History 102 - Chapter 16 Quiz
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to
popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except
women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.
How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?
They filled their writings with satire and double meanings
The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except
efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death.
The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
freeing the Prussian serfs
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and social institutions.
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.
Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by
issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?
Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
reduced nobles' power over their serfs
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"change the general way of thinking."
What led René Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?
An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except
France had the highest literacy rates in Europe.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.
How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?
The new science had few practical economic applications.
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
How did the governments respond to the new science?
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.
In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?
The oppression of women in a Persian harem
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a conspiracy led by her lover.