History 102
military weaponry and the space race
A revolution in computer technology was fostered by advancements in what two areas?
Violent evolution by the lower classes
According to Karl Marx, how would socialism be established?
The economic relationship between classes
According to Marx, what was the driving historical force in the nineteenth century?
about 50 million human beings perished.
According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War?
Biologically superior as well as culturally superior
After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples how?
Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own
After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?
Bible, the chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints.
As literacy expanded among the common people, which type of popular literature became a staple?
Human rights
As the European Union has become increasingly politically and economically powerful in the twenty-first century, it has sought to use its clout to advocate for what?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve living conditions of citizens
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was what belief?
Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant that parks or other open spaces were almost nonexistent
Briefly characterize early-nineteenth-century British cities
They live in separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions
Briefly characterize the daily life of most immigrants to Europe in the twenty-first century.
In England, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially
Briefly describe colonial trade in Europe in the eighteenth century.
It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico
Briefly describe some of the more crucial results of the Mexican-American War to the United States
To ease tensions; Only after Hitler was defeated would the Allies mount an all out attack on Japan, the lesser threat.
Briefly describe the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II.
guaranteed equality before the law
Briefly describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Banned children under nine years of age from employment
Briefly describe the Factory Act of 1833.
matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world
Briefly describe the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdom, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Briefly describe the composition of Napoleon's Grand Empire.
Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on their children
Briefly describe the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century
The disciplining of children was often sever in order to conquer the child's will
Briefly describe the disciplining of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
An emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity
Briefly describe the focus of the Romantic Movement.
The greatest benefits from increased trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West
Briefly describe the goal the Western world hoped to achieve through the global economic system.
Stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850
Briefly describe the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the living and working conditions of the poor.
more wars and likely fewer people
Briefly describe the impact of the slave trade on Africa.
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
Briefly describe the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued.
Reinstated a harsh dictatorship
Briefly describe the political climate in the Soviet Union from immediately after the Second World War until Stalin's death in 1953
People should be able to choose national governments
Briefly describe the principle of national self- determination that was promoted by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson.
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers
Briefly describe the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884- 1885.
It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe.
Briefly discuss some of the accomplishments of the Marshall Plan.
Economic stagnation and overextension of the military
Briefly discuss the primary factors that led directly to the Soviet Union's decline in 1991.
To roeserve religious life in Germany
Briefly discuss the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches.
all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin
Briefly explain Charles Darwin's ideas
Profit stolen from the working class
Briefly explain Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's philosophy regarding property.
Malnutrition made people more susceptible top deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.
Briefly explain how famines affected the European population in the seventeenth century.
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production
Briefly explain how industry grew in continental Europe.
an extensive system of state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home
Briefly explain the experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc co untries of the 1970s
To create large political empires in the new imperial lands
Briefly explain the goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century.
Regional differences exacerbated by slavery
Briefly explain the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States.
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
Briefly explain the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system.
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable
Briefly explain the teachings of the nineteenth- century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard.
They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.
Briefly explain why Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary were the most successful eastern European nations at economic modernization.
The power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
Briefly note the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes.
Luddites
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
Economic and technological transformation.
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of what?
Always adhere to a strict moral code
Describe some of the attitudes toward behavior and morality on which the middle class generally agreed.
Both legal and illegal work in guilds became more accessible to women
Describe the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century.
Expose the meaningless of modern life and society
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?
Lawyers and government officials
From what segment of the population did the men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General typically come?
Natural Philosophy
Fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned
Foundling Hospitals
Had extremely high death rates
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro and anti-slavery delegates?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
How did European governments respond to the new science?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified in one coherent system
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a Democratic Party with mass membership
How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
He left big business to regulate itself and never purged its members
How did Mussolini acquire support from big business in Italy?
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church
How did Poland differ from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individual came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
They worked to improve the lives of Indian women through education and legislation
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures.
How did the European response to terrorism differ from the American response?
Reforms established equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religions disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
As politically untrustworthy because of their exposure to Western society
How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home from the West after the war?
It created coalition governments of political parties but reserved pro key government posts for Russian communists
How did the Soviet Union initially organize the Eastern Europen nations as it overthrew pro-Nazi regimes?
A. It functioned as a largely "self governing" colony
How did the Union of South Africa function differently from any other territory in Africa?
They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements
How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized Spector sports became popular
How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?
The towns people ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
Politicians and parties became more responsive to the needs of the people they represented
How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?
The middle class established a range of new professions that required specialized knowledge and advanced education
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
The modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
Real wages rose for most of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease
How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
How does the textbook characterize education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
by new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
Married women were not expected to work outside the home
Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century resulted in which societal change for middle-class families?
farming and agriculture
In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
France
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from which European power?
The Western world's emphasis on rationality had repressed the true passions that drive human activity and creativity
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued what?
The id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted what?
economic growth
In the 1950s and 1960s, what was the basic objective of all western European governments?
modern mass media such as cinema and radio
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusement s of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by what?
The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs
In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
Vegetables
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes generally consisted of what?
The parish church
In the eighteenth century, what location was the focal point of community cohesion?
He toned down the party's anti capitalist elements and vowed to fight communism
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
Spain
In the nineteenth century, which country dominated the three- thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?w
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science
In what ways did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
Russian Peasants
Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) was a political compromise with which group?
Electricity
One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth centurywas a form of commercial energy developed from what?
An imbalance between real investment and speculation
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of what?
The Catholic Church
The National Assembly passed legislation between 1789 and 1791 that attempted to undermine the power of whom?
