History 110 Test 1 pt.2

Describe the social hierarchy of seventeenth century Europe and the importance of the Great Chain of Being.

(textbook page 351) Social Structure- Nobles: Clergy: Common People: Elite & Gentry, Citizens and tradesmen Great Chain Of Being: a description of the universe in which everything had a place, from God at the top to inanimate objects such as rocks and stones at the bottom.

Why, after 1792, did the French Revolution turn so violent?

* not on test

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution

An international scientific community emerged whose primary goal was the expansion of knowledge A modern scientific method arose that was both theoretical and experimental and refused to base its conclusions on tradition and established sources Because the link between theoretical, or pure, science and applied technology was weak, the scientific revolution had little effect on daily life at the time

Identify several policies Cardinal Richelieu developed during the reign of Louis XIII of France and his purpose for doing so.

Apart of clergy, catholic leader of france, with louis XIII, supportive of absolutest, Richelieu envisioned ????Enemy were the nobles The french academy- maintaing a common language destroying castles (1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Identify and describe at least two types of public spaces that became popular during the enlightenment.

Coffee Houses- Salons- regular social gatherings held by wealthy women of Paris attended by philosophers, writers, artists, scientist and other great intellects to discuss ideas.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler, formulated three laws of planetary motion that mathematically proved the precise relations of a sun-centered (solar) system Orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular The planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits The time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun (came close to formulating the idea of universal gravitation)

17th century Prussia

Prussia in the Seventeenth Century While local princes lost political power and influence, a revitalized landed nobility became the ruling class; the Hohenzollern family ruled the electorate of Brandenburg and Prussia (largest landowners in a landlord society) Brandenburg was completely cut off from the sea and the territory of the elector's cousin, the duke of Prussia, was totally separated from Brandenburg In 1618 the junior branch of the Hohenzollern family died and Prussia reverted to the elector of Brandenburg who was a helpless spectator in the 30 Years' War Devastation of Brandenburg and Prussia prepared the way for Hohenzollern absolutism because foreign armies weakened the political power of the Estates The weakening of the representative assemblies of the realm, allowed elector Frederick William ("Great Elector") to take step towards royal absolutism The Great Elector was determined to unify Brandenburg (area around Berlin), Prussia (part of Poland), and scattered holdings along the Rhine in western Germany Taxes could be charged with their consent and the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia were dominated by the nobility and landowning classes, known as "Junkers" To pay for the permanent standing army (1660) Frederick William forced the Estates to accept the introduction of permanent taxation without consent and the soldiers became the core of the rapidly expanding state bureaucracy (In 1688, the army contained thirty thousand, many French Huguenots welcomed as citizens) Two factors that appear central are war (invasion by the wild Tartars of southern Russia softened Estates and strengthen the urgency for more soldiers) and nobility having long dominated the government through the Estates for narrow self-interest The Great Elector reduced the political power of the Estates but accepted a compromise whereby the bulk of the new taxes fell on towns and royal authority stopped at the landlords' gates (Konisberg leader arrested and imprisoned) Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism The Great Elector's successor Elector Frederick III ("the Ostentatious"), was focused on imitating the style of Louis XIV (crowned King Frederick I for aiding the Holy Roman emperor in the War of the Spanish Succession) Frederick William I, "the Soldiers' King," part of the Hohenzollern family, established Prussian absolutism creating the best army in Europe (size) Frederick William loved tall soldiers and his love of the army was based on a conception of the struggle for power and a dog-eat-dog view of international politics He created a strong centralized bureaucracy but he was always in conflict with the noble landowners, the Junkers (instead of destroying them, enlisted them in the army) A new compromise was worked out whereby the nobility imperiously commanded the peasantry in the army as well as on the estates Frederick William's standing army reached eighty-three thousand, his bureaucracy administered the country, even trying to build economically, but the Prussian people still paid a heavy and lasting practice for the obsessions of their royal drillmaster

Be able to describe the causes of the Thirty Years' War, its key participants, and several outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia, 1648.

causes-A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Wars ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. Chronology: 1)Bohemian Protestants revolt 2)Hapsburg Triumphs 3)Hapsburg Defeats 4)Peace of Westphalia key participants- major conflicts- religion, territory and power among European ruling families. outcomes of the peace of westphalia-Ended Thirty Years War, its consequences weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, strengthened France by awarding it German Territory, ended religious warfare in Europe, developed the sovereign states system

What happened to the Stuart kings of England when they tried to practice absolutism? What demands did Parliament make of James I and Charles I and how did these monarchs respond?

they were beheaded, both had problems with parliament.

