2. tubular secretion- substances move from _______ of tubules into lumens for uptake 3. tubular reabsorption- substances move from _____ across epi into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries 4. along length of tubules and CD, filtrate receives secreted and stuff is reabsorbed from it, _____ enters minor calyces and undergoes _____ 5. how does kidney change in older adults

1. filtration 2. epithelial cells 3. lumen 4. urine, excretion 5. less nephrons

Menstrual Cycle- Proliferative phase 1. also called the _____; coincides with rapid growth of small group of follicles growing as _____ 2. with dev of TI, these secrete ____ 3. what does estrogen do to the endometrium basically 4. during this phase what epi is the lining 5. what do the glands look like 6. ______ lengthen and extensive microvasculature forms near surface 7. now how thick

1. follicular or estrogenic phase 2. estrogen 3. induces regeneration of functional layer lost 4. simple columnar 5. straight tubules with narrow and nearly empty lumens 6. spiral arteries 7. 2-3 mm

Kidneys pt 2 1. what is the functional unit called _____ each with a _____ and a long renal tubule with three main parts 2. renal corpuscle- dilated part enclosing ______ and site of blood filtration (cortex) 3. proximal tubule- long convoluted tubule located in ______ with a short straight part that enters the _____ 4. loop of henle- in the ______- which part is thick and which is thin 5. distal tubule- thick straight part ascending from ______ back into cortex and convoluted part completely in _____ 6. connecting tubule- these merge to form ______ and then all merge as which concierge in the _____ to deliver urine to minor calyx 7. _____ nephrons located almost completely in cortex while ______ nephrons like close to medulla and have long LoH

1. nephron; corpuscle 2. capillary tufts 3. cortex, medulla 4. medulla; thin descending, thin ascending ( turns into thick ascending) 5. LoH, medulla 6. collecting tubules, collecting ducts 7. cortical, juxtamedullary

Male Reproductive 1. the genital ducts and accessory glands produce secretions required for sperm activity and contract to propel sperm and secretion from the urethra- these secretions provide ______ for the sperm while in MRT 2. spermatozoa and the secretions make up _____

1. nutrients 2. semen

FRT General 1. produces the female gametes- _____ 2. beginning at ____, rep system undergoes monthly changes in structure and function 3. _____- period in which cyclic changes become irregular and will disappear

1. oocyte 2. menarche 3. menopause

Menstrual Cycle 1. menstrual cycles are a consequence of ovarian follicle changes related to ____ production 2. menstrual discharge consist of degenerating ____ mixed with ____ from ruptured microvasculature 3. menstrual period lasts _____ 4. proliferative phase lasts ____ average 5. ______ beings at ovulation and lasts about 14 days

1. oocyte production 2. endometrium, blood 3. 3-4 4. 8-10 5. secretory phase

Intertesticular Ducts 1. loops of seminiferous tubules join the _____ by the short _____ which are lined initially only by sertoli cells 2. 1a is lined by _____ and supported by CT of the mediastinum 3. 1a drains into about 20 _____ lined by unusual epi with nonciliated cuboidal cells alternating with taller ciliated cells 4. nonciliated cells absorb fluid secreted by sertoli in tubules- creates a _______ that carries sperm passively out of testis toward the _____ 5. a thin layer of circularly oriented _____ in walls of 3a aids movement

1. rete testis, straight tubules 2. simple cuboidal 3. efferent ductules 4. fluid flow, epididymis 5. smooth muscle cells

Pancreatic Islets 1. very thin ____ capsule surrounds each islet to separate it from the acinar tissue 2. alpha or A cells secrete ____ and are located peripherally 3. beta or B cells produce ____ and are most numerous centrally 4. delta or D cells secrete _____ and are scattered and less abundant 5. what do 2-4 do? 6. minor fourth type called ______ secrete pancreatic polypeptide- activity of chief cells, inhibits bile secretion, intestinal motility 7. how does blood glucose levels affect release? 8. how do S/PS fibers affect release?

1. reticular 2. glucagon 3. insulin 4. somatostatin 5. glucagon- increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and lipolysis; insulin- entry of glucose into cells; somatostatin- inhibits release of other islet cell hormones, inhibits release of GH and TSH and HCl 6. PP cells 7. high blood glucose- release of insulin, inhibit glucagon release 8. S- release glucagon inhibit insulin; PS- increase secretion of glucagon and insulin

Adrenal Medulla 1. _____ intervenes between cords and some PS ganglion cells are present 2. ______ cells are modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons 3. have granules for storage and secretion of ____ or ____- these are bound with Ca and ATP and proteins called ____ into storage complexes 4. epinephrine increases _____, dilates ____, and dilates ____ or cardiac and and skeletal muscle 5. norepinephrine constricts vessels of digestive system and skin to increase blood flow to the ____, ___, and ____ 6. both stimulate _____ to elevate blood glucose

1. sinusoidal capillaries 2. chromatin 3. epi or norepi, chromogranins 4. heart rate, bronchioles, arteries 5. heart, muscle, brain 6. glycogen breakdown

Kidney- DCT and JGA 1. how can you distinguish cuboidal cells from PCT 2. rate of Na+ reabsorption is regulated by ____ from adrenal glands 3. where DCT contacts arterioles at vascular pole of corpuscle is columnar and packed cells of _____, which is part of ____ to regulate GFR 4. next to 3, the smooth muscle cells of media of afferent arteriole are modified as _____, which release _____ 5. also at vascular pole are _______ which are mesangial cells with support, contractile, defensive functions

1. smaller, no brush border, more empty lumen, more nuclei in sections, fewer mit 2. aldosterone 3. macula densa, JGA 4. JG granular cells, renin 5. lacis cells

Uterus- Myometrium 1. bundles of _____ sep by CT with venous plexuses and lymphatics 2. during pregnancy, it grows- involves ______ ( number of cells), cell hypertrophy, and increased _____ prod by muscle cells to strengthen 3. contracts forcefully during ____ to give birth

1. smooth muscle fibers 2. hyperplasia, collagen 3. parturition

Testes- Spermatogenesis 1. begins with proliferation of stem cells and progenitor cells called ______ that occupy a basal niche in epi wall of tubules 2. spermatogonia have what shape and color nuclei- as they divide (infrequently) they give rise to new stem cells and what color nuclei 3. these ________ undergo clonal divisions that leave most cells connected to become _____, which are more spherical and pale nuclei 4. each #3 undergoes final division to produce two cells that grow to become ______- euchromatic nuclei that replicate DNA and enter meiosis 5. #4 has _____ chromosomes and a DNA content of _____- this enters prophase I for three weeks and after first meiotic division, homol chrom separate to form smaller ______ with only ____ chrom with a DNA content of _____ 5. secondary go through meiosis II to separate chromatids and proud two haploid ______ with DNA content of _____

1. spermatogonia 2. dark ovoid; paler staining 3. type A spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia 4. primary spermacytes 5. 46, 4N; secondary spermacyte, 23, 2N 6. spermatids, 1N

Kidneys 1. where do nerves enter, ureter exit, and bv and lv enter and exit 2. capsule or no 3. the upper end of ureter expands as the ____ in the hilum and divides into two or three _____ which branch into ____ 4. what type of tissue surrounds the renal pelvis and 3 5. outer is renal ____ with corpuscles and tubule, inner is _____ with linear tubules and ducts 6. inner has conical structures called _____- bases at cortex- separated from each other by extensions of outer called ____ 7. what constitutes a renal lobe 8. what constitutes a renal lobule 9. the tip of each pyramid called ___ projects into 3c that collects urine from tubules in lobe

1. hilum 2. yes 3. renal pelvis, major calyces, minor calyces 4. adipose 5. cortex, medulla 6. renal pyramids, renal columns 7. each pyramid plus the cortex tissue at base and sides 8. parallel ducts and tubules extending from medulla into cortex (medullary rays) plus cortical tissue 9. renal papilla

Bronchioles 1. lack what that bronchi have, still has prominent 2. in larger, the epi is still ______, but this decreases to _____ or ______ in terminal bronchioles 3. ciliated epi begins the _______- important in clearing debris and mucus by moving it up the tree and trachea 4. cuboidal epi of term bronchioles consists of ______ (clara cells) with nonciliated dome-shaped apical ends with secretory granules 5. chemosensory _____ and ______ also present like higher in system

1. mucosal glands and cartilage, smooth muscle 2. RE, ciliated simple columnar or simple cuboidal 3. mucociliary apparatus 4. club cells 5. brush cells, DNES small granule cells

Ductus or Vas Deferens 1. long straight tube with thick ____ and _____ lumen 2. empties at the _____ 3. lamina propria contains many ______ and the epi lining is _____ with some cells having sparse stereo cilia 4. what are the layers of the muscularis externa 5. forms part of the _____- also includes testicular after, pampiniform plexus, and nerves 6. passes over the urinary bladder where it enlarges as an _____ where the epi is thicker and more folded 7. the ends of the two ampullae merge with the ducts of two seminal vesicles in the ______ gland- this joins the ducts to form the _______ which open to the _____

1. muscular layers, small 2. prostatic urethra 3. elastic fibers, pseudostratified 4. outer and inner longitudinal, middle muscular 5. spermatic cord 6. ampulla 7. prostate; ejaculatory ducts, prostatic urethra

1. list the upper respiratory tract 2. list the lower respiratory tract 3. what is the conducting portion 4. what is the respiratory portion

1. nasal cavity, sphenoidal sinus, frontal sinus, pharynx 2. larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs 3. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles 4. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Pharynx 1. nasal cavities open into _____ 2. #1 is continuous with the _____ 3. what epi lines these two parts 4. where are the pharyngeal tonsil and opening to the auditory tubes located

1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. naso- resp epi, oro- SSE 4. nasopharynx

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome what is it 1. what are the causes 2. what are the symptoms 3. how is a diagnosis made dealing with infertility 4. how to change your lifestyle 5. pharmacotherapy 6. surgery

numerous developing follicles in an ovary- see numerous antrums 1. hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary 2. infertility, hirsutism, obesity, diabetes, sleep apnea, menstrual disfunction- no ovulation 3. other tests, then imaging to confirm 4. diet, weight, exercise 5. contraceptive, anti androgens, acne meds 6. clomid to stimulate ovulation

