Historical Exam 2

Not synonymous

"Embalmer" and "Undertaker"

Personal service providers

"Laying out" of the dead. Roles of nurses and midwives (or Medical specialists) replaced family members that historically prepared their loved one

"De corpora humani fabrica" means

"Structure of the human body"

Andreas Vesalius

*Wrote the first anatomy book (1543) *Father of Anatomy

Edwin Chadwick

- wrote a report called "Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population" -wrote a section on finding in the cemeteries called " The Report of Intra-Mural Interments" -wanted cemeteries "municipalized" and proposed a health bill

Warburton Act

-Also called the Anatomy Act of 1832, caused by Burke and Hare events -Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

Protestantism

-Broke off (Rejection) from the Catholic Church - Roles of the Church change, didn't give the church that much power - Hard work as well as good deeds were important

Chadwick's Report led to ....

-Cemetery reform and eventually modern day health departments - Also, inadvertently, led to modern day M.E./ Coroners/ Death Investigations -a spike in cremation rates

William Harvey

-Discovered the circulation of blood (1618) -Formulated arterial injection -Praised for his attempt to preserve arterially -Influenced Frederick Ruysch and the Hunter brothers

Dr. Robert Knox

-Doctor who traded in cadavers -Bought bodies from Burke & Hare Edinburgh Medical College

Frederick Ruysch

-Known by some as "Father of Embalming" -Practiced embalming by injection followed by evisceration

Jean Gannal

-Made embalming available to public in 1834 (French Textbook) -Mixture included: 6 quarts of arsenic, through carotid, closed venous system

Calvinism

-The "commercial" rationale of Protestantism - Moral sense of obligation to work - Work, ownership, substance and salvation -Focusing on expansion of the colonies and the greater good of people

How long was the Lincoln funeral procession?

13 days

J. Anthony Gaussardia

1st to patent an embalming process

Crane & Breed - Cincinnati Ohio

Also a stove manufacturer ; Bought the patent from Almond Fisk

The Dramaturgic Role of the funeral director envolves:

Becomes more like a drama performance; become a stage manager to create an "appropriate atmosphere" to move through a drama in which social relationships are stressed

Cabinet maker

Coffins and merchandise

Leonardo DiVinci

Dissected people; made 750 diagrams of the human anatomy

Jan Swammerdam

Embalmed through glass cannulas (animals)

Colonial settlements were founded by _____ ____ ______

English speaking people

Elements of a decent human existence

Fame, fortune, freedom of religious organization

A. Johnson Dodge

Founder of Dodge chemicals.

Joseph H. Clarke

Founder of the Cincinnati School of Embalming in March, 1882

Lincoln Funeral Train

Funeral procession would make over 400 stops never, never going above 10mph to ensure safety over the nearly 1700 mile procession

Inviter to Funerals

Hired workers of municipal appointment that called upon those expected to attend funerals

Created an ______ ______ to embalm using incisions

Invasive way

Fredrick & Trump

Invented a "Refrigerator for Corpses" or Corpse Cooler

John Morgan

Invented the Gravity Fluid Injector

Samuel Rogers

Invented the trocar

Sexton

Keeps records and cemetery

The role of the Barber Surgeon

Made the incision, practiced bloodletting, shaved heads of monks

Burke and Hare

Medical schools needed cadavers $2500 per body These guys were grave robbing

Execution of Burke

Newgate prison (1829)

Woods - always _____ with sides flat

Octagonal

Village of Essex (1789)

Overcrowded cemetery conditions; grave recycling; cholera outbreak from old coffins & bodies everywhere

Almond Fisk

Patented the Metallic Case in 1848

Dr. William Hunter

Scottish professor who published arterial injection methods and became known as first person to adopt arterial injection

War Department Order #75

Sept 11th 1861 Ensure all casualties during wartime were provided a decent burial Estimated 600k- 780k

Embalming was like a "______" and a "_______"

Skill ; surgery

James Gray

The first to patent on metallic coffin

Free Enterprise

The opportunity, based upon the profit motive, to create new careers

Bloodletting

The practice of draining blood; believed to release illness

War Department Order #33

This led to the formation of the current National Veterans Cemetery System in the U.S.

General Order #39

This was ordered by the War Department to stop battlefield abuse. There were a lot of "hoverers" and "observers" It was the first attempt to set regulations for cost, training, and qualification of embalmers. Even uniforms for ID purposes

Richard Harlan

Translated Gannal's work in 1840 in Philadelphia and made embalming instructions available in English in the USA

Liveryman

Transportation (keepers of hacks and carriages)

Ogee

Type of coffin edge; Sealing capabilities, "Air tight" ; Removed wasted space and cost

Jamestown Colonies

Were settled for the purpose of being commercial

Massachusetts Bay Colonies

Were settled mainly for religious freedoms

Clarence Strub

author of "principles of restorative art"

Dr. Auguste Renouard

author of The Undertaker's Manual, the first book published specifically as an embalming textbook in the United States.

Cerecloth

cloth coated in wax, formerly used for wrapping the dead

Buterlov and Hoffman

discovered formaldehyde in 1859

Life Signals

due to the fear of premature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive. Ladders, bells and horns were used

Dr. Thomas Holmes

father of modern embalming in the United States; also invented the fluid injection apparatus ( Hand Pump)

Samuel Stein

first patent on a cloth-covered casket

G. Joseph Prager & Charles Dhonau

wrote the "Manual of Restorative Art"