History 101 midterm exam

Alexander the Great

- (356-323 BCE) was a King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty, an ancient Greek royal house -United greece, reestablished the corinthian league and conquered the Persian empire -Noted as founding a very cultural empire

Sargon I

-(r 2370-2315 bce) -Was the ruler of the Acadians. He is credited with military and modern warfare. He did not kill civilians. -Controlled areas across the entire region of the Fertile Crescent. -At the height of his power he creates his empire across the Fertile Crescent and is the first recorded empire -Subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.

Thales

-624 to 546 bc -Socratic greek philosopher and mathematician from Miletus -Many including Aristotle regard him as the first philosopher in the greek tradition -First to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology and first to use geometry and apply deductive reasoning to geometry

Satraps

-A provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire

Plato

-Born circa 428 B.C.E., ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle -His writings explored justice, beauty and equality -Plato founded the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world -Wrote The Republic, which was a book about the definition of justice, the order and character of the just city-state and the just man

Polis

-Came about because of the development of local isolated communities in Greece that eventually grew bigger and stronger. These communities turned into advanced city states then these city states linked together to form a Polis

Cuniefrom

-Created by the Sumerians -First forms of human writing -350 characters -Ideographs -Cuneifrom means "wedge" in their language because they wrote on clay tablets -A vast majority are written government records

Ziggurat

-Created in ancient mesopotamia -Rectangular stepped towers -Temples that were adjacent to the palace, are the center of the city

Hieroglyphics

-Formal writing system used by the egyptians -over time, these pictographs became ideographs where you use pictures to describe not only objects but also ideas and concepts -Eventually involves into symbols representing the consonant sounds -Egyptians formed the first paper, papyrus

Ten Commandments

-God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave to Moses. -God called a man named Moses to deliver them from slavery and bondage. Through the miraculous delivery God again reminded Israel of His covenant with them and established their distinction from Egypt. The great exodus began with Israels' release from Egypt. -Shortly after their exodus from Egypt God gave Israel the Ten Commandments. They were originally spoken by the voice of God in the hearing of the nation of Israel at Mount Sina

Yahweh

-God of the Israelites -was a warrior god and a god associated with the weather, particularly storms. He became the main god among the Israelites and eventually will become their most important god. -Yahweh was the creator of both the heavens and the earth, and maintained personal dealings with his creatures, hence the covenants with Abraham, Moses, etc -Israelites are the first to identify their god with pure essence

Urbanization

-Groups of people start gathering in larger numbers. Cities start to pop up and create these urban areas. -The Sumerians had a collection of about 17 city-states. -Agriculture flourished and brought about advancements and lead to urbanization. -Specialization of labor is a crucial component of civilization and urbanization.

Hiearchy

-Hiearchy began in mesopotamia 1. Government leaders/Priest-Kings 2. Elites, bureaucrats, other religious leaders 3. Soldiers 4. Specialized workers 5. Farmers 6. Slaves -Hiearchy in Egypt 1. Pharaoh 2. Nobility/Priests 3. Skilled laborers 4. Farmers/Fisherman 5. Slaves

Nile River

-Located in Egypt -Flows south to north -Agriculture in Egypt flourished for thousands of years because of the Nile River, culture was stable and thrived -Most of Egypt's settlements were settled along the Nile -Provided food to the Egyptians -"The Nile Hymn"

Fertile Crescent

-Mesopotamia was part of a larger human area in the Fertile Crescent -Area where civilization was first traced -Settlements near the Fertile Crescent flourished because of agriculture and irrigation -In modern-day Iraq

Xerxes I

-Persian King 486-485 BCE -Son and successor of Darius I -His defeat spelled the beginning of the decline of the Achaemenian Empire

Zarathustra

-Persian prophet whose hymns became the core of Persian religious practices "Zoroasters Hymn" -Zarathustra's teachings are strongly dualistic. The believer has to make a choice between good and evil. -Zoroastrianism was one of first world religions to make ethical demands on the believers. -Zarathustra warned the people that there would be a Last Judgment