Testes- The Clonal Nature of Male Germ Cells 1. the stem cells produced by mitotic division of type A stem cells remain as separate cells- but the ones that become transit amplifying progenitor cells replicate with incomplete _____and the cells remain attached by ______ of cytoplasm 2. these #1 allow _____ among the cells 3. the complete significance of _______ is not clear, but the bridges allow haploid cells to be supplied with products of the complete diploid genome including proteins and RNA encoded from ____ and ____ chrom missing from haploid 4. the events between final mitosis and formation of spermatids takes _____

1. cytokinesis, intercellular bridges 2. communication 3. spermatogenic syncytium; X or Y 4. 2 months

Trachea 1. how long 2. lined with what? what do the glands in the LP produce 3. what reinforces the wall and keeps the lumen open? 4. the open ends of 3 are on which surface (against the ____) and are bridged by a bundle of SM called _____ and a sheet of fibroelastic tissue attached to the perichondrium 5. what does the 4b do during swallowing- this allows the eophagus to do what 6. what does 4b do during coughing? what does this increase

1. 12 cm 2. RE; watery mucus 3. C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage 4. posterior, esophagus, trachealis muscle 5. relaxes; esophagus bulges into the lumen of trachea 6. contracts; increases velocity of air expelled and better loosening of material

Ovulation and Its Hormonal Regulation 1. around the _____ of the 28 day cycle 2. in hours before, dom foll bulging against tunica albuginea dev translucent area called _____ where tissue compaction blocked blood flow 3. just before ovulation oocyte completes the ______- now has two daughter cells but one of these has almost all the cytoplasm and is the _____ and other is the _____ and is nonviable 4. 3b starts second meiotic division but arrears at ____ until fertilization 5. this is hormone regulated! negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone is also reinforced by ____ produced by granulosa and luteal cells 7. in the days preceding ovulations, dom follicles secrete higher levels of ______ which stimulate more GnRH

1. 14th day 2. stigma 3. first meiotic division, secondary oocyte, first polar body 4. metaphase 5. inhibin 6. estrogen

Skin general 1. how much of the total body weight? 2. also known as the ____ covering or _____ layer 3. physical barrier- melanin from UV, too much or too little water- function? 4. allow skin to monitor environment and interactions with other objects- function? 5. insulating components and sweat production- function? 6. synthesize vitamin D3 needed in bone formation, stores energy- function? 7. visual indicators of health and attraction, pheromones- function 8. what do the dermal-epidermal interdigitations form on each individual?

1. 15-20% 2. integument, cutaneous 3. protection 4. sensory 5. thermoregulation 6. metabolic 7. sexual signaling 8. dermatoglyphs (fingerprints/footprints)

Alveoli 1. each adult lung has about how many 2. air in these structures exchanges ____ and ____ with the blood in the capillaries through thin walls 3. between alveoli lie thin ____- fibroblasts and ECM (elastic/reticulin fibers) of CT 4. what allows the alveoli to expand with inspiration and contract with expiration? 5. what prevents the collapse and dissension of alveoli? 6. the ______ in the interalveolar septa are supported by the fibers in the alveolar walls 7. air in the alveoli is sep from blood by three components referred to as the ______: 7a. two or three attenuated thin cells (type I) 7b. the fused ______ of these cells and the _____ of the capillaries 7c. the actual ______ of capillaries

1. 200 million 2. O2 and CO2 3. interalveolar septa 4. elastic fibers 5. reticular fibers 6. pulmonary capillaries 7. blood-air barrier 7b. basement membranes, endothelial cells 7c. endothelial cells

Kidney Function- Renal Corpuscles and Blood Filtration 1. tuft of capillaries surrounded by double walled epi capsule called _____ 2. visceral layer of capsule envelopes the capillaries, which are what type 3. parietal layer of capsule is the surface; in between there is _______ which receives the fluid 4. each corpuscle has ____ where afferent art enters and eff art leaves and ____ where PCT begins 5. parietal layer is what type of epi? what does it change to at tubular pole? 6. visceral layer has _____ which compose the apparatus with cap for filtration- ______ extend and curve around a length of glom capillary, these give rise to ____ that cover much of capillary surface in contact with basal lamina 7. between the pedicels are slit pores bridged by zipper-like ______ which hare composed of ____ and proteins and stuff 8. between fenestrated endo cells of cap and podocytes is the ______ that uses type IV and large PG restricts passage of proteins larger than _____ 9. smaller proteins are degraded and aa are reabsorbed by the _____ 10. the polyanionic GP and PG interact to form a series of openings in slit diaphragm and surface is _____ charged

1. Bowman's capsule 2. fenestrated 3. capsular or urinary space 4. vascular pole, tubular pole 5. simple squamous, simple cuboidal 6. podocytes, primary processes, pedicels 7. slit diaphragms, nephrins 8. basement membrane 9. PCT 10. negatively

Dermis 1. layer of ____ that supports epidermis 2. where is it the thickest 3. surface has many projections called _____ that connect with ______ 4. what occurs between stratum basale and dermis? 5. papillary layer- includes the _____; what type of CT?; from this layer, anchoring ______ insert into basal lamina for binding; also has fibroblasts, mast cells, DC, leukocytes 6. reticular layer- what type of CT? What is the main difference in make up between pap/ret?; network of _____ fibers is also present; between collagen and said network are PG rich in _______

1. CT 2. back- 4mm 3. dermal papillae; epidermal pegs or ridges 4. basement membrane for diffusion of nutrients 5. dermal papillae; LCT; type IV collagen 6. DICT; less cells, more fibers; elastin; dermatan sulfate

Follicular Growth and Development 1. stimulated by ____ at puberty, small group of primordial follicles begins the growth process each month Oocyte differentiation includes: 2. growth of cell and nuclear enlargement, _____ becoming more numerous and uniformly distributed, RER becoming more extensive and _____ enlarging and moving to side, formation of granules called _______ with proteases right inside oocyte mem 3. fol cells undergo mitosis and form a simple cuboidal epi around oocyte- now these are called ______follicle 4. follicular cells keep dividing to become stratified epi, the _____, with gap junctions 5. now the fol cells are called _____ and follicle is a _____ still surrounded by basement membrane 6. between first layer of granulose cells and oocyte, ECM accumulates as the _____ 7. ____ and _____ of 6 are important sperm receptors to initiate acrosomal activation 8. _____ of granulosa cells and _____ of oocyte penetrate 6 for communication by gap junction

1. FSH 2. mitochondria, golgi, cortical granules 3. unilaminar primary 4. granulosa 5. granulose cells, multi laminar primary follicle 6. zona pellucida 7. ZP3 and ZP4 8. filopodia, microvilli

Subcutaneous Layer 1. what type of CT- binds skin to organs to facilitate sliding 2. also called ____ or _____ 3. contains ______ that vary in number 4. has ___________ and promotes rapid uptake of drugs

1. LCT 2. hypodermis, superficial fascia 3. adipocytes 4. extensive vascular supply

Ovulation and Its Hormonal Regulation pt 2 1. increased level of GnRH causes surge of _____ that triggers a sequence: 1a. ______ is completed by primary oocyte, yielding secondary and polar body 1b. GC stim to produce more ____ and EC _____- loosens the cells and inc volume, pressure, and viscosity of fluid 1c. ballooning at the stigma, the ______ as plasmin from broken cap degrades collagen in surface ep and TA 1d. ______ begin in the TE, triggered by prostaglandins 2. increasing ____ of follicle and ____ of wall lead to rupture at the stigma 3. ______ and _____ along with _____ are expelled by smooth muscle contractions 4. secondary oocyte adheres to ovary surf and is drawn to the opening of the _____ for fert- if not fert, it degenerates 5. cells of the ovulated follicle that remain in the ovary rediff to give rise to _____

1. LH 1a. meiosis I is completed 1b. prostaglandin, hyaluronan 1c. ovarian wall weakens 1d. smooth muscle contractions 2. pressure, weakening 3. oocyte, corona radiate, follicular fluid 4. uterine tube 5. corpus luteum

Larynx- Vocal Cords 1. each is covered with _______ 2. dense bundle of elastic CT (the _______) supports the free edge of each 3. deep to the mucosa are large bundles of fibers comprising the _____ 4. during phonation, muscles of the larynx draw the folds in which direction? this does what to the opening, also called what? 5. air expelled from the lungs causes the altered folds to do what 6. how are larynx/ vocal cords different in males and females after puberty?

1. NK SSE 2. vocal ligament 3. vocalis muscle 4. adducts them; narrows, rims glottidis 5. vibrate and produce sound 6. males- larger larynx and longer vocal folds- deeper range

Vagina 1. lacks glands and consists of ____, ____, and ____ 2. epi is _____; stim by estrogen they synthesize and accumulate ____ - bacteria met glycogen to lactic acid for low pH- protection against pathogens 3. LP rich in _____ with papillae projecting into epi 4. during sexual arousal, lubricating mucus is provided by ______ (like bulbourethral glands)

1. mucosa, muscular layer, adventitia 2. strat squam epi, glycogen 3. elastic fibers 4. greater vestibular glands

Production of Thyroid Hormone and Its Control 1. production of thryoglobulin- has 140 tyrosyl residues critical for ______ synthesis- this is an EXOCRINE product from apical vesicles of thyrocytes 2. uptake of iodide- from blood by ______ in the thyrocytes basolateral cell membranes- 30 fold concentration in thyroid tissue relative to plasma; apical I/Cl transporter called ____ pumps I into colloid 3. iodination of tryosyl residues- in ____ occurs in the colloid after ox of I- to I by membrane bound thyroid peroxidase 4. formation of T3 and T4- occurs in two _____ still part of thyroglobulin which are conjugated in coupling reaction 5. endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin- endocytotic vesicles fuse with _____ for degradation to free the T3 and T4 6. secretion of T4 and T3- at the basolateral domains in endocrine manner for take up by _____ 7. both are carried in the blood bound to ____ or _____ 8. _____ more common but ____ more active 9. ____ increases cell height in follicle epi and stimulates all steps 10. secretion of 9 is increased by exposure to ____ and decreased by ____ or _____