How did the conflicts between Louis XIV of France and William of Orange of the Dutch Republic (aka William III of England) affect Europe in the late 1600s and early 1700s?

-Louis XIV made territorial gains in the Low Countries and Lorraine before his armies could not fight anymore (William of Orange became king of England, joined the League of Augsburg, composed of Habsburg, Spain, and Sweden, and Louis could not compete against the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England after 1694

What assurances made by Charles II allowed for the return of the Stuart kings to England in 1660? What suspicions did Parliament have of the restored monarchs?

-The Restoration of 1660 re-established the reign of Charles II, houses of Parliament, established Anglican church, the courts of law, and the system of local governments but failed to resolve attitude of Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the state church and what was to be the relationship between the king and the Parliament. - The relationship between the Parliament and Charles II was due to the king's appointment of a council of five men who served both as his major advisers and as members of Parliament, thus acting as liaison agents between the executive and the legislature (body known as the "Cabal" and was the ancestor of the cabinet system) -Harmony existed on the understanding that Charles would summon frequent parliaments and that Parliament would vote him sufficient revenues

seven years war

-austria signed alliance with france (russia now is ally) -prussia signed treaty with gb in retaliation -prussia attacks saxony (an ally of austria) -in north america=french and indian war -no real changes in europe -transfer of french canada to britain -more control of india for britain

Name two alternatives to absolutism that emerged in Europe by the late seventeenth century and locate them geographically. How did these regimes differ from the absolutists?

-constitutional monarchy (England, Holland, Sweden) rulers shared powerm in varying degrees, with other institutions of the state. In england it was parliament; In holland, the town oligarchies; in sweden; the nobility. -alternative to the constitutional monarchy was the absolute monarchy. the main features of absolute monarchy were all designed to extend royal control. without government they were condemned to a life that was :solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." to escape, individuals pooled their power and granted it to a ruler. rulers agreed to rule;subjects agreed to obey. ?????

Causes of the glorious revolution

-james II (brother of charles II) takes over -suspends all anti catholic laws -appoints catholic to gov positions -catholic wife gives birth to catholic son -parliament afraid of another revolution

glorious revolution results

-parliament encourages william of orange (who is married to daughter of james II, mary I) to come and invade -william "invades" england

Who was the Sun King and how did he dominate France's nobles? Describe the role played by Jean Baptiste Colbert in that government.

.383 382 Sun King- Louis XIV How did he dominate- Louis XIV separated power from status and grandeur using court ceremonies, entertainment, spies, and informers to reduce the power of the nobility. He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France. Jean Bapsiste Colbert in that government- Louis XIV named Jean Baptiste Colbert, the controller general of finances and later came to manage the entire royal administration and became chief financial minister -Colbert using his principle theory, insisted that the French sell abroad and buy nothing back and used subsidies for domestic industries, tariffs, and policies to attract foreign artisans in order to make France self-sufficient and to boost exports -Colbert's most important work was the creation of a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods and promoted colonization of French territories in N. A.

Explain the important characteristics of the Enlightenment.

1. Reason: Logic which is absent of intolerance, bigotry and prejudice 2. Nature: Natural laws for everything 3. Happiness: Result of accepting nature's laws 4. Progress: could perfect human society 5. Liberty: freedom of thought

What events in the reign of Charles I of England led to the English Civil War? What were three outcomes of the conflict?

372-373

What role did Oliver Cromwell play in England's government between 1650 and 1658? How did it differ from what came before?