Sumer

-Site of the earliest known civilization -Located between the Tigris and Euphrates River -Sumerian cuneiform is the earliest known writing system -The Sumerians established the first written laws and these laws were made to maintain order in society, they had wills, they had contracts between farmers, receipts for exchanges, court rulings and decisions, and even IOU's -Flooded by the Tigris and Euphrates River 4000 BCE

Agoge

-The Spartans created the Agoge, a system of training -rigorous education and training regimen mandated for all male Spartan citizens, except for the firstborn son in the ruling houses -The aim of the system was to produce physically and morally strong males to serve in the Spartan army -Any male who did not pass was denied Spartan citizenship

Redistributive Economy

-The king, monarch, leader controls the economic activities and decides what happens to economic resources. He is in control of the economy.

Neolithic Revolution

-The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture -led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. -major turning point in human history -1000 BCE -Happened in meopotamia

Sea Peoples

-came from the Mediterranean Sea, collective groups of people that invaded because of the disorder in the near eastern empires

Babylonian Captivity

-forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter's conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 bc. -the Babylonian king relocates the 10 northern tribes and brings them back to Babylon. These become known as the 10 lost tribes in Jewish tradition. -Those people taken back to Babylonia were integrated back into Babylonian society and were free to practice their religious beliefs and trade and even create their businesses. -The exile formally ended in 538 bc, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine.

Delian League

-founded in 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, -military organization directed against the Achaemenid Empire, but converted by the Athenian politician Pericles into an Athenian empire. -purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

Panhellanism

-is a modern name for the unity of the Greek, the union of all greeks in one political body, panhellanic festivals include athletic competitions to honor the gods

Knossos

-is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete -considered Europe's oldest city. -was abandoned after its destruction in 1375 BC which marked the end of Minoan civilization

Pharaoh

-monarchs of Egyptian societies, enjoyed absolute political power, leader and king of the Egyptian people, he was also a god. -He was viewed as the divine incarnate (a living god, a god that has taken physical form). His people worshiped him. -The Pharaoh owned everything (the land, the homes, the food, water, fish, etc). He made all of the laws of society. He controlled agriculture. -However he does not rule all by himself. Prominent people would assist him. He would also appoint governors to districts called nomes. -They believed that the Pharaoh never died, this is where embalmment came from. They embalmed and mummified his body so that when he went to the after life and wanted to come back, his body would be there. They would store his body in pyramids.

Corvee Labor

-state imposed labor on the people, a form of taxation. They make people work for the state. This is how they taxed people. -This was done during designated times of the year, usually when agriculture was not being harvested or tended. -Started taking place in Egypt

Linear B

-the beginning of the modern greek language. Brought about by the Mycenaean Civilization

Hammurabi

-the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC -The Hammurabi codes were a sophisticated set of laws, nearly 300 in all. It tried to establish the rules of society and was very focused on ideals of justice; right from wrong. "Eye for an eye". They believe in nature decided justice, the god decides whether you are guilty or innocent -Codes believed in equality but was based upon your social standard

Hoplite Phalanx

-was the perfect manifestation of classical Greek society on the battlefield. -Made up of middle-class men who had day jobs, the phalanx was made to decide a war in a single bloody struggle.

Sophists

a paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greece, associated in popular thought with moral skepticism and specious reasoning.

The Phoenicians created a trade network that stretched from: a. Anatolia to Iberia and beyond. b. Carthage to Sardinia. c. Greece to Sicily. d. Egypt to Carthage. e. Anatolia to the Black Sea.

a. Anatolia to Iberia and beyond.

The Greek polis was: a. a collective group organized around an agora. b. a well-armed militia of all adult men aged twenty-one to sixty. c. a central marketplace close to the harbor. d. a protected area around the temple. e. the highest fortified ground within a city.

a. a collective group organized around an agora.