1. T3 and T4 2. Na/I symporters; pendrin 3. thyroglobulin 4. iodinated tyrosines 5. lysosome 6. capillaries 7. albumin, thyroxine-binding globulin 8. T4, T3 9. TSH 10. cold, hot/stress

Alveoli Continued 1. ______ of Kohn penetrate the septa and connect neighboring alveoli that open to different bronchioles- what do these do? 2. O2 from the air diffuses through the barrier into blood and binds to _____ 3. CO2 diffuses into the alveolar air from ______; most CO2 arrives in the lungs as part of _____ inside RBCs and is liberated through the action of _____ 4. what type of capillaries are found here 5. _______ are attenuated cells that line the alveolar surfaces: make up 95% of lining; have ____ that prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the air space 6. type II are cuboidal that bulge into air space; occur in groups where? the vesicles are termed _____- it secreted _____ spread over the inner alveolar surface to help prevent collapse at exhalation and allows alveoli to be inflated with less force

1. alveolar pores- equalize air pressure and permit collateral circulation of air if a bronchiole is obstructed 2. hemoglobin 3. pulmonary vein; carbonic acid; carbonic anhydrase 4. continuous 5. type I; tight junctions; EXTREMELY HARD TO SEE! 6. where two or three alveolar walls unite; lamellar bodies; pulmonary surfactant

Breasts During Pregnancy and Lactation 1. mammary glands grow during pregnancy- hormones cause cell proliferation in sec ____ at the ends of the ducts 2. these are composed with ____ epi with stellate myoepi cells between sec cells and basal lamina 3. _____ becomes less prominent 4. late in pregnancy the glandular alveoli and ducts are dilated by accumulation of ____- fluid with IgA that is transferred to newborns 5. ____ is stimulated by _____ from the ant pituitary--> epi cells of the alveoli activate various processes now 5a. large amounts of ____ are synthesized, packaged and undergo ____ secretion into lumen 5b. ____ form from short chain FA synthesized in the epi cells and grow by accretion of longer FA and cholesterol- undergo ____ secretion 5c. _____- major _____ source in milk is synthesized in the golgi

1. alveoli 2. cuboidal 3. stroma 4. colostrum 5. lactation 5a. protein, merocrine 5b. lipid droplets, apocrine 5c. lactose, energy

Alveolar Ducts 1. completely lined by the opening of ____ 2. both the ducts and alveoli are lined with ______ 3. LP has a strand of ____ _that surrounds each alveolar opening 4. larger clusters of alveoli are called _____- here LP is thin and is a web of ____ and ____ fibers; network of _____ also surrounds each alveolus

1. alveoli 2. attenuated squamous cells 3. smooth muscle 4. sacs; elastic and reticular; capillaries

Postlactational Regression in Mammary Glands 1. most ___ degenerate 2. _____ returns to its general appearance in inactive state 3. epi cells undergo apoptosis

1. alveoli 2. duct system

Respiratory Bronchioles 1. terminal subdivides into two or more that include ______ 2. mucosa has a few openings to alveoli where _____ occurs 3. ____ and ____ comprise the ___ and the epi consists of _____ with ____ cell at the alveolar openings and into the alveolus

1. alveoli 2. gas exchange 3. SM and elastic CT, club cells, simple squamous

Major Events of Fertilization 1. occurs in the ___ of uterine tube 2. steps of capacitation of sperm: 2a. contact with corona radiata cells causes sperm to undergo ______ in which _____ is released by exocytosis- sperm moves more easily to the ZP 2b. proteins on sperm bind receptors ___ and ____, activating protease acrosin to degrade ZP locally 2c. first sperm to penetrate ZP fuses with the oocyte and triggers ____ release from vesicles, which induces exo of proteases from cortical granules; _____ spreads across surface of oocyte, and proteases convert ZP to ______ that blocks the rest of the sperm 2d. nucleus of oocyte completes _____ producing second polar body and _____ of the haploid ovum; nucleus of sperm decondenses and becomes _____- fuse to become ____ 3. cell division occurs while embryo is transported by contractions and cilia to the ____ (takes 5 days)

1. ampulla 2a. acrosomal reaction, hyaluronidase 2b. ZP3, ZP4 2c. Ca+2, cortical reaction, perivitelline 2d. meiosis II, female pronucleus, male pronucleus, zygote 3. uterus

Ovary- Follicular Atresia 1. follicles at what stage of dev can become atretic 2. involves apoptosis and detachment of ______, autolysis of oocyte, and collapse of _____ 3. _____ phagocytose the apoptotic material and other debris 4. most prominent when 5. during menstruation, the ____ reaches the most dev stage and undergoes ovulation and others undergo atresia 6. these atretic follicles still secrete a lot of _____ before

1. any 2. granulosa cells, zona pellucida 3. macrophages 4. right after birth, puberty, pregnancy 5. dominant follicle 6. estrogen

Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, and The Placenta 1. zygote cleaves as it moves toward uterus- cells called ____ that aggregate in a ____- cells become smaller at teach division 2. when it reaches the uterus after 5 days, blastomeres have moved to form a central cavity and it enters the ____stage 3. blastomeres arrarnge as a peripheral layer called the ____ around the cavity, few cells just inside layer make up the _____ 4. blastocyst remains in the lumen of uterus for ____ 5. _____ involves attachment of blastocysts to the surface epi cells of endometrium and its penetration into the stroma- driven by cells of trophoblast 6. cells of the embryobalst rearrange around two new cavities, the amnion and yolk sac: where the cells lining these cavities make contact, the ______ develops with its ____layer continuous with the amnion and ____ continuous with yolk sac 7. trophoblast differentiates into: ______- layer of mit active cells around the amnion and yolk said and ______- more superficial, nonmitotic mass that invades the stroma 8. by the ninth day it is totally implanted 9. stroma changes- fibroblasts are more active in synthesis and are called _____ 10. whole endometrium is now called the decidua and has three areas: _____- between embryo and myometrium, ____- between embryo and uterine lumen, ____- side of the uterus away from the embryo

1. blastomeres, morula 2. blastocyst 3. trophoblast- embryo blast/inner cell mass 4. 2 days 5. implantation 6. bilaminar embryonic disc, epiblast, hypoblast 7. cytotrophoblast, synctiotrophoblast 9. decidual cells 10. decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, decidua parietalis

Urinary System General 1. primary role: ensure optimal properties of the _____- mainly by kidney kidney functions 2. regulation of balance between H2O and electro; and ____ balance 3. excretion of _____ 4. excretion of bioactive substances including ____ 5. secretion of _____- regulation of blood pressure 6. secretion of ____- GP GF stimulates RBC production 7. conversion of pro hormone vit D to ______ 8. ______ during starvation

1. blood 2. acid/base 3. wastes 4. drugs 5. renin 6. erythropoietin 7. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol 8. gluconeogenesis

Uterus 1. ____ is enter by L/R uterine tubes and curved superior area between the two tubes is called the ____ 2. narrows in the ____ and ends in the ____ 3. lumen of 2b, ______, has openings on each end: ____ opens to the uterine lumen and ____ opens to vagina 4. Three major layers: 4a. outer CT later called the _____- largely serosa 4b. thick tunic of vascularized sm called the _____ 4c. mucosa called the ____ lined by simple columnar

1. body; fundus 2. isthmus, cervix 3. cervical canal, internal os, external os 4a. perimetrium 4b. myometrium 4c. endometrium

Pituitary Gland- hypophysis 1. arises partly from ____ and partly from ____ 2. neural component is the _______________ growing down from the floor of the diencephalon as a stalk (or ____) that remains attached to the brain- posterior 2. oral component forms the ______ which constricts and separates it from the pharynx- anterior 3. occupies a groove of the sphenoid bone called ____ 4. two glands- posterior _____ and anterior ____ 5. posterior retains brain tissue features and has _____ and smaller stalk attached to the ______ 6. anterior has three parts: _____ or anterior lobe, ______ which wraps around infundibulum, the _____ adjacent to 5a

1. brain tissue, oral cavity 2. neurohypophyseal bud, infundibulum 2. hypophyseal (Rathke) pouch 3. sell turcica 4. neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis 5. pars nervosa, hypothalamus 6. pars distilas, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

Epidermis- Melanocyte 1. color of skin results from keratinocytes content of ____ and _____ as well as _____ in the dermis 2. _____ are brown and black pigment produced by melanocyte 3. where are melanocytes found 4. ______ found in red hair 5. attached to basal lamina but not attached to surrounding ____ 6. have ______ that run through epidermis between cells of basal and spinous layers and terminating in invaginations of 5-10 _____

1. carotene, melanin, bv 2. eumelanin 3. among cells of basal layer and in hair follicles 4. pheomelanin 5. keratinocytes 6. cytoplasmic extensions, keratinocytes

Nasal Cavities- Paranasal Sinuses 1. bilateral ____ in some bones of the cells 2. their resp epi has fewer _____ 3. communicate with the ____via small openings

1. cavities 2. goblet cells 3. nasal cavities

Nasal Cavities-Olfactory Epithelium 1. _____ for sense of smell are found here 2. what kind of epi Cell Types 3. olfactory neurons- _____ neurons; apical pole of each cell is _____ end with swelling and cilia projections with chemoreceptors; receptors respond to substances by generating _____ along the axons; the axons leave epi and unite as nerves in LP, which pass to the brain through _____to form the _____ and synapse with neurons in the ____ 4. supporting cells- columnar, extend _____ into the fluid layer; _____ bind the supporting to the olfactory cells 5. basal cells- near the ____; ____ for the other two types

1. chemoreceptors 2. pseudo stratified columnar 3. bipolar, dendrite, AP, cribriform plate, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb 4. mv, junctional complexes 5. basement membrane, stem cells

Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, and The Placenta pt 2 1. embryonic part of placenta is the ____ and maternal is the from the ____ 2. exchange occurs in chorionic _____ outside embryo and ____ of decidua basalis 3. chorionic villi stages 3a. _____- two days after implantation, simple cords of cytotrophoblast cells covered by syncytiotrophoblast extend into lacunae 3b. _____- 15th day of dev as primary are invaded by extra embryonic mesenchyme 3c. ____- mesenchyme deff to form cap loops continuous with the embryonic circ system 4. villi provide enormous _____ for exchange 5. placenta is also an endocrine organ that secretes ____, ____ and ____