Fascist tactics of the 1930s
The counterculture movement based its tactics, including sit- ins and boycotts on what previous movement?
The Persian Gulf War
The effort of the United States and western Europe to promote international consensus under U.S. guidance was clearly demonstrated in which 1991 conflict?
Laissez faire
The government should intervene in industry but not in agriculture
An increased demand for technologists and managers.
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to what
Enclosure Movement
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
European states and North America
The largest share of European foreign investment went to which region?
The violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own militants
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largely for what reason?
relied on high-tech and service- oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry manufacturing jobs
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s focused on _______________jobs rather than on______________________jobs.
An internal monologue to explore the psyche
The stream-of-consciousness technique in twentieth- century literature was what?
Balance of Power
The victorious allies were guided by
The Buddhist understanding of practical life
To what does the "middle way" refer?
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few investments that were immediately profitable
To which extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains before 1914, and why?
The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its own interests unilaterally.
What aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?
The nationalist ideal of self-determination
What belief drove native opposition to European colonial rule?
replace individualism with a unified "people."
What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Regulated the church more closely, reduced nobles' power over their serfs
What did Empress Maria Theresa of Austria do to improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants?
Rampant overuse of pesticides
What environmental threat did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?
Russia's defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica
What event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs in 1995?
OPEC, Iranian revolution
What event triggered a second global oil shock in 1979?
It was a necessary precondition of economic independence
What factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
What factor was the most important influence on the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain?
The possibility of buying land in their home country
What factor was the primary influence on whether European immigran ts returned to their native lands?
Buying on margin
What factors were important in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.
What idea did the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
What is Rousseau's concept of the general will?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
What is the best way to describe the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Land holding and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
What kind of arguments did advocates for agricultural innovation make in the eighteenth century?
European promotion of human rights
What led the European Union to intervene militarily in the Balkan War?
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land
What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?
Highly regarded artists
What social group was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?
People derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
What type of society was created during the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade
What types of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
What was Germany's goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain?
Was precisely related to the distance from the sun
What was Johannes Kepler's belief about the elliptical orbit of planets?
Married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality
What was a major reason for the decline in western European birthrates?
British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.
What was appeasement, as practiced in the 1930s?
Featured varying degrees of government involvement
What was railroad construction on the European continent like?
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
It drove a wedge between Catholics and anti-Semites
What was the Dreyfus affair and what effect did it have on late-nineteenth-century France?
giving parliament more power over the monarchy and starts the beginnings of a political democracy.
What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
What was the Holocaust?
A rapid invasion of France through neutral Belgium before turning on Russia
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Conquest of Smallpox
What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth- century medical science?
Found that they could not get well-paying jobs
What was the impact of the "separate spheres" idea on middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home?
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
What was the industrious revolution a result of?
Philosophy is nothing more than the logical clarification of thoughts
What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century ?
The peace of Paris
What was the main factor in the British victory in the Seven Years' War?
The universe functioned in a mechanical fashion
What was the most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature?
90% were imported into the Caribbean and South America. Only 6% were sent to British North America
What was the percentage of slaves taken from Africa to Brazil or Caribbean compared to the percentage taken to North America
Prepare children for work in the industrial setting and promote credence to managerial authority
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
Generally supported their foreign rulers
What was the role of the African colonial subjects of Britain and France during the First World War?
Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's work?
Improved water supply and sewage systems
What were European public health measures like in the eighteenth century?
They believe that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities
What were some of the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society?
Growth in armed forces
What were some of the heightened central controls established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Providing care for the large number of injured veterans
What were some of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments after the First World War?
They allowed marriage between a Jew and a person defined as a German
What were the 1935 Nuremberg Laws and what were some of the primary effects of the laws on Jews in Germany?
Respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries
What were the Helsinki Accords of 1975?
excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
What were the central components of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?
To reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decision by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning
What were the leaders of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia hoping to achieve?
May 14, 1948.
When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?
White propertied men
When liberals in the late eighteenth century called for equality, what did they actually mean?
The emergence of scientific racism
Which aspect of society during the Enlightenment enabled elites in the Western world to justify t he growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
Spain
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Great Britain, France, Russia
Which major European powers allied with the Greeks in their revolution against the Ottoman Empire?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s
Which major breakthrough in energy and power supplies catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform
Which new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany
Which six western European countries formed the European Eco nomic Community, or Common Market,in 1957?
He modernized Paris through a massive rebuilding program
Who was Georges Haussmann?
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the latter a founding text of the feminist movement
Who was Olympe de Gouges and what made her influential?
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?
Feared it would lose future economic opportunities if France and Germany seized those lands and used high tariffs to seal them off from Britain
Why did Great Britain choose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century?
After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
As a response to U.S. military puressure
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
They held Classical Greek culture in high esteem
Why did many Europeans and Americans embrace the Greek Revolution?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity
Why did nationalists oppose greater European Union political integration?
Acquisition of literacy by the masses
Why did reading change during the Enlightenment?
The increasingly radical and aggressive trade-union movements frightened socialist parties and turned them in a more moderate direction
Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?
Find the unique greatness of their respective peoples' histories and cultures
Why did the Romantics and early nationalists investigate folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs?
elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Why was Poland partitioned in the late 18th century and who were the key players involved?
It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
Why were rulers in the 17th century often hesitant about crushing rebellions?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?
"Separate Spheres" (as they relate to gender)
Women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born
Mercantilism
a system based on the benefits of profitable trading
Moral Economy
a world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit
populism
support for the concerns of ordinary people
nativism
the belief that those born in a country are superior to immigrants