The Theban Sacred Band was: a. an elite military unit composed entirely of male couples. b. the priestly caste of Thebes. c. a group of helots committed to overthrowing Sparta. d. a religious orchestra active in early Greek drama. e. the royal house of Thebes.

a. an elite military unit composed entirely of male couples.

In the Book of Judges, the Hebrew people: a. begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes. b. build a magnificent temple to their God in Jerusalem. c. receive detailed laws on marriage, divorce, property, and the like. d. are ruled by kings who pay tribute to the Assyrians. e. establish a court in Jerusalem to hear cases concerning property rights.

a. begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes.

Those Greeks who were able to accumulate wealth during the chaotic, isolated period: a. eventually emerged as the Greek aristocracy. b. carefully avoided acts of piracy and military confrontation. c. founded the first religious temples and rejected the "heroic ideal." d. are known to historians today as "pre-Socratic" philosophers. e. colonized the islands of the Aegean Sea.

a. eventually emerged as the Greek aristocracy.

Hubris is _________ , which was punished by the gods. a. excessive pride d. excessive wrath b. excessive wealth e. excessive beauty c. excessive strength

a. excessive pride

Hellenistic sculpture is best described as: a. realistic and alive. d. idealized and dignified. b. highly abstract. e. expressionist. c. impressionist.

a. realistic and alive.

It is possible that Egyptians did not develop many laborsaving devices such as the wheel because: a. there was a very large pool of available manpower in Egypt. b. many craftsmen in Egypt were dedicated to designing monumental architecture. c. Egypt did not have trade contacts with areas in which laborsaving devices had been developed. d. the Egyptian way of farming did not lend itself to using devices such as the wheel. e. any and all technology produced was owned by the pharaoh.

a. there was a very large pool of available manpower in Egypt.

The _________ War represented the beginning of the end of the political dominance exercised by the Greek poleis. a. Athenian d. Theban b. Corinthian e. Mycenaean c. Spartan

b. Corinthian

The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat: a. Areopagus. d. Hectares. b. Solon. e. Peisistratos. c. Drakon.

b. Solon.

Why couldn't the Greek city-states unite during the fourth century B.C.E.? a. The Macedonians would not permit it. b. The independent temper of Greek political life made unity impossible. c. The Greek economy was too weak to support an empire. d. Unity was unnecessary because the Greeks were not threatened by any foreign enemies. e. There existed an almost perfect balance of power between Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes.

b. The independent temper of Greek political life made unity impossible.

The followers of Zoroastrianism believed in: a. polytheism, animal sacrifice, and magical rituals. b. a god of light who constantly battled a god of darkness. c. individual guardian angels who protect believers and punish wrongdoers. d. public cult worship sponsored by the Persian government. e. reincarnation through multiple lives to achieve perfection.

b. a god of light who constantly battled a god of darkness.

Homosocial relationships between males of the aristocratic class in Ancient Greece were part of: a. ritual religious practices. b. a mentoring process for young men. c. military bonding rituals. d. a Greek movement to embrace more liberal sexual practices. e. a protest to end the Peloponnesian War.

b. a mentoring process for young men.

The catalyst of the Persian Wars was: a. the imperial concerns of the Persians. b. a revolt instigated by the Ionian Greeks against the Persians. c. the imperial concerns of the Greeks. d. a dispute between Sparta and Athens that the Persians were asked to resolve. e. the unprovoked invasion of Euboea by the Persians.

b. a revolt instigated by the Ionian Greeks against the Persians.

An individual who successfully led a Sumerian city-state's army in battles was: a. known as a tyrant and feared by freedom-loving citizens. b. able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal. c. associated with distant countries where the gods supposedly lived. d. declared a god-king by his city's priests. e. allowed by the gods to carouse with the wives and daughters of the nobles.

b. able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal.

After hoplites were introduced in Greece: a. the chaos of early Greece ended and the Age of Enlightenment began. b. aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess. c. foot soldiers could not withstand armed men on horses. d. individual soldiers did not have to keep armor and weapons. e. democracy became the type of government for all of Greece.

b. aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess.