1. choroid, decidua basalis 2. villi, maternal blood in lacunae 3a,b,c primary, secondary, tertiary 4. surface area 5. HCG, estrogen, progesterone

Nasal Cavities-Respiratory Epithelium 1. what is the epithelia found in most of the nasal cavities and conducting portion of the system 2. rests on a very thick _____ and has several cell types all contacting this Cells of the RE 3. what is the most abundant? 4. these are also numerous, with basal nuclei and apical domains filled with granules of mucin glycoproteins 5. these are less numerous, columnar, apical surface has blunt mv- these are ________ resembling gustatory cells with contact with afferent nerve endings 6. these posses dense core granules and are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system 7. mitotically active stem and progenitor cells

1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar 2. basement membrane 3. ciliated columnar cells 4. goblet cells 5. brush cells; chemosensory receptors 6. small granule cells/kulchitsky cells 7. basal cells

Testes- Sertoli Cells 1. tall ______ epi cells that nourish the spermatogenic cells and divide the _____ into two compartments 2. adhere to ____ and apical ends extend to the _____ 3. nuclei are what shape, euchromatic, and have prominent _____ to be distinguished from germ cells 4. have tight occluding junctions between their basolateral membranes that form the ______ within the epi for autoimmune protection 5. spermatogonia lie in a ______ of the tubule not sealed off from interstitial tissue; primary spermacytes disassemble the adhesion mc and move into tubules _____ while still adhering to sertoli 6. sertoli cells are connected and coupled ionically by____ to regulate changes and syncs activities 7. as flagellar tails dev, they appear as tufts extending from _____ of sertoli cells

1. columnar; seminiferous tubules (basal and adluminal) 2. basal lamina; lumen 3. ovoid or triangular, nucleolus 4. blood-testis barrier 5. basal compartment; adluminal compartment 6. gap junctions 7. apical end

Kidney- CD 1. _____ extends from each nephron and several join in rays to form _____ of simple cuboidal epi 2. as they get into the medulla, they form larger ones with what shape cells 3. at apex of each pyramid, several CD join again to from each _____ to deliver urine to minor calyx 4. composed of _____ w basal membrane infoldings and a pimary cilium among mv; rich in what channel protein in vesicles 5. final site of _____ reabsorption from filtrate 6. what does ADH do to cells here 7. among main cell are darker _____ wiht more mit and apical folds; maintain A/B balance by secreting H+ from ______ or HCO3- from type _____

1. connecting tubules, collecting duct 2. columnar 3. papillary duct 4. principal cells 5. water 6. binding to basal receptors causes the movement and insertion of vesicles into apical membranes, aquaporins insert into membrane, increase passive water transport to be taken up by vasa recta 7. intercalated cells, type A, type B

Menstrual Cycle- Menstrual Phase 1. when fert does not occur, ______ regresses, and prog/est levels decrease 8-10 days after ovulation 2. drop off of progesterone causes spasms of muscle contraction in the _____ interrupting blood flow and increases synthesis of ______ to produce vasoconstriction and local hypoxia 3. cells undergoing hypoxic injury release cytokines that increase _____ and immigration of ____ that release collagenase and MMPs that degrade basement membranes and other ECM components 4. ____ is mostly unaffected 5. portions of functional layer including surface epi, most of gland, stroma and blood filled lacunae slough off as ____

1. corpus luteum 2. spiral arteries, prostaglandins 3. vascular permeability, leukocytes 4. basal layer 5. menses

Ovary- Corpus Luteum 1. after ovulation the GC and TI of ovulated follicle reorganize to form endocrine gland called ____ in cortex 2. after ovulation, granulosa and theca layers of follicle collapse and blood accumulates as a clot in the form antrum 3. granulosa is now invaded by _____ 4. cells of G and TI change and become specialized for production of ____ in addition to estrogen 5. GC grow and are called _____- aromatase conversion of androstenedione to estradiol 6. TI forms the rest as _____ that are smaller and aggregated in folds of the wall- produce ______ as well as androstenedione 7. corpus luteum secretes for 10-12 days, without LH stim or ____, these cease production and undergo apoptosis 8. decreased secretion of progesterone leads to _____ 9. estrogen produced by the corpus luteum inhibits ____ release, but after it degenerates, secretion increases again to stim another group of follicles to begin next cycle 10. corpus luteum that persists for part of only one menstrual cycle is called a ______ 11. remnants for 10 regression are phagocytose, and fibroblasts invade the area and produce DCT scar called ______ 12. if pregnancy occurs, no menstruation can happen, so to prevent drop in progesterone, trophoblast cells of embryo produce _____ that mimics LH 13. 12 maintains and promotes growth of the corpus luteum, stim secretion of of progesterone to maintain mucosa- called the ______ and is maintained for 4-5 months

1. corpus luteum 3. capillaries 4. progesterone 5. granulosa lutein cells 6. theca lutein cells; progesterone 7. pregnancy 8. menstruation 9. FSH 10. corpus luteum of menstration 11. corpus albicans 12. human chorionic gonadotropin 13. corpus luteum of pregnancy

Kidney- PCT 1. these fill most of what section of the kidney 2. over half the water and electrolytes and all organic nutrients are filtered from plasma in corpuscles is ______ here for uptake by ______ 3. small proteins in filtrate are reabsorbed by __________ or degraded at luminal surface for released at basolateral surface for uptake 4. organic ions and cations not filtered into filtrate may be released in peritubular capillaries then taken up by PCT to undergo _____ into filtrate- key mech of drug clearance 5. cell apex have long mv to form _____ i the lumen that facilitates reabsorption 6. apical cytoplasma has pits and ____ near the bases of the mv for endo and pinocytosis; also have long basal _____ and lateral interdigitations with neighboring cells with transmembrane proteins 7. also perform hydroxylation of ____ and release to the capillaries and fibroblastic cells near PCT produce _____ in response to prolonged decrease in O2

1. cortex 2. reabsorbed, peritubular capillaries 3. receptor mediated endocytosis 4. secretion 5. brush border 6. vesicles; membrane invaginations 7. vitamin D, Epo

Accessory Glands- Bulbourethral Glands 1. paired glands, also called _____; empty into proximal part of the ______ 2. lobules with _______ secretory units surrounded by smooth muscle cells and lined by ______ that is also testosterone dependent 3. during erection, these release clear mucus like secretion that ____ and ____ the urethra in prep for passage of sperm

1. cowper glands, penile urethra 2. tubuloacinar; simple columnar epi 3. coats and lubricates

Skin Repair 1. called ____ 2. first phase- blood from vessels _____ releasing GF/chemokines from disintegrating _____; ___ and ____ enter wound---> leads to _____ 3. before above is complete, ____ begins- cells of basal layer migrate beneath the clot that becomes an increasingly desiccated ____ 4. under the influence of GF and enzymes released from macrophages, ____ proliferate and a produce new collagen to form ____ containing new and growing capillaries 5. epidermis reestablishes continuity over the would site, but ____ remains in dermis as scar tissue; granulation undergoes ____ and a more normal vasculature is reestablished

1. cutaneous wound healing 2. coagulates in the wound, platelets, macrophages/neutrophils, inflammation 3. epithelialization, eschar (scab) 4. fibroblasts, granulation tissue 5. collagen, remodeling

1. describe cystic fibrosis 2. describe the effects of smoking 3. describe emphysema

1. reduced number of chloride ions in secretion leads to thicker mucus and more infection; mucus traps cilia and they can't move pathogens 2. more particulates and damaged cilia 3. over-inflation of alveoli- less gas exchange bc less contact to capillaries

Ureters, Bladder, Urethra pt. 2 1. what happens to umbrella cells when bladder is empty 2. bladder's lamina propria and DICT of submocosa are highly ____ 3. how much can bladder hold? when is urge to empty? 4. muscularis of bladder has three layers collectively called _____ 5. urethral mucosa has prominent _____ 6. two ducts for sperm transport during ejaculation join the urethra at ____ 7. male urethra has three segments: _____- through prostate gland, has urothelium; _____- passes through an external sphincter of striated muscle and lined by strat/pseudostratified columnar; _____- within erctile tissue of the penis, strat colunar/pseudostrat columnar with strat squamous distally 8. female urethra is covered by ______ epi which transitions to _____ which becomes skin at labia minora

1. decrease SA by folding the membrane at hinge regions of plaque, internalize plaques in vesicles 2. vascularized 3. 400-600mL, 150-200 mL 4. detrusor muscle 5. longitudinal folds 6. prostate 7. prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra 8. transitional, nonker strat squamous epi

Skin Glands: Sweat Glands 1. epidermal invaginations embedded in the ________ 2. eccrine- most numerous in _______; produce as much as 10 L/d; ____ shaped secretory components and ducts; secretory part has what type of epi with these three cell types: ______- produce the sweat, ____- line lumen and release GP with bactericidal activity, ______- contract to move the secretion; ducts absorb ____ from secreted water to prevent loss; merges with basal epidermis and sweat flow continues up to _______; eliminate some waste 3. apocrine- skin of ____ and _____; development depends on _____; secretory have larger ____than eccrine and have ____ cells; have ____ that undergo exocytosis so it is actually _____ secretion; ducts usually open into ____ at epidermis; secretion may acquire ____ because of bacteria; innervated by ____ nerve endings

1. dermis 2. soles of feet; coiled; strat cuboidal epi, clear cells, dark cells, myoepithelial cells, Na+, sweat pore 3. auxiliary, perineal regions; sex hormones; lumen, simple cuboidal; granules, merocrine; hair follicles; odor; adrenergic

Alveoli- pt 3 1. surfactant components- the phospholipid ______, cholesterol, SP-A/SP-D are important for ______; SP-B/SP-C are ____ for orientation of the DPPC 2. surfactant turns over a lot, is removed via _____ by both types of cells and macrophages 3. alveolar macrophages are also called _____; these are slightly ____ than type II because of dust and carbon from air and iron from RBCs 4. what are the different fates of filled macrophages 5. as the lining fluids pass through the airways (upward, due to cilia) they combine w bronchial mucus to form _____ which helps remove particulates; this includes _____ produced by club cells, type II, and macrophages

1. dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC); IIR, membrane proteins 2. pinocytosis 3. dust cells; darker 4. stay in septa, exit lungs in lymphatics, move up mucociliary apparatus 5. bronchoalveolar fluid; lysozymes and other protective agents