375,376 falls between charles 1st and charles II, 1600s, took over england 1650-1658, england being governed by a monarchy, known as the lord and protector. no fun allowed type of guy, puritanism, Oliver Cromwell controlled the army that had defeated the royal forces and though called the "Protectorate," rule under Cromwell constituted military dictatorship,By infusing the army with his Puritan convictions, he molded the "New Model Army" and prepared a constitution, the Instrument of Government (1653) which gave executive power in a lord protector and a council of state and also provided for triennial parliaments and gave Parliament the sole power to raise taxes, Cromwell tore up the Instrument but proclaimed quasi-martial law by dividing England into twelve military districts, each governed by a major general, Cromwell tolerated Catholicism except Roman Catholics, crushed rebellion in Ireland, regulated the nation's economy (mercantilism) and enforced a Navigation Act (1651) that required English goods be transported on English ships, The government collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658 and restored monarchy.

Causes of Scientific Revolution

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Medieval intellectual life and universities provided the framework for the new science In 1300, philosophy took its place alongside law, medicine, and theology in universities --> medieval philosophers developed a limited but real independence from theologians and a sense of free inquiry Science was able to emerge as a minor but distinct branch of philosophy: leading universities established new professorships of mathematics, astronomy, and physics

Describe the Glorious Revolution and identify at least two significant changes to England's monarchy and parliament that resulted from it. How did John Locke contribute to these changes?

Description- Negotions between James II and William, prince of Orange, husband of Mary Stuart, Jame's oldest daughters. In 1688, William landed in England with a small force. Without support, James II fled to France, the English throne was declared vacant, and William and mary were proclaimed king and queen of England. There was little bloodshed and little threat to social disorder, and the event soon came to be called the Glorious Revolutions. -2 significant changes- James is kicked out of power, William and Mary come to power, limited monarchy comes to power, new rights are recognized John Locke- The events in England reversed a trend toward increasing power on the part of the stuarts. This episode of resistance resulted in the development of a unique form of government, which, a century later, spawned dozens of imitators. John Locke was heir to the entry old debate on resistance, and he carried the doctrine to a new plateau. In Two Treatises On Government (1689) Locke developed the contract theory of government. Political society was a compact that individuals entered into freely for their own- well being. It was designed to maintain each person's natural rights: life, liberty and properties. Natural rights were inherent in individuals; they could not be given away. The contract between rulers and subjects was an agreement for the protection of natural rights.

What were the contributions of Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton to scientific inquiry in the seventeenth century?

Francis Bacon- Empiricism Francis Bacon advocated empirical, experimental research Greatest early propagandist for the new experimental method Formalized the empirical method into the general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism Helped provide a radically new and effective justification for private and public support of scientific inquiry Rene Descartes- Logic?? (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He wrote, "I think; therefore, I am." His method of questioning was built upon a strict, orderly logical reasoning. René Descartes stressed mathematics and deductive reasoning Discovered analytical geometry Greatest achievement was developing his initial vision into a whole philosophy of knowledge and science known as Cartesian dualism: his reasoning reduced all substances to "matter" and "mind," or to the physical and the spiritual The modern scientific method is based on a synthesis of Bacon's inductive experimentalism and Descartes's deductive, mathematical reasoning Isaac Newton- Synthesis English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation and means of measuring motion. His work inspired the notion of natural and universal laws ordering and arranging life. In his famous book, Principia (1687), Newton integrated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo Found a single explanatory system that comprehended motion both on earth and in the skies United the experimental and theoretical-mathematical sides of modern science The key feature in his synthesis was the law of universal gravitation: every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for three reasons:

French was the international language of the educated classes in Europe, whose education came from French tutors supporting Enlightenment ideas Intellectual radicals in France did not face the overwhelming restraints found in eastern Europe The philosophes were committed to reaching and influencing all the European elites, or the public (the educated or enlightened) The public was quite different from the great majority of the population, which was known as the common people, or simply "the people"

What role did scientific societies and academies sponsored by European governments play in the scientific revolution and Enlightenment?