The Neolithic Revolution allowed women to: a. participate fully in social and political governance. b. become the primary laborers in the growing of crops. c. have fewer children and devote less time to child care. d. have more children and devote more time to child care. e. become the religious leaders of communities.

b. become the primary laborers in the growing of crops.

The accomplishments of King Darius of Persia included: a. recruiting foreign mercenaries for his armies. b. building roads for transport and postal service. c. extending Persian rule over Greece and the Aegean. d. capturing the bandits that had terrorized Persepolis. e. conquering the civilization of the Indus River Valley.

b. building roads for transport and postal service.

Sparta: a. required all citizens to do manual labor in order to preserve equality between them. b. depended on the enslaved labor of helots. c. relied on an elite, professional, mercenary army. d. relied on its navy for self-defense. e. devoted itself to the arts and to the preservation of the culture of the past.

b. depended on the enslaved labor of helots.

Due to a period of captivity in Babylon, ancient Hebrews: a. rebelled against their Chaldean conquerors. b. developed a religion that transcended local politics and geography. c. adopted the worship of Assur. d. established stringent purity laws. e. turned to prophets to explain their fate.

b. developed a religion that transcended local politics and geography.

The growing class of aristocrats at the end of the early age of Greece made their wealth by: a. heavy taxation of the temples. b. engaging in trade and commercial enterprises. c. conquest and colonization. d. exploiting the discovery of new silver mines in the highlands. e. piracy and plundering the peasant class.

b. engaging in trade and commercial enterprises.

The growth of Athenian democracy, with its emphasis on equality between citizens, led to: a. greater equality between men and women. b. greater inequality between men and women. c. greater social freedoms for women, but no new political rights. d. greater equality between all individuals by abolishing slavery. e. distrust of all non-Athenians and isolationism.

b. greater inequality between men and women.

One distinct belief that later Western religions took from Zoroastrianism is the idea: a. of an ultimate battle between the forces of good and evil. b. of a Day of Judgment. c. that one ought to live a life of helping others. d. of a rewarding afterlife for believers. e. of the necessity of ritual sacrifice.

b. of a Day of Judgment.

What form of government did Sparta impose on the defeated Athenians and their allies? a. democracy d. tyranny b. oligarchy e. monarchy c. aristocracy

b. oligarchy

Hammurabi's empire was founded on: a. a policy of terror. b. political strategy and diplomacy. c. constant warfare. d. the loyalty of his blood kin. e. complex trade networks.

b. political strategy and diplomacy.

The Iliad and the Odyssey: a. are epic poems with no foundation in historical events. b. provide evidence about early and Archaic Greece. c. were composed in the Classical Period but were based on older, oral sources. d. are the first examples of epic poetry from the ancient world. e. are unquestionably based on the historical events of Mycenaean Greece.

b. provide evidence about early and Archaic Greece.

Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he: a. was the first lugal to conquer neighboring city-states. b. subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley. c. built observatories and introduced the more accurate Akkadian calendar. d. sent ambassadors to distant lands ranging from Ethiopia to Europe. e. was the first ruler in history to take the title of "emperor."

b. subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.

The Macedonians were regarded by the Greeks as little more than barbarians, but they did engage in one activity, _________ , that indicates that they were, in fact, Greek. a. the dramatic competition in Athens each year b. the Olympic Games every four years c. appealing to the Oracle at Delphi before making any political decision d. joining the Delian League to fight against the Persians e. speaking the Greek language

b. the Olympic Games every four years

The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production: a. required people to give up their faith in storm and wind gods. b. was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible. c. meant that women were no longer part of the labor force. d. prohibited raising domestic animals as livestock. e. required seasonal movement, allowing for summer and winter settlements.

b. was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible.

The Minoans: a. remained isolated politically and economically from the rest of the ancient world. b. were civil servants in a redistributive economy, not warriors. c. wrote tablets in Linear A to record their economic transactions. d. can be identified as non-Greek allies of the Hittites and Egyptians. e. were a warrior people who conquered most of the eastern Mediterranean.

b. were civil servants in a redistributive economy, not warriors.