Endometriosis 1. what is it 2. what are the symptoms treatment 4. pharmacotherapy 5. surgery 6. infertility

1. endometrial tissue outside of uterus 2. dysmenorrhea, pelvis/ abdominal pain, dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria 4. oral contraceptives 5. removal of uterus and ovaries, if older could enter menopause 6. IVF

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System 1. dispersed _____ cells and similar cells in respiratory mucosa 2. #1 stained with chromium, when stained with silver nitrate they are called ______ 3. those secreting serotonin or other amine derivatives demonstrate amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation and often referred to as _____

1. enterochromaffin cells 2. argentaffin cells 3. AUPD cells

Pineal Gland 1. also known as _____; regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities 2. covered by CT of the _____ from which septa emerge and subdivide lobules 3. ______ have secretory vesicles and long cytoplasmic processes extending to the septa, where they end in dilations near capillaries 4. #3 produce _____ - promoted by ____ and inhibited by ____; creates circadian rhythm of physiological functions 5. light dark cycle detected in the _____ --> sensory input into hormonal functions 6. has modified _____ glial cells- between groups of #3 7. presence of variously sized concretions of Ca and Mg salts called ____ - increase with age, no effect on function

1. epiphysis cerebri 2. pia mater 3. pinealocytes 4. melatonin; darkness, daylight 5. retina 6. atrocyte 7. corpora arenacea

Ovarian Follicles 1. consists of oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of _____ within basal lamina 2. the ones formed during fetal life, called ____, consist of primary oocyte enveloped by flattened follicular cells 3. where are they found 4. ____ surrounds the follicular cells as a boundary

1. epithelial cells 2. primordial follicles 3. superficial cortex 4. basal lamina

Epidermis- Merkel Cells 1. also called _____; sensitive mechanoreceptors essential for _____ sensation 2. joined to keratinocytes of what layer? what do they lack? 3. basolateral surface contain terminal discs of _________ penetrating the basal lamina

1. epithelial tactile cells 2. light touch 3. unmyelinated sensory fibers

Testes- Interstitial Tissue 1. between tubules is sparse CT of fibroblasts, lymphatics and bv including ____ 2. during puberty interstitial cells develop with eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in ______ to produce _____ for dev of secondary mall sex char 3. this secretion is triggered by _____ also called _____; so synthesis of 2b begins at puberty when hypothalamus begins secreting _____ 4. interstitial cells are active during _____ and ____ months of puberty when gonadotropin stimulates them to form ducts and glands of MRT; after they become inactive until ____

1. fen cap 2. lipid droplets; testosterone 3. LH; interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH); GnRH 4. 3 and 4; puberty

Kidney Function- Renal Corpuscles and Blood Filtration pt 2 three parts of filtration 1. _____ which blocks blood cells and platelets 2. _______ which restricts large proteins and some organic anions 3. ______ which restrict some small proteins and anions 4. normally how much blood plasma is filtered into the capsular space 5. initially, filtrate has very little _____ 6. afferent/efferent arteriole controlled by muscle that allows increased ______ favoring movement of plasma across the filter-- this is called the ______ 7. what is the average GFR 8. corpuscles also contain ______ that are surrounded by mesangium that fills spaces between capillaries that lack podocytes- functions include 8a. support of cap, contractions in response to ____ changes, _____ of protein aggregates, secretion of _____ and other factors for IR

1. fenestrations 2. basement membrane 3. slit diaphragms between pedicels 4. 20% 5. protein 6. hydrostatic, GFR 7. 125 mL/min, 180 L/d 8. mesangial cells 8a. bp, phagocytosis, cytokines

Control of Hormone Secretion in the Anterior Pituitary 1. controlled by _____ produced by neurons near the third ventricle, released from axons in median eminence, and transported by cap to anterior 2. most of #1 are ____ that stimulate secretion, but two are ____ that block secretion 3. stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH) 4. stimulates release of FSH and LH 5. inhibits release of GH and TSH 6. stimulates release of GH 7. inhibits release of PRL 8. stimulates synthesis of POMC and release of B-LPH and ACTH 9. _____ also regulates it from target organs, ie TH stops TSH and TRH 10. other forms: gherkin from stomach is a releasing hormone for _____ and oxytocin from posterior increases secretion of _____

1. hypothalamic hormones 2. releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones 3. thryotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) 4. gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) 5. somatostatin 6. growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH) 7. dopamine 8. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 9. negative feedback 10. somatrophs, PRL

Kidney- DCT and JGA pt 2 1. elevated arterial pressure ______ glomerular capillary blood pressure, which _____ GFR and vice versa 2. increased GFR leads to _____ luminal concetrations of Na+ and Cl- in TAL, which are monitored by cells of the _____ 3. #2 leads to macula densa cells to release ATP, adenosine that trigger _____ of afferent arteriole, which ____ GFR 4. decreased arteriole pressure leads JG cells to release renin which cleaves _____ into _____ and then ACE clips it to _____, a vasoconstrictor that inc bp and stimulates adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone, which does what

1. increases, increases 2. increased, macula densa 3. vasoconstriction, decreases 4. angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, increases Na+ and water reabsorption at DCT to increase blood volume and thus bp

Thyroid Gland 1. two lobes united by an ____ 2. synthesizes ____ and ____ which help control the basal metabolic rate in cells; also secrete _____ 3. composed of millions of rounded epithelial _____ with a lumen dense with _____ for storage of secretory product outside of cells 4. #3 contains the GP _____ which is the precursor for the thyroid hormones 5. ____ divides the lobes and carries bv, nerves, lymphatics 6. follicles separated by _____ 7. follicular cells or _____ range in shape- active glands have more follicles of ____ epithelium 8. ______ found inside the basal lamina or as isolated clusters between follicles- these have granules with calcitonin- secretion triggered by high blood Ca levels and it inhibits ____ activity

1. isthmus 2. Thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), calcitonin 3. thyroid follicles, colloid 4. thyroglobulin 5. septa 6. reticular CT 7. thyrocytes; low columnar 8. parafollicular cell/C cell; osteoclast

Nails 1. hard plates of _______ 2. proximal part is _____covered by a fold of skin- corneum extends as _____or ______ 3. ____- is bound to a bed of epidermis (_____) which only contains basal and spinous layers 4. root forms the _____ in which cells divide and move distally and become keratinized (no keratohyaline granules) 5. distal end of the plate becomes press of the bail bed at the epidermal fold called the _______

1. keratin 2. nail root; cuticle, eponychium 3. nail plate, nail bed 4. nail matrix 5. hyponychium

Hair 1. _____ structures formed in _____ 2. what skin has no hair 3. follicle has terminal dilation called ______: dermal papilla inserts into this and has a capillary network to sustain follicle 4. keratinocytes form the matrix of the elongating _____; part of a hair extending beyond skin is the ______ 5. what is the difference between the keratinocytes of hair and that of stratum corneum 6. vacuolated and moderately keratinized cells form the _____ of the root; heavily keratinized densely packed cells make up the ________; most peripheral cells comprise the ______

1. keratinized, hair follicel 2. palms, soles, lips, glans penis, clitoris, labia minora 3. hair bulb 4. hair root; hair shaft 5. keratin is harder and more compact to maintain structure as hair grows 6. medulla; cortex; cuticle

Adrenal Glands 1. paired organs near the superior poles of the _____ embedded in _____ and fascia 2. covered by _____ capsule that extends ____ into parenchyma 3. stroma consists mainly of _____ fibers and microvasculature 4. no _____, the superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries arise from abdominal arteries and penetrate independently- branch to form _____- arterioles emerge to form rich networks of ____ and _____ 5. cortical capillaries irrigate endocrine cells then drain into medulla- so medulla has dual blood supply- arterial blood from medullary arteries and venous blood from the _____

1. kidneys; adipose CT 2. DCT; trabeculae 3. reticular 4. hilum; subcapsular arterial plexus; fenestrated capillaries and sinusoids 5. cap of cortex

Breast Dev During Puberty 1. before puberty, glands are composed only of _____ near the nipple 2 in girls, higher estrogen cause breasts t grow as a result of _____ and duct elongation 3. each lobe consists of many lobules, sometimes called _____ 4. 1 are lined with strat cuboidal epi; lact and terminal ducts lined with ____ with many myoepi cells 5. the _____ is the ski surrounding and covering the nipple- has sebaceous glands and nerves

1. lactiferous sinuses 2. adipocyte accumulation 3. terminal duct lobular units 4. simple cuboidal epi 5. areola

Adrenal Cortex 1. acidophilic cytoplasm rich in _____ with central nuclei; profuse SER; mitochondria do not only synthesize ATP, but also the enzymes for converting cholesterol into ____ and some steps in steroid synthesis 2. steroids diffuse freely from cells through the ____ 3. zona glomerulosa- inside the capsule; closely packed, rounded or arched cords of cells with many capillaries; steroids made here are ____ because they affect uptake of Na, K, water by cells of renal tubules; principal product is ____ that causes DCT to absorb more Na and thus more water, stimulated by angiotensin II, increase in plasma K concentration, and weakly by ACTH 4. zona fasciculata- long cords of large polyhedral cells separated by _____; filled with lipid droplets; secrete _______ especially cortisol, which affect carb metabolism by stimulated gluconeo and glycogen synthesis; secretion is controlled by ______ ; also small amounts of weak androgens 5. zona reticularis- smaller cells in irregular cords with wide capillaries; fewer lipid droplets, more ____ pigment; primarily secrete _____ including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) that is converted testosterone; stimulated by ______

1. lipid droplets; prognenoline 2. plasma membrane 3. mineralocorticoids; aldosterone 4. fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries, glucocorticoids; ACTH 5. lipofuscin; weak androgens; ACTH

Mammary Glands 1. each gland consists of 15-25 ___ of tubuloalveolar type- secrete _____ for newborns 2. how are the lobes separated 3. each lobe is a sep gland with its own excretory _______ that emery in the nipple

