History 102 Exam
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the white wolf movement in China?
A peasant supported band of armed men who robbed the rich to give to the poor to restore justice
What was satyagraha?
A philosophy of nonviolent resistance
Which of the following best describes a corporatist political system?
A system in which the state establishes political parties and encourages interest groups such as chambers of commerce and trade unions to associate with those parties
Which of the following is an element common to all the authoritarian systems of the mid-twentieth century?
A willingness to use violence and terror against their own citizens
Which of the following resulted from late nineteenth century industrial capitalism?
Acceleration of economic boom and bust cycles
Why did the populations of richer nations grow more slowly than the populations of poorer nations at the end of the twentieth century?
Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing
In the later part of the twentieth century, weak states and limits to the rule of law led to many gruesome outbreaks of violence in which of the following regions?
Africa
What role did African people play in governing Europe's African colonies in the post World War I period?
Africans had little voice in colonial governance and made their opinions know through protest
What did the authoritarian political systems of Germany, Japan, and Italy have in common?
All disliked the left-wing government that emerged in the Soviet Union
Which of the following is a similarity among European states' response to World War I?
All states, even democracies, suspended many democratic rights and intervened in both production and consumption
For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945?
An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child
What characteristic of the present-day world economy emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the non-industrialized world
During the 1950s, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways?
Anticommunist rhetoric led to attack on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers
Why did the development of more effective nuclear weapons ultimately decrease the risk of a direct confrontation between the United States and the USSR?
Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had potential to destroy the world
What was the cause of the OPEC oil embargo of 1973?
Arab oil producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them
How did the Arab Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites?
Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition
Which of the following was implied by the economic theories promoted by John Maynard Keynes?
At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency
Which of the following was a result of the influence of the city planning movement on urban life at the turn of the twentieth century?
Better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses
Which of the following led tot the internal migration of the 12 million South Asians in 1947?
Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts
In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956?
Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military
Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization experiences of Algeria and South Africa?
Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power
Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930s and 1940s?
Both developed theories of racial superiority
The Boxer Rebellion was similar to the earlier Taiping Rebellion in which of the following ways?
Both responded to hardship and economic conditions in China
How did Amnesty International respond to countries such as Argentina and Chile killing and torturing civilians?
By cataloging and publicizing human right violations
How did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seek to defuse socialist activism in his country?
By enacting social welfare measures
How did Stalin plan to replace capitalist agriculture with socialist agriculture in the Soviet Union?
By forcing peasant farmers to join state-run agricultural collectives
Which of the following countries used both rewards and strict penalties to bring down their birth rate?
China
Which of the following was often cited by Western imperialists as evidence for the improvement of women's lives under colonial rule?
Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation
In which African colonies was resistance to colonial rule the strongest?
Colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples, regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled
By the end of the twentieth century, which of the following permitted large numbers of people to communicate across global networks more easily than with their neighbors?
Commercial Web browsers and the Internet
What military tactics, which became more common during the twentieth century, were implemented during the Anglo-Boer War?
Concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns
Which of the following was the destination of most South Asian emigrants?
Other British colonies, where they could work as laborers
In what way did pan-Germanism differ from German nationalism?
Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries
Which of the following contributed to the Qing dynasty's downfall?
Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of reform
Italian Facists considered themselves to be the defenders of which of the following?
Peasants, nonsocialist workers, veterans, and students
Which of the following was a reason why the populations of poorer regions of the world suffered more often from preventable diseases such as cholera than the populations of the wealthier regions?
People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies
Which of the following was a common pattern in global migration during the later part of the twentieth century?
People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them
By the end of the twentieth century, what type of marketable products had become key to any country's acquisition of wealth and power?
Pharmaceuticals, computers, and software, as well as services
Which of the following was a response to Khrushchev's speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism?
Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls
In the period from 1845 to 1900, what factors in China led large numbers of people to emigrate to the Americas and Oceania?
Population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land
In which of the following ways did the United States attempt to counter growing radicalism in Latin America?
President Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how reform local land systems, and to demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism
Which of the following is a reason why homesteaders' attempts to farm and ranch in the Amazon rainforest ultimately were unsuccessful?