The Delian League became a policy tool of which Greek polis? a. Sparta d. Miletus b. Corinth e. Thebes c. Athens

c. Athens

Due to the Persian Wars, the center of Greek philosophical speculation shifted from Ionia to: a. the Greek colonies surrounding the Black Sea. b. the Peloponnesus. c. Athens. d. the Greek "far west." e. the Phoenician colony of Carthage.

c. Athens.

Why didn't Sparta benefit more from its victory in the Peloponnesian War? a. Sparta had no interest in an empire. b. Persia quickly defeated Sparta. c. Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them. d. Sparta was a land power with no navy. e. Sparta was defeated the following year by Thebes.

c. Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them.

Mycenaean Greece played a central role in Bronze Age networks as evidenced by: a. the artifacts of Chinese origin found in the ruins of Mycenaean Troy. b. the written language of the Mycenaean Greeks, Linear B, that was used in all transnational trade. c. correspondence between Mycenaean leaders and Egyptian pharaohs and Hittite kings. d. Mycenaean cylinder seals discovered in Babylon. e. Mycenaean pottery discovered in the Indus River Valley of India.

c. correspondence between Mycenaean leaders and Egyptian pharaohs and Hittite kings.

The Athenian strategos Pericles expanded democracy in Athens by: a. giving all Athenians, even slaves, the right to vote. b. eliminating ostracism. c. giving every Athenian citizen the right to propose legislation. d. giving the vote to women. e. passing a law that forbade rule by tyrants.

c. giving every Athenian citizen the right to propose legislation.

The Sophist claim that "man is the measure of all things" means that: a. mathematics is the key to the secrets of the universe. b. architecture should be proportioned to the human form. c. goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings. d. nature is unknowable; only human beings can be understood. e. all human measurements of the universe are relative to the individual making the measurement.

c. goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings.

A tyrant was often able to seize power because: a. he was a wealthy aristocrat who was able to raise a private army. b. he had the support of the aristocratic class. c. he was a charismatic leader who had the support of the slave population. d. he manipulated the machinery of government to concentrate power in his hands. e. the hoplites supported him militarily.

c. he was a charismatic leader who had the support of the slave population.

Aristotle believed that: a. the only true reality lies in unchanging ideals. b. only matter exists, and so ideals are the creation of human minds. c. ideals shape matter toward specific purposes. d. the human mind cannot understand the order of the universe and so should concentrate only on human concerns. e. only real phenomena can be investigated in order to understand the world in which we live.

c. ideals shape matter toward specific purposes.

The "Ionian revolution in thought," epitomized by Xenophanes and other philosophers from Miletus, can best be described as: a. communism. d. philosophical universalism. b. cynicism. e. Neoplatonism. c. relativism.

c. relativism.

Tens of thousands of Sumerian clay tablets have survived: a. but unfortunately the key to the language has not. b. documenting the United Sumerian empire, which lasted from 2900 to 2500 B.C.E. c. telling us more about Sumer than we know about any other human society at the time. d. probably because the Sumerians kept them in special underground archives. e. but all deal with priestly class and reveal nothing about Sumerian society.

c. telling us more about Sumer than we know about any other human society at the time.

The Greeks became literate again during the ninth century B.C.E. by adopting: a. cuneiform script from the Assyrians. d. the Hebrew alphabet. b. Egyptian hieroglyphics. e. the Etruscan alphabet. c. the Phoenician alphabet.

c. the Phoenician alphabet.

Relations after 1500 B.C.E. are more appropriately referred to as "transnational" because: a. of the transcendence of Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty. b. the superpowers of the Near East created the first multinational governing body. c. the political and economic networks transcended national boundaries and identities. d. of the emergence of the Persian Empire as the sole political entity in the region. e. boundaries between kingdoms in this period were flexible and changed often.

c. the political and economic networks transcended national boundaries and identities.