1. lobes, milk 2. DCT with adipose 3. lactiferous duct

Uterine Tubes 1. also called _____ 2. supported by ____ and mesenteries for mobility 3. how long regions: 4. _____- opening fringed with fimbrae extensions next to ovary 5. ____- longest and expanded region for fert 6. _____- more narrow portion near uterus 7. _____- passes through wall of uterus and opens into it 8. wall consists of ____ mucosa, well defined muscularis with _____ and ____ layers of SM, thin serosa covered by ______ 9. folds most prominent in the _____ and become smaller closer to the uterus- non in the _____ 10. mucosa lined by _____ on a LP of LCT 11. epi contains two different cell types: ____- sweep fluid toward uterus; ____- noncilitated and darker, apical bulge, secrete GP of a nutritive mucus 12. cilia elongate and cell types hypertrophy during _____ and undergo atrophy during the _____ 13. hypertrophy, enlarged tube, fimbriae surrounding oval all promotes _____ 14. oocyte enters bc of muscular contractions of the ____ and ciliary activity 15. mucus secretion protects and nourishes; has ___ that activate sperm and make them able to fert

1. oviducts 2. ligaments 3. 10-12 cm 4. infundibulum 5. ampulla 6. isthmus 7. uterine/intramural 8. folded, circular/longitudinal, visceral peritoneum 9. ampulla, intramural 10. simple columnar 11. ciliated cells, secretory peg cells 12. follicular growth phase, late luteal phase 13. transport of secondary oocyte into the tube 14. fimbriae 15. capacitation factors

Skin Glands- Sebaceous glands- capsulated 1. in dermis except where 2. branched ______ glands converging at a short duct that empties into upper portion of a _______ 3. what makes up a pilosebaceous unit 4. in hairless regions where do the ducts open up? 5. ______ secretion type- describe 6. what is the product called 7. sebum is a mix of lipids that are hydrolyzed by _______ after secretion 8. what does sebum do

1. palms and soles 2. acinar, hair follicle 3. follicle and glands 4. epidermis 5. holocene- sebocytes fill with small lipid droplets and then disintegrate near the ducts 6. sebum 7. bacterial enzymes 8. maintain corneum and hair shafts and exerts weak antibacterial/fungal properties

Adenohypophysis- Other Parts 1. ______ is a funnel shaped region surrounding the infundiculum of the posterior- most cells are _____ 2. _____- zone lying between pars distills and pars nervosa; has _____ type cells, chromophores and small cytes 3. #2 makes POMC but cleaves it differently into two different forms of melanocyte stimulating hormone- ____ and ______

1. pars tuberalis; somatotroph 2. pars intermedia; corticotrophin 3. gamma lipotropin, beta endorphin

Testes- Sertoli Cell Functions 1. support, protection, and nutrition of the dev spermatogenic cells- because they are isolated from _____ by blood-testis barrier, they depend on these cells for factors need for cell growth and diff 2. exocrine and endocrine secretion- cells cont. release water that carries new sperm out of testis into tubules; production of nutrients and ______, which conc testosterone to a level required for spermiogeneis is promoted by _____; as endocrine cells they secrete ____ which feeds back to ant pit to suppress FSH release; fetus cells secrete ______ that causes regression of the embryonic _______ ducts (in absence, these ducts persist and become parts of FRT) 3. phagocytosis- residual bodies are phagocytosed and digested by cell ____

1. plasma proteins and nutrients 2. androgen-binding protein, FSH; inhibin; mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), mullerian 3. lysosome

Bronchial Tree and Lung 1. trachea divides into two _____that enter each lung at the hilum with arteries, veins, lymphatics 2. these give rise to three _____ in the right lung and ____ in the left lung (each supplies a lobe) 3. these divide to form ______ bronchi 4. each of these constitutes the ______ 5. #3 give rise to smaller bronchi whose terminal branches are called _____ 6. each of these enters a pulmonary lobule, where it branches to form _____

1. primary bronchi 2. secondary bronchi, two 3. tertiary 4. bronchopulmonary segment 5. bronchioles 6. terminal bronchioles

Early Dev of the Ovary 1. in first month, _____ migrates from yolk sac to gonada primordia 2. #1 div and diff into many _____ during second month 3. during the third, #2 enter prophase of first meiotic division but arrest after _____ 4. #3 arrested cells are called ______- they become surrounded by support cells called ____ to form follicle 5. many #4 are lost though a degenerative process called _____, which continues throughout reproductive life 6. how many oocytes at puberty 7. how many are liberated from ovaries by ovulation?

1. primordial germ cells 2. oogonia 3. crossing over 4. primary oocyte 5. atresia 6. 300,000 7. 450

Menstrual Cycle- Secretory Phase/ Luteal Phase 1. after ovulation- as a result of the _____ secreted by corpus luteum 2. 1 stimulates epi cells of glands to secrete and accumulate ____- now dilated and coiled 3. now microvasculature includes ____ 4. endometrium reaches max thickness (____mm) here 5. if fert occurred, embryo has been inserted into uterine epi five days later when endometrial thickness and secretory activity are optimal- this is the major nutrient source 6. progesterone also inhibits contractions of _____ that might interfere with implantation

1. progesterone 2. glycogen 3. lacunae 4. 5 6. myometrium

Accessory Glands- Prostate Gland 1. surrounds the _____ below the bladder 2. 30-50 _____ glands in dense fibromuscular stroma in which smooth muscle contracts at ____ 3. all ducts empty directly into the _____ 4. gland zones: _______- surrounds the superior portion of urethra and contains periurethral mucosal glands; _____- periurethral submucosal glands with longer ducts; _____- contains prostate's _____ with even longer ducts 5. glands produce fluids with a lot of stuff that is stored until ____ 6. important product is ______, a protease that liquefies coagulated men for the slow release of sperm after ejaculation 7. small spherical concretions are present in the lumens of glands called _____ 8. surrounded by a _____ capsule and has septa *testosterone dependent*

1. prostatic urethra 2. tubuloacinar, ejaculation 3. prostatic urethra 4. transition zone, central zone, peripheral zone 5. ejaculation 6. prostate-specific antigen 7. corpora amylacea

Lung Vasculature and Nerves 1. ______ carries O2 depleted blood and _______ carries O2 rich blood 2. the pulmonary arteries and veins are thin-walled due to ______ 3. pulmonary artery branches and accompanies the ____; beginning at the _____ it gives rise to capillaries 4. after small pulmonary veins leave a lobule, they follow the tree toward the ____ 5. what do bronchial arteries do 6. where do the lymphatic vessels originate? where do they drain? 7. where are nerves generally found?

1. pulmonary circulation; bronchial circulation 2. low pressure 3. bronchial tree; respiratory bronchioles 4. hilum 5. enter at the hilum, branch with the tree, and distribute blood to most of the lung down to the respiratory bronchioles where they join with pulmonary artery 6. CT of bronchioles; lymph nodes in the regions of the hilum; not found in terminal portions of tree beyond alveolar ducts 7. CT surrounding the larger elements of tree

Adenohypophysis- Pars Distalis 1. 75% of whole thing, capsulated, main component are cords of endocrine cells with fenestrated capillaries and supporting _____ 2. _______ are secretory cells with hormone in cytoplasmic granules ( also called basophils or acidophils) 3. acidophils secrete either GF or prolactin and are called _____ (about half the cells) or _____ respectively 4. basophils are the _______, ______, _____ (least abundant)with target cells in the adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid gland 5. name the hormone and function - a. gonadotroph b. corticotroph c. somatotroph d. lactotroph e. thryotroph 6. chromophobes have few or no ____ but include stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells

1. reticular CT 2. chromophils 3. somatotrophs, lactotrophs 4. corticotrophins, gonadotroph, thyrotroph 5. a. follicle-stimulating/luteinizing- act on gonads to stimulate development of gametes b. POMC cleaved into ACTH and beta-lipotropin- acts on adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids c. GH- acts on all body tissues to stimulate growth d. prolactin- acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production e. TSH- stimulates thyroid to release TH 6. secretory granules

Bronchi 1. in the primary, most cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen; what happens as the diameter decreases? 2. small mucous and serous glands are abundant in mucosa, with ducts opening into the _____ 3. LP contains bundles of _____ and ______- more prominent in smaller- contraction is responsible for the _____ appearance of the mucosa 4. what is found in the submucosa? 5. what is found in the adventitia? 6. what directly surrounds the adventitia?

1. rings replaced with smaller plates of hyaline 2. bronchial lumen 3. smooth muscle and elastic fibers- folded 4. cartilage and glands 5. vessels and nerves 6. lung tissue

Skin- Sensory Receptors 1. can be simple nerve endings with no _____ or more complex structures with fibers enclosed by ____ and _____ 2. unencapsulated- 2a. ________- light touch, texture 2b. ______- in pap derm extending into lower epidermal layers, high and low temp, pain, itching, also function as tactile receptors 2c. ______- base of hair follicles in ret derm that detects hair movements 3. encapsulated 3a. _______- elliptical, perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae, initated when light touch or low frequency stimuli change their shape- decline in numbers with puberty 3b. lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles- ____ structures, deep in the ____ and _____, have an outer capsule and lamellae of ______ and _____ surrounding unmyelinated axon; sense coarse ____, _____ and _____- these cause distortion of the capsule that reaches the axon; also found in rectum and bladder 3c. ______- thin capsule penetrated by a sensory fiber, skin of penis and clit, low frequency vibrations 3d. ________- collagenous capsule, sensory axons stimulated by stretch or twisting

1. schwann cell/collagenous covering, glia, CT capsules 2a. merkel cells 2b. free nerve endings 2c. root hair plexuses 3a. meissner corpuscles 3b. oval, ret derm/hypodermis, schwann cells and collagen; touch, pressure, vibrations 3c. Krause end bulbs 3d. Ruffini corpuscles

Excretory Genital Ducts- Epididymis 1. surrounded by CT, lies in the _____ along the superior and posterior sides of each testis 2. 4-5 m in length; has _____ where efferent ductules enter, a ____ and a ____ opening into the ductus deferens 3. passage of sperm through this takes _____, during which spermatozoa mature and acquire ability to fertilize 4. changes in the sperm- dev of the competence for independent _____, maturation of the _____, biochemical and organization changes within the ____ 5. fluid here has decapacitation factors that bind membranes and block ______ and fertilizing ability until these are removed during capacitation in the FRT 6. lined with ______ epi consisting of columnar _____ with long stereocilia; also have small round stem cells 7. 6b secrete glycolipids and GP and absorb ____ and remove ____ not removed by sertoli cells 8. epi is surrounded by a few layers of _____- inner and outer longitudinal and as a circular layer at the ___