Rainforest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure
Which of the following undermined the authority of national governments after the 1970s?
Religious groups often came into the conflict with one another and with secular governments
Which of the following was Mustafa Kemal's first action to create a European-style secular state in Turkey?
Replacing the sultanate with a republic
Which of the following was one of the principle causes of World War II?
Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I
Why did Gandhi choose salt as the testing ground for his principles of civil disobedience?
Salt, a government monopoly, symbolized Indians' subjugation to British rule
Which of the following sports most clearly exemplifies the globalizing impact of television in the last part of the twentieth century?
Soccer
In the late twentieth century United States, which of the following was often attacked by religious conservatives?
Social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s
Which of the following was a major consequence of World War I?
Social hierarchies in European societies were shaken up and overthrown
How did South Africa achieve majority rule?
South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections
Which of the following is a reason why some First World powers supported South Africa during the 1950s and 1960s?
South Africa was anticommunist
Which of the following is an example of a form of entertainment appealing to the masses that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century?
Sports
Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post World War II western Europe?
Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care
The 'open door policy' for access to China included which of the following concomitant attacks on traditional Chinese culture?
Support for Christian missionaries
On what did Soviet governance under Stalin rely to ensure citizen compliance with its policies?
Terror
Which of the following caused some Americans to fear the loss of their pioneering individualism?
The 1890 announcement, closing the American frontier
Which of the following first tested President Truman's containment policy?
The Berlin blockade
Which of the following accurately characterizes the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution?
The Bolshevik Revolution was proclaimed by socialists in order to overtake the earlier "bourgeois' revolution
Which of the following was an exception to the general rule of unrestricted migration during the late nineteenth century?
The Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States
Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Which regional trade group expanded its scope to include the creation of a new international currency?
The European Union
Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence shocked French citizens and the colons?
The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France
Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War?
The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior
How did the goals of the Muslim brotherhood in Egypt differ from those of the Wafd?
The Muslim brotherhood wanted to use the nation-state as a means of returning to a pure form of Islam, while the Wafd was primarily a secular nationalist group
Which of the following is an example of the foreign pressure that led to the decline of Qing dynastic authority?
The Sino-Japanese War
Why did Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe?
The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism
During the 1980s, which of the following was an effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed
During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following most significantly weakened the Soviet bloc?
The Soviet's bloc's Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically
Which of the following was the main reason that the United States became involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam?
The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia
Which of the following industries best represents the development of mass culture in the United States after World War I
The advertising industry
In Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following upset traditional racial hierarchies?
The arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe
Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward in 1958?
The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior
During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following caused internal trouble for both the Soviet Union and the United States?
The cost of the arms buildup
Which of the following was the most enduring legacy of the Mexican Revolution?
The creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants
In the 1970s, which of the following led to declining migration northward from southern European countries, such as Spain and Italy?
The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate
Which of the following contributed to the globalization of the late twentieth century world?
The emergence of a unified world market
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s and Prague Spring in 1968?
The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it
Which of the following led to increased agricultural production in China in the late 1970s?
The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas
In Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, which of the following was a manifestation of anxiety about race?
The growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior
Which of the following was a common response to class conflict in late nineteenth and early twentieth century western Europe?
The growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics
Which of the following models of political modernity was accepted most often in western Europe and the Americas by the 1930s?
The liberal democratic model
Which of the following factors challenged the nineteenth century idea of 'separate spheres' for women and men?
The movement of more women into the paid labor force
Following World War II, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization?
The nation-state
Why did Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries pose a different challenge to British rule than had the 1857 Indian Rebellion?
The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points most directly influenced which provision of the Treaty of Versailles?
The organization of a League of Nations
Which of the following was a cause of the Great Depression?
The rise of protectionism and decline of free trade
Advocates for imperialism reacted to news of the turmoil in the Belgian and German African colonies with sentiments reflected by which statement below?
The specific situation that had led tot the unrest was an exception to the enlightened rule of most European countries
Which of the following factors encouraged the British to transfer power quickly to the Indian National Congress following World War II?
The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle class leaders of the Indian National Congress
One result of the emergence of popular culture was:
The use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity
Why did the end of the Cold War lead to outbreaks of violence in the Balkans?
Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities
In the last decades of the twentieth century, which of the following had the largest impact on family life?
Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families
Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan Arab nationalism?
Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis
Which of the following initiated Japan's turn toward authoritarian rule?
Emperor Hirohito's coming to power
As the feminist movement became a global movement, women worldwide called for which of the following changes to their status?
Equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement
Which of the following was an outcome of the end of colonial rule in sub Saharan Africa?
Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface
Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies?
European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans
Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge?
Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all
The Herero revolt in German Southwest Africa was so intense that the Germans resorted to which of the following?
Extermination orders against the Herero
What prevented the republic established in China in 1911 from gaining legitimacy?
Factional and regional conflicts
Between 1840 and 1914, which of the following led to large scale migration within individual industrialized states' national boundaries?
Factory jobs in urban centers
Which of the following explains development economists' beliefs that modern famines in Africa are not natural disasters, but are man-made?
Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food
Which of the following is a reason why historians have described World War II as a total global conflict?
Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica
Which of the following led Zionist militants to use force to attempt to gain statehood?
Following World War II, the British restricted the immigration of hundreds of thousands of concentration camp survivors
The idea of 'the primitive' was used by early twentieth century European artists to symbolize which of the following?
Forces that reason could not control
Why did Henry Ford pay his automobile factory workers more than double the usual industrial wage?
Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume
Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the effects of globalization?
Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world's regions and peoples
The tension in Europe that led to World War I was partly caused by a growing nationalist rivalry between which two states?
Great Britain and Germany
On what was Sun-Yat-sen's version of Chinese Nationhood based?
Han Chinese nationalism
In what ways did Getulio Vargas seek support from Brazilian blacks?
He legalized candomble dances and samba schools
Which of the following techniques did Hitler use to create his racially based new world order?
He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews
Which of the following is the reason that Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in February 1917?
His generals believed that protests against the tsar in the capital threatened the war effort along the Eastern Front
Which of the following questions challenged Chinese intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century?
How to balance Western thought and traditional Chinese culture
Nongovernmental organizations reach a new level of influence in the later part of the twentieth century for which of the following reasons?
In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world's many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights
Which of the following was a direct response to anxiety over a loss of dominance by people of European descent in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies
Of the many factors that contributed to the unsettled nature of the turn-of-the-twentieth-century world, which of the following led most directly to the Maji-Maji Revolt?
Increasing anticolonial sentiments
Which of the following was one of the causes of the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989?
Increasing public awareness of government corruption
Which of the following led to the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia in 1979?
Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe
Following World War I, Indian nationalists embraced which of the following methods of combating colonial control?
Indians boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and refused to send their children to British schools
How did the international division of labor in the production of goods change between the period immediately following World War II and the end of the twentieth century?
Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia
At the turn of the twentieth century, 'modernism' reflected which of the following?
Intellectuals, artists, and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society
Which of the following was an effort of the US President Richard Nixon's decision to take the dollar off the gold standard?
International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities
Which of the following religiously based groups had a long tradition of offering alternatives to Western forms of government and political philosophy?
Islamic conservatism
Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a 'Hot' War?
It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars
What challenge did rising immigration in the later twentieth century pose to nation states in Europe and East Asia?
It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity
Which of the following reflects the Chinese communist party's approach toward women?
It freed women from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government
Which of the following describes the response of the United States government to the Great Depression?
It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts
How did the French Popular Front government respond to threats of a rightist coup in the 1930s?
It instituted a forty-hour work week, the right to collective bargaining, and a minimum wage
How did World War I change the role of states?
It led to an increase in the size and scope of their role in society
Which of the following was consequence of Rachel Carson's book, 'The Silent Spring?
It led to the environmental movement which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the 'American Dream' had rested
Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal?
It preserved the American system of capitalism
Which of the following was a consequence of the 1907 financial crisis in the United States?
It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs
According to Sun Yat-sen, what was demonstrated by the existence of different racial or ethnic groups in China?
It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture
Why was the Mexican revolution considered to be the most successful turn of the twentieth century revolution?