The penalties in Hammurabi's Law Code: a. were equal for all. b. only applied to slaves. c. were different depending on the class of an individual. d. were different depending on whether an individual was a citizen or not. e. were different depending on the age of the individual.

c. were different depending on the class of an individual.

The Hebrew people, according to archaeological and linguistic evidence, were essentially: a. Egyptian. d. Canaanite. b. Philistine. e. Hyksos. c. Chaldean.

d. Canaanite.

Darius believed that a preemptive strike against Athens and Eretria was necessary because: a. Athens was planning to launch a military campaign against Persia. b. Eretria, aided by Athens, had instituted a government unfavorable to the Persians. c. Athens and Eretria had executed Persian citizens who were residing in their poleis. d. Greek poleis in Asia Minor could always revolt against Persia when they could look for support in this endeavor from Athens, Eretria, and other Greek poleis. e. Athens, aided by Eretria, had instituted a government unfavorable to the Persians.

d. Greek poleis in Asia Minor could always revolt against Persia when they could look for support in this endeavor from Athens, Eretria, and other Greek poleis.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding women in Egyptian society during the Pharaonic period? a. They could assume pharaonic authority. b. They could own property. c. They could stand before the courts as individuals without male representation. d. They could practice sexual freedom. e. They were recognized as persons in their own right.

d. They could practice sexual freedom.

Alexander the Great is said to have taken two books with him on his conquest of Persia; one was Homer's Iliad and the other was: a. Plato's Republic. d. Xenophon's Anabasis. b. Aristotle's Politics. e. Heraclitus's The Fire Next Time. c. Euclid's Elements.

d. Xenophon's Anabasis.

Influenced by their long struggle to survive, the Assyrians: a. tried to appease their neighbors' demands for food and land. b. refused to share their advanced culture and political system. c. created a multicultural union of civilized states. d. acted very aggressively toward other peoples. e. developed a diverse cultural empire that outlasted its political influence.

d. acted very aggressively toward other peoples.

Zarathustra attempted to redefine religion: a. as a set of ritual practices centered on animal sacrifice. b. so that it would be concerned more with dietary rules and ritual. c. as the mystical insights achieved through fasting. d. as ethical practices common to all people. e. as practices centered on temple worship conducted by priests.

d. as ethical practices common to all people.

Socrates agreed to meet his death calmly because he: a. had realized the charges against him were true. b. was very sick and ready to die. c. was drugged before his execution. d. believed in the importance of following laws. e. did not want his followers to despair.

d. believed in the importance of following laws.

Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E.): a. introduced metallic coinage in Asia Minor. b. took the Hebrew people into captivity in his capital city. c. lost a great empire to the barbarian tribes of Central Asia. d. granted self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples.

d. granted self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples.

The common religion of the Sumerians: a. was an early form of monotheism that influenced other peoples. b. required city-states to settle their differences peacefully. c. guaranteed free food for the poorest members of society. d. included many gods, with a different god worshiped in each city-state. e. was the only aspect of Sumerian society that survived the society's collapse.

d. included many gods, with a different god worshiped in each city-state.

Ma'at: a. or "size," meant that temples and palaces had to be very large. b. is equivalent to the English "human rights." c. was a male god who made the universe move forward in time. d. includes ideas of harmony, order, justice, and truth. e. referred to the Egyptian belief in reincarnation.

d. includes ideas of harmony, order, justice, and truth.

The Epic of Gilgamesh: a. exists today in the exact version in which it was read in ancient Sumer. b. relates the adventures of a lugal of Uruk in ancient Sumer. c. tells us more about ancient Persian society than it does about ancient Sumer. d. is largely derived from stories in the Hebrew Bible. e. tells the story of a simple Akkadian farmer.

d. is largely derived from stories in the Hebrew Bible.

Before 11,000 B.C.E.., virtually all human societies were: a. engaged in settled agriculture to produce crop surpluses for the gods. b. able to use metal tools for arts, crafts, and building. c. using men to do the hunting and women to do the gathering. d. nomadic, moving incessantly in search of limited food. e. settled in agricultural communities.

d. nomadic, moving incessantly in search of limited food.