1. scrotum 2. head, body, tail 3. 2-4 wks 4. forward motility, acrosome, cell membrane 5. acrosomal reaction 6. pseudostratified columnar; principal cells 7. water, residual bodies 8. smooth muscle, tail

Hair pt 2 1. outermost cells of the hair bulb are continuous with the epithelial root sheath with two layers- internal surrounds the initial part of root but degenerates above the level of the attached _____; external covers the internal and extends to the ______ to be continuous with basal and spinous layers 2. what separates the hair follicle from the dermis 3. ______ extends from midpoint of sheath to the pap derm- what does contraction do 4. hair growth cycle phases 4a. ______- long period of mitotic activity and growth 4b. brief period of arrested growth and regression of the bulb- ________ 4c. long period of inactivity during which hair may be shed ________

1. sebaceous glands; epidermis 2. acellular hyaline layer, thickened basement membrane called the glassy membrane 3. arrector pili muscle- contractions pulls hair shaft into erect position to trap a layer of warm air near skin 4a. anagen 4b. catagen 4c. telogen

Endocrine General 1. what is missing in endocrine glands that are present in exocrine? 2. what type of cell in origin? 3. secretion type- localized dispersal in interstitial fluid or through short loops of blood vessels 4. secretion type- remains on secreting cell's surface or adjacent ECM and affects target cells when they make contact 5. secretion type- act on themselves or on cells of the same type 6. hormones are frequently _____ like proteins or _____ like steroid/thyroid that must circulate on transport and diffuse through cell membranes

1. secretory duct 2. epithelial 3. paracrine 4, juxtacrine 5. autocrine 6. hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Blood Circulation 1. renal artery divides into ______ at hilum; at renal pelvis these branch into _____ that extend between pyramids toward corticomedullary junction; here they divide into _____ that run in an arc along said junction at base of pyramid; _____ radiate from arcuate deep into cortex 2. from the end of above, you get ____ which divide to form cap loops called _____ located in corpuscle (filtration here) 3. blood leaves above via ____ which branch to form _____ in cortex- this is for CORTICAL corpuscles 4. for junxtaglomerular corpuscles near medulla, efferent arterioles form ______ instead that penetrate medulla and associate with LoH and CD 5. give order of blood leaving

1. segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries 2. afferent arteriole, glomerulus 3. efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries 4. vasa recta 5. peritubular capillaries/vasa recta--> interlobular vein--> arcuate vein--> interlobar vein-->renal vein

Testes- Spermiogenesis 1. temp sensitive; when spermatids differentiate into _____- no cell division! 2. includes formation of the _____, condensation and elongation of the nucleus, dev of _____, loss of a lot of ____ Four phases 3. Golgi phase- small ______ from golgi combine as single membrane-limited _____ close to one end of nucleus; _____ migrate away form this and one acts as basal body to organize the axoneme of the flagellum 4. cap phase- 3b spreads over about half of the condensing nucleus- the acrosome is a specialized lysosome with hydrolytic enzymes of hyaluronidase and protease called _____- enzymes are released when spermatozoon encounters oocyte and _____ fuses with sperm's plasma membrane- this enzymes dissociate cells of ____ and digest the ______ on the egg;; the process is called the _____ 5. acrosome phase- _____ of dv sperm with acrosome and nucleus is still embedded in _____ while growing axoneme extends into the lumen; nuclei more ____ and highly condensed and histones are replaced by _____; flagellum growth continues as tail; mit aggregate around proximal region to form ______ where ATP for movement is generated 6. maturation phase- unneeded cytoplasm is shed as a _____ from each and remaining ____ are lost; mature but not yet functional or mobile sperm are released into lumen

1. spermatozoa 2. acrosome; flagellum, cytoplasm 3. proacrosomal vesicle, acrosomal cap, centrioles 4. acrosin, acrosomal membrane, corona radiate, zona pellucida, acrosomal reaction 5. head, sertoli cells, elongated, protamines, middle piece 6. residual body; intercellular bridges

Testes- Seminiferous Tubules 1. each tubule is a loop linked by the ______ to the _____, a labyrinth of epic-lined channels embedded in mediastinum testes 2. about _10-20 _____ connect 1b to the head of the epididymis 3. each tubule lined with strat epi called ____ or ____ epithelium- basement membrane covered by CT with an innermost layer containing smooth-muscle like ______ which allow weak contractions 4. 3a contains two types of cells: large _____ which physically and metabolically support dev sperm cell precursors; diving cells of the ______ 5. ______, the first part of sperm production, involves mainly mitosis and meiosis 6. #5 is followed by _____which is the final differentiation process in haploid male germ cells

1. straight tubule, rete testis 2. efferent ductules 3. germinal or spermatogenic; hyoid cells 4. sertoli cells; spermatogenic lineage 5. spermatogenesis 6. spermiogenesis

Kidney-Loop of Henle 1. what type of epi 2. what type of transport is used in thin ascending and thin descending 3. where does TAL end 4. what do the cuboidal cell of TAL transport? what does this cause at the thin descending 5. what do thin ascending limbs reabsorb? what are they impermeable to? 6. how does osmolarity of interstitium change as you get deeper in medulla? 7. the ______ established by the nephron loop and vasa recta is an important aspect of physiology

1. strat squamous 2. passive 3. macula densa near corpuscle 4. Na+/Cl- out of tubule actively; causes water to be drawn out passively so the filtrate is concentrated 5. NaCl, water 6. ? 7. countercurrent multiplier system

Epidermis 1. what type of epi composed of cells called _____; how does the epi receive nutrients and O2 2. what are the three other cell types 3. what is the difference between thick and thin skin 4. stratum basale- single layer; on _____ of dermal-epidermal junction; what binds them to the basal lamina? what binds them laterally and to upper layer? characterized by intense _____; in all cells you can find _____ (IF); cells move _____ during differentiation and the amount of IF _____ 5. stratum spinous- _____ layer; actively synthesizing _____; right above basale some may still divide, combined layer called _____; proteins assembled here into bundles called ____ that converge at the desmosomes- (spiny surface); thick skin has a thicker layer 6. stratum granulosum- three to five layers of cells undergoing terminal differentiation process of ____; cytoplasm filled with masses called ____; these are masses of ____ and other proteins with the keratins of tonofibrils, linking them further; also have _____ granules with lipids which do what? 7. stratum lucidum- only in ___; thin translucent layer of keratinocytes; nucleus and organelles are lost and cytoplasm only has _______ in matrix 8. stratum corneum-15-20 layers of ______; has keratin filaments with at least six different ______- formed by tonofibrils becoming massed with _______ and other proteins; full keratinized cells are called ____ and are continuously shed

1. strat squamous keratinized epithelium; keratinocytes; diffuse from dermis 2. merkel cells, langerhans cells, melanocytes 3. thin- epidermis with 75-150 micrometer, thick- 400-1400 micrometer 4. basement membrane; hemidesmosome, desmosome; mitotic activity; keratin; upward, increases 5. thickest; keratins; stratum germinativum, tonofibrils 6. keratinization; keratohyaline granules; filaggrin; lamellar granules- exocytose and produce rich layer of lipid around cells: barrier against water loss, sealing effect 7. thick skin, keratin filaments 8. squamous keratinized cells; polypeptides; filaggrin; squames

Ovaries 1. covered by simple cuboidal epi called ______ which is continuous mesothelium 2. overlying DCT capsule called _____ 3. mostly made of cortex with cellular CT and many _____ 4. the medulla has _____ and bv entering through the hilum from mesenteries

1. surface or germinal epithelium 2. tunica albuginea 3. ovarian follicles 4. LCT

Bronchiole- Club Cells 1. secretion of ______ lipoproteins and mucins on epi surface 2. _____ of inhaled xenobiotic compounds by enzymes of SER 3. secretion of __________ and cytokines for local immune defense

1. surfactant 2. detoxification 3. antimicrobial peptides

Neurohypophysis 1. does not contain the cells that ______ its hormones 2. composed of ____ tissue with axons; the cell bodies are in the hypothalamus 3. highly branched glial cells called _____ that resemble astrocytes are most abundant cell type 4. ADH and oxytocin accumulate in axonal dilations called _____ or _____- contain membrane enclosed granules with the oxytocin bound to ____ and ADH bound to ______ 5. nerve impulse trigger the release of the peptides for uptake by capillaries of the _____ and they are distributed into general circulation 6. what do ADH and oxytocin do

1. synthesize 2. neuronal 3. pituicytes 4. neurosecretory bodies, herring bodies; neurophysin I, neurophysin II 5. pars nervosa 6. ADH- increases water permeability of renal CD- more water reabsorbed 7. contractions of mammy gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

Parathryoid Glands 1. back of the _____ in the glands capsule 2. microvasculature comes from the ______ 3. number of glands is variable due to misguided migration of developing glands from pharyngeal pouches) 4. endocrine cells called ______ with granules containing _____ 5. 4b has three targets: 5a. osteoblasts respond by producing osteoclast-stim factor which does what 5b. at the DCT it does what 5c. indirectly increases Ca absorption in the small intestine by stimulating _____ activation 6. increasing age, secretory cells replaced with _____ 7. smaller populations of _____ are sometimes present, show low levels of ____ synthesis

1. thyroid 2. inferior thyroid arteries 4. principal (chief) cells; PTH 5a. resorption of bone matrix to release Ca (opposite of calcitonin) 5b. stimulates Ca reabsorption and inhibits PO4-3 reabsorption in PCT 5c. vitamin D 6. adipocytes 7. oxyphil, PTH

Testes 1. surrounded by DCT capsule called _____ which thickens on the posterior side to form the _____ 2. septa penetrate and divide it into 250 compartments called _____ 3. each #2 has sparse CT with endocrine _______ secreting testosterone and one to four convoluted ____ where sperm is produced 4. moved during fetal dev to become suspended in the two halves of the _____ 5. during movement from abdominal cavity, each takes a serous sac called _____- parietal layer lining #4 and inner covering #1a on all sides but posterior 6. temperature of ____ is maintained by: 6a. each artery is surrounded by ______ containing cooler blood from the testis, which draws heat from the arterial blood 6b. __________ from the scrotum 6c. relaxation or contraction of the _____ of scrotum and ______ of spermatic cords move testes away from or closer to the body, respectively