It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants' rights and land reform
What was the Marshall Plan's goal?
Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments
How did the Korean War transform Japan's relationship with the winners of World War II?
Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism
How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War II?
Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians"
Which of the following demonstrated authoritarian governments' inability to exercise total control over mass culture?
Jazz recordings were available in Germany and the Soviet Union
Which African leader invoked precolonial traditions as a basis for resisting British colonialism in Kenya?
Jomo Kenyatta
Which group was most likely to resist the system created by Frederick Winslow Taylor?
Laborers
How did World War I contribute to the rise of mass production?
Large amounts of standardized war material had to be produced as quickly and cheaply as possible
In what way did the Internet revolution reinforce the disparity between haves and have-nots in the 1990s?
Large numbers of the world's people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet
Which of the following led to the survival of local cultures at the end of the twentieth century?
Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation states
In comparison with life in First World countries, which of the following best describes life for ordinary people in Second World countries?
Lower standards of living, but higher levels of economic security
Which of the following was a consequence of countries' imposing protective tariffs?
Manufacturers cut back on production and laid off millions of workers
Why did communism appeal to many Europeans after World War II?
Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society
Which of the following was a response to the rise of giant banks and industrial corporations?
Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies
During the 1920s and 1930s, most ideas about 'being modern' acknowledged that modernity implied:
Mass production and consumption
How did the assumptions made by scientists in the modernist era differ from those of Enlightenment era scientists?
Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties
Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights?
Mohandas Gandhi
Which individual was most responsible for mobilizing a mass anti colonial movement in British controlled india?
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reform program included which of the following?
Multicandidate elections for communist party posts
Under what circumstances did Benito Mussolini initially gain control of the Italian government?
Mussolini was appointed prime minister by the Italian King
In the 1980s an 1990s, which of the following highlighted the declining efficacy of the nation-state?
Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming
Jawaharlal Nehru disagreed with Gandhi in which of the following ways?
Nehru believed that India needed to embrace science and technology to develop as a modern nation
Which of the following is accurate for both Hitler and Mussolini?
Neither won an electoral majority before being appointed to power
Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War II?
Urban unemployed, former servicemen, Western-educated indigenous elites
In general, anticolonial nationalist movements wanted to:
Use their indigenous cultural and religious traditions as sources for mobilization
By the end of the 1930s, how did most people perceive the liberal democratic model of governance?
Weak and vulnerable
What happened to the global distribution of wealth by the end of the twentieth century?
Wealth became concentrated in small groups of rich people scattered around the world
Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule
Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement
By the end of the nineteenth century, how did European and American nationalist and racial ideas compare to those of the rest of the world?
Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity, while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to Western domination
In post World War II western Europe, the 'woman question' concerned what new problem?
Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility
How did discrimination against women hurt developing countries' efforts to combat poverty at the end of the twentieth century?
Women's lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their abilities to become effective economic actors
Progressive reformers' goals included which of the following?
Creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization
Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the twentieth century?
They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self determination
Why did many African leaders think that Africa would move swiftly to a special African form of socialism following decolonization?
They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality
Which of the following was a reason why Hitler and the Nazis were popular with the German electorate?
They claimed success in restoring order and improving the economy
Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries?
They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms
During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries?
They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps
Indian intellectuals used Western culture to promote Indian nationalism in which of the following ways?
They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers, pamphlets and journals
Why were the World Bank and International Monetary Fund accused of engaging in neo-imperialism at the end of the twentieth century?
They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance
Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union?
They had diametrically opposed political and economic idealogies
In order to establish a modern national identity, both Indian and Latin American intellectuals turned to which of the following?
They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity
How did Pacific Rim nations such as South Korea and Taiwan escape the typical Third World cycle of poverty and dependence?
They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms
How did Latin American governments respond to decline of their export economies and access to foreign capital during the 1920s and 1930s?
They worked to make domestic industry their main engine of economic growth
Which of the following was a primary goal of the truth commission process used during transitions from oppressive governments to democratic ones?
To increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government
What did Pan-Islamism ask of Muslims?
To put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression
Which of the following was a consequence of the mass mobilizations required by World War I
Traditional gender boundaries were undermined