Since human beings in the Paleolithic period had no domestic animals: a. great disparities developed in individual wealth. b. they could be easily ruled by tribal kings. c. they practiced a policy of "divide, defeat, and conquer." d. they had no significant wealth beyond what they could carry. e. they used wild animals as beasts of burden.

d. they had no significant wealth beyond what they could carry.

The Egyptians developed elaborate tombs and burial techniques: a. to preserve their sacred cats in the harsh desert climate. b. following the example of the Hebrews and other nomadic people. c. because they believed deceased people would be reincarnated as animals. d. to enable a person's afterlife and ensure he or she had all that was necessary there. e. to demonstrate their great respect for their ancestors.

d. to enable a person's afterlife and ensure he or she had all that was necessary there.

A Greek aristocrat who seized power and ruled outside the traditional constitutional framework was called a: a. monarch. d. tyrant. b. demagogue. e. philosopher king. c. hoplite.

d. tyrant.

The weakening power of the Fifth and Sixth dynasties resulted in: a. a wider distribution of wealth in Egyptian society. b. a decline in cultural production. c. a contraction of court culture to Memphis. d. priests refusing to crown pharaohs. e. a decline in the general quality of life in Egypt.

e. a decline in the general quality of life in Egypt.

During the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.E., Themistocles persuaded his fellow Athenians to: a. invade and attack Persian settlements deep within Anatolia. b. abandon naval defensive schemes and rely on ground-based forces. c. temporarily suspend democratic government and be ruled by a military dictator. d. rely on the Spartans for their defense. e. abandon the city of Athens and let the Persians burn it.

e. abandon the city of Athens and let the Persians burn it.

Panhellenic festivals in ancient Greece included: a. national memorial days to honor those killed in wars. b. devout expressions of the entrepreneurial spirit. c. open invitations to other peoples to join the feasts. d. poetic competitions and parades only. e. athletic contests honoring the gods.

e. athletic contests honoring the gods.

The great Pyramids of Giza, built in the Fourth Dynasty, were: a. used for athletic events, concerts, and political rallies. b. lost in the desert sands and unknown to the Greeks. c. a good supply of building stone for Rome and Carthage. d. temples used for worship by the priestly class. e. constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves.

e. constructed by thousands of peasant workers who were not slaves.

Alexander the Great founded a great empire that might be described as a: a. political empire. d. military empire. b. scientific empire. e. cultural empire. c. hereditary empire.

e. cultural empire.

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they: a. wore their hair long and had beards. b. fought without any regard for the formalities of war. c. worshiped gods different from the Greeks. d. were nomadic peoples. e. did not speak Greek.

e. did not speak Greek.

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was: a. the result of its being conquered by the Chaldeans. b. a result of Solomon's decision to cut the "baby" in half. c. in response to popular demands to revive Ba'al-worship. d. God's way of protecting the faithful from foreign aggression. e. provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime.

e. provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime.

The Hebrew Bible is an unparalleled historical source that describes the cultural practices and theological development of the Hebrew people. However, most historians believe that: a. the biblical stories are essentially unique to the Hebrews, with no parallels in other Near Eastern societies. b. few historical events actually happened as they are described in the text. c. it represents a factual account of the events it relates—the most accurate record of the period we have today. d. the Hebrew people never really struggled with the Canaanites. e. the Bible's composite nature means that each biblical book should be analyzed within its particular context.

e. the Bible's composite nature means that each biblical book should be analyzed within its particular context.

Socrates' aim was to show that: a. there are no absolutes in the universe: everything is relative. b. the Sophists were undermining the Athenian war effort. c. philosophers could be respectable members of society. d. the laws of the polis, if unjust, should be disobeyed. e. truth is real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist.

e. truth is real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist.

Slavery in Sumerian society was: a. based on the color of a person's skin. b. strictly forbidden. c. based on gender. d. perpetual, with no chance for the slaves to gain their freedom. e. usually the result of capture during war.

e. usually the result of capture during war.