Impact of Academics: developments of civil discourse among scientists, communication/networking of scientific discovery/ secretary was a key leader of accademies, academy press.

Be able to describe the key religious settlement that brought an end to religious wars in Europe during by the mid-seventeenth century.

Peace of Westphalia ended 30 years war, the prince determines the religion of the people, calvinists could be apart of the holy roman empire. whatever religion the prince is the people must be too

The reforms of Peter the Great

Peter the Great, under his kind of monarchial absolutism, was interested primarily in military power and after gaining a large mass of Ukraine from Poland and completing the conquest of the tribes of all Siberia, Muscovy was three times larger than Europe Peter sought personal gain overturning the regency in 1689 and assumed personal rule To keep up with the professional standing armies in Europe, Peter required every nobleman was once again required to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life (required five years of compulsory education from home for every nobleman) Peter greatly increased the service requirements of the commoners by assigning serfs to work in the growing number of factories and mines He established a regular standing army of more than 200,000 soldiers, made up mainly of peasants commanded by officers from the nobility and constant warfare of Peter's reign consumed 80 to 85 percent of all revenues Great Northern War with Sweden, lasting from 1700 to 1721 crowned Russia the victor and Peter's army crushed the smaller army of Sweden's Charles XII in Ukraine at Poltava in 1709, one of the most significant battles in Russian history; Sweden never regained the offensive and Russia annexed Estonia and much of Latvia For the first time, under Peter, a Russian tsar attached explanations to his decrees in an attempt to gain the confidence and enthusiastic support of the populace

Identify the basic religious divisions and their primary locations as they emerged among seventeenth century European Christians.

Protestant Denominations -Lutherns believe Salvation came through demonstration of faith not works, in a simple structure of the Church, people should have a direct connection to God/ there is no need for a Pope. People should be able to read and interpret the Bible on their own. People shouldn't have to pay to see the Relics. Lutherism: break away from Catholicism lead by Luther which focused on personal interaction within biblical teachings, The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicismin the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith Locations: Germany, Scandinavia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, -Anabaptists are A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. Locations: in small communities and towns in the Holy Roman Empire -Calvinists are the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace aloneLocations: Scotland (presbyterians) Netherlands, Bohemia, France, (Huguenots), Switzerland -Anglican; England

Identify three Eastern European regimes that emerged as absolutists in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. How were monarchs in these three countries influenced by Enlightenment thought?

Prussia- Russia- Catherine the great- gets away from tourture and capital punishment Austria- Joseph II- gets rid of serfdom enlightened thinking- religious freedom

Compare and contrast the lifestyles of people in the rural countryside to the lifestyles of people in the towns of early seventeenth century Europe.

Rural Life- Division of time Place: Parish & Manor Costs: Tithes, Rents, and Taxes Security of land tenure Agricultural Animal husbandry Town Life- Division of time Commerce, guilds Labor and wages Security Manufacturing and agriculture Need for surplus rural labor and ag. production

Recap the changes in astronomy that occurred between the 1530s and 1630s that inspired future generations of natural philosophers, mathematicians, experimental philosophers, etc. What did Galileo Galilei challenge the Catholic Church to do?

Scientific Thought in 1500 European ideas about the universe were based on Aristotelian-medieval ideas Ten crystal spheres moved around a motionless earth fixed at the center of the universe and beyond the spheres was heaven Earth was made up of four imperfect, changeable elements: air, fire, water, earth A uniform force moved an object at a constant speed and the object would stop as soon as that force was moved Aristotle's ideas about astronomy and physics were accepted with minor revisions for two thousand years Offered an understandable, commonsense explanation for what the eye saw Suited Christianity because it positioned human beings at the center of the universe and established a home for God (science in this period was primarily a branch of theology) Galileo Galilei was a Florentine that challenged all the old ideas about motion Greatest achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method (conducted controlled experiments to find out what actually did happen instead of speculating) Formulated the law of inertia: an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force (rest is not the natural state of objects) Tried for heresy by the papal Inquisition in 1632 and forced to recant his views after openly criticizing the traditional views of Aristotle and Ptolemy in his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World The traditional religious and theological world-view, which rested on determining and accepting the proper established authority, was beginning to give way in certain fields to a critical, modern scientific method (greatest accomplishment of the entire scientific revolution)

What sparked the War of Spanish Succession?

The War of the Spanish Succession involved the dynastic question of the succession to the Spanish throne; King Charles II of Spain died in 1700 -Charles passed the Spanish throne to Louis XIV's grandson (Philip of Anjou); England, Holland, Austria, and Prussia united against France to preserve the European balance of power and check the French expansion in the Americas, Asia, and Africa (Louis XIV reneged on the treaty and accepted the will)

3 core concepts at the center of enlightenment thinking

The methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life; reason (most important and original idea) Rationalism - everything is to be submitted to the rational, critical, scientific way of thinking The scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature (social science) Progress—the creation of better societies and better people—is possible The birth of social science led to progress

Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer that agreed with the Copernican hypothesis Established himself as Europe's leading astronomer with his detailed observations of a new star that appeared in 1572 Built the most sophisticated observatory of his time with generous grants from the king of Denmark Greatest contribution was his mass of data Believed that all the planets revolved around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolved in turn around the earth-moon system (part Ptolemaic, part Copernican)

How did the work of 17th century English thinkers influence the Philosophes of France in the 18th century?

chapter 19

Name the two primary dynasties that competed for dominance on the Continent during the seventeenth century and locate their possessions on a map.

hapsburgs and burbons

Absolutism and Broque Architecture

ntroduction Royal absolutism interacted with baroque culture, art, baroque music and literature Inspired by Louis XIV of France, the great and not-so-great rulers called on the artistic talent of the age to glorify their power and magnificence Palaces and Power Dramatic baroque palaces symbolized the age of absolutist and baroque palaces were intended to overawe the people with monarch's strength (modeled after Versailles) Emperor Leopold ordered the building of Schonbrunn, an enormous Viennese Versailles to celebrate Habsburg might, Charles XI of Sweden ordered construction of his Royal Palace in Stockholm, and Frederick I of Prussia built palace in Berlin Prince Eugene, under the service of Emperor Leopold I, led the Austrian army, and called architects J.B. Fischer (Winger Palace in Vienna) and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (Summer Palace on the city's outskirts) Palaces expressed the baroque delight in bold, sweeping statements, and to create this experience, masters dissolved the traditional artistic frontiers: the architect permitted the painter and the artisan to cover a building's undulating surfaces with wildly colorful paintings, graceful sculptures, and fanciful carvings Royal Cities Broad, straight avenues radiated out from the palace (all roads were focused on ruler) The distinctive features of new additions were their broad avenues, their imposing government buildings, and their rigorous mathematical layout (speeding carriages) The Growth of St. Petersburg St. Petersburg demonstrates the close ties among politics, architecture, and urban development (small Swedish fortress on an island at the mouth of the Neva River) From a new city, his "window on Europe," Peter believed it would be easier to reform the country militarily and administratively Peter wanted modernity, otherwise broad, straight, stone-paved avenues; houses built in a uniform line and not haphazardly set back from the street,; large parks; canals for drainage; stone bridges; and street lighting All building had to conform strictly to detailed architectural regulations set down by the government and each social group was to live in a certain part of the town To create St. Petersburg, the government drafted twenty-five to forty thousand men each summer to labor in St. Petersburg from three months without pay The building of St. Petersburg was an enormous direct tax levied on the wealthy, which in turn forced the peasantry to do most of the work The only immediate beneficiaries were the foreign architects and urban planners

How did monarchs and political theorists justify absolutism? Identify examples of absolutist regimes.

pg.378????

austria and the ottoman turks

​Czech nobility, largely Protestant, dominated the Bohemian Estates, the represent-ative body of the different legal orders in Bohemia but at Battle of the White Mountain, Habsburg defeated Protestants and new nobility "enslaved" local peasants After the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand III, centralized the government in the hereditary German-speaking provinces (