1. tunica albuginea, mediastinum testis 2. testicular lobules 3. interstitial cells or Leydig cells, seminiferous tubules 5. scrotum 6. 34 degrees C 6a. pampiniform venous plexus 6b. evaporation of sweat from the scrotum 6c. dartos muscle, cremaster muscle

Regeneration of Alveolar Lining 1. toxic gases or similar materials can cause death of both cell types; death stimulates mitotic activity of ______ cells 2. turnover rate for these cells is _____ per day and results in renewal of both cell types 3. increased stress can lead to _____ division

1. type II 2. 1% 3. stem cell

Uterus- Endometrium 1. LP or stoma contains primarily ____ collagen 2. simple columnar epi has both ____ and ____ cells that line uterine glands that extends full length 3. two zones 3a. _____- more highly cellular LP and contains basal ends of glands 3b. ______- spongier LP with ground substance, most of glands and surface epi 4. _____ changes during menstrual cycle 5. _____ in the middle layers of myometrium send two sets of smaller artier into the endo 6. these are called _____ which supply the basal layer, and _____ that extend and bring blood throughout the functional layer 7. 6b branch with numerous arterioles supplying a capillary bed that includes _____ drained by venules

1. type III 2. ciliated, secretory 3a. basal layer 3b. functional layer 4. functional layer 5. arcuate arteries 6. straight, spiral 7. vascular lacunae

Epidermis- Melanocyte pt. 2 1. first step in melanin synthesis catalyzed by ______ which converts tyrosine into _____ which is transformed into different forms of melanin 2. melanin is linked to a matrix and accumulates in vesicles until they form elliptical granules called ____ 3. #2 are transported via _____ to tips of extensions; keratinocytes phagocytose the tips, take in #2, and transport them by ____ to their nuclei 4. prior to keratinization, #2 in keratinocytes absorbs and scatters sunlight to protect _____ 5. what makes up the epidermal-melanin unit 6. tanning does two things: ____ preexisting melanin and causes keratinocytes experiencing UV to accelerate _____

1. tyrosinase, 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 2. melanosomes 3. kinesin, dynein 4. DNA 5. one melanocyte and the keratinocytes into which it transfers the melanosomes 6. darkens, melanin synthesis

Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra 1. urine is transported from renal pelvis by ____ to the _____ where it is stored until emptying via _____ 2. ureters have mucosal, muscular, and adventitial layers; all of the three mucosa is what epi 3. layers of 2: single layer of _____ resting on thin basement membrane, intermediate region with a few layers of _____ or low____ cells, a superficial layer of _____ to protect underlying from hypertonic urine 4. thick _____ moves urine toward bladder by contractions and produces mucosal folds when empty 5. 3 is most common in _____- apical surface of cells consists of ____ where outer leaflet is twice as thick as inner 6. these thick regions are lipid rafts containing membrane proteins called _____ that assemble into plaques for osmotic barrier

1. ureters, bladder, urethra 2. transitional (urothelium) 3. basal cells, cuboidal/columnar, umbrella cells 4. muscularis externa 5. bladder; asymmetric unit membranes 6. uroplakins

Cervix 1. lower part of the ____ 2. ______ is simple columnar epi on thick LP with may branched mucus secreting _____ 3. does not have ____ and does not change thickness 4. around external ox, it projects slightly into vagina and is covered by ____ of nonker strat squamous epi cont with vagina 5. ______ is junction between squamous and mucus secreting columnar 6. at ovulation, secretion is _____ and ____ for sperm movement 7. in luteal phase, more _____ and hinders passage of sperm 8. during pregnancy, glands proliferate and secrete highly viscous mucus that forms a ____in canal 9. deeper wall has much less ____ than rest of the uterus 10. before birth a process of _____ occurs in which CT undergoes collagen removal to soften and dilate it

1. uterus 2. endocerivical mucosa 3. spiral arteries 4. exocervical mucosa 5. transformation zone 6. abundant and water 7. viscous 8. plug 9. smooth muscle 10. cervical effacement

Hypothalamic- Hypophyseal Tract and Blood Supply 1. there is a ________ carrying small peptides from hypothalamus to adenohypophysis 2. a bundle of axons called the ______ courses into the posterior from two hypothalamic nuclei: ADH and oxytocin are synthesized by neurons in the _____ and _____ respectively 3. blood supply derives from vessels coming off the ______ and drained by the _____ 4. the ________ supply the median eminence and the stalk 5. the _____ provide blood for the posterior 6. #4 divide into the _____ of fen cap that irrigate the stalk and median eminence 7. #6 rejoin to form venules that branch again as secondary cap plexus in the _____ 8. all of these make up the ______ which carries neuropeptides from the median eminence to the adenohypophysis where they stimulate or inhibit cells there

1. vascular portal system 2. hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract; supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei 3. internal carotid artery, hypophyseal vein 4. superior hypophyseal arteries 5. inferior hypophyseal arteries 6. primary plexus 7. anterior 8. hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system

Nasal Cavities 1. consists of the external _____ and internal ___ 2. skin of the nose enters the _____ which includes glands and _____ that filter out particles 3. what epithelial transition occurs within the vestibules 4. what separates the two nasal cavities in the skull 5. extending from each lateral wall are three bony projections called _____: its lamina propria conditions inhaled air 6. vasculature near epi surface does what to the air while it is humidified by water secreted from seromucous glands 7. what does the thin mucus layer secreted from above glands do? what else does the secretion contain (from plasma cells) 8. middle/inferior conchae covered by what epi? roof and superior covered by what epi?

1. vestibule, nasal cavity 2. nares, vibrissae 3. keratinized to pseudo stratified columnar epi 4. nasal septum 5. conchae 6. blood flows counter and releases heat to warm the air 7. trap particulate and gaseous air impurities; IgA 8. respiratory epi, olfactory epi

Pleural Membranes 1. the membrane attached to the lung tissue is called what? lining the thoracic wall? 2. where are the two layers continuous? what is the space between the two layers called? 3. what are the layers made of? 4. what is it called when fluid from plasma accumulates in cavity during inflammation? 5. what is inflammation of pleura due to viral infection or pneumonia? 6. what is air trapped in cavity due to blunt or penetrating trauma to chest? (cause shortness of breath and hypoxia) 7. what happens during inhalation? to intercostals, diaphragm, bronchi, alveolar ducts/alveoli 8. what happens during exhalation

1. visceral pleura, parietal pleura 2. hilum; pleural cavity 3. simple squamous mesothelium on a CT layer with collagen and elastic fibers 4. pleural effusion 5. pleuritis 6. pneumothorax 7. contractions of external intercostal elevates ribs; contraction of diaphragm lowers bottom of cavity; diameter of bronchi/bronchioles increases; alveolar ducts expand; alveoli enlarge only slightly; elastic fibers of parenchyma are stretched 8. lungs retract passively bc of relaxation and fibers' return to normal

External Genitalia 1. also called ____- covered by strat squamous epi 2. _____- space whose wall has the glands 3. paired ____- folds with no hair follicles but sebaceous glands 4. _____- similar to skin of scrotum 5. ____- has paired _____ like penis

1. vulva 2. vestibule 3. labia minora 4. labia majora 5. clitoris; corpora cavernosa

Dermis pt 2 1. nutritive vessels form two major plexuses: 1a. between pap and ret layers lie the microvascular ______ for a capillary network just below epidermis 1b. deep plexus lies near the interface of the dermis and _____ with larger lymphatics/bv 2. dermal vasculature also has thermoreg function involving _____located between the two plexus 3. #2 decrease blood flow in pap layer to __________ and increase this flow to __________- 4. _________ form a network in pap and around hair follicles, ending in receptors; autonomic effector nerves to dermal _______ and _______ are only of sympathetic innervation

1a. sub papillary plexus 1b. subcutaneous 2. arteriovenous anastomoses (shunt) 3. minimize heat loss, facilitate heat loss 4. sensory afferent nerve fibers; sweat glands and SM

Penis 1. three masses of tissue plus the penile urethra surrounded by skin 2. two erectile masses- _______- are dorsal; the ventral ____ surrounds the urethra 3. 2b expands at end to form the ____- becomes _____ epi continuous with epidermis on the surface 4. small mucus secreting _____ are found along the length 5. in uncircumcised men, the glans is covered by the _____ with sebaceous glands on the internal surface 6. dorsal erectile masses are each surrounded by CT layer the _____; all three erectile tissues consistent of venous _____ lined with endo and separated by _____ with smooth muscle and CT continuous with surrounded tunic 7. central arteries in the CC branch to form nutritive arteries and small coiling ____ which lead to the spaces of the tissue; AV shunts are present between the central artier and dorsal veins 8. ____ involves blood filling the spaces of the erectile tissue- controlled by _____ nerves in the vascular wall 9. ______ stimulation relaxes the trabecular smooth muscle and dilates the helicine arteries to increase blood flow to fill the space 10. 9 enlarges the ______ and causes them to compress the dorsal veins against the ______, which blocks outflow of blood 11. at ejactulation, sympathetic stimulation constricts the _____ and ____, decreasing blood flow into the space, lowering pressure, and allowing veins to drain

2. corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum 3. glans; strat squam 4. urethral glands 5. prepuce 6. tunica albuginea; cavernous spaces; trabeculae 7. helicine 8. erection; autonomic 9. PS 10. CC, tunica 11. helicine arteries and trabecular muscle

Accessory Glands- Seminal Vesicles 1. tubes enclosed by CT capsule 2. mucosa has thin complex folds that fill much of the ____ 3. folds are lined with simple or pseudostrat columnar epi cells rich in _____ 4. LP has ____ fibers and surrounded by muscularis with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers that empty gland during _____ 5. exocrine glands that secrete fluid that makes up ___ of ejaculate 8. fluid has: _____- major energy source for sperm, _____- stimulate activity in the FRT, _____ allows semen to coagulate *testosterone dependent*

2. lumen 3. secretory granules 4. elastic, ejaculation 5. 70% 6. fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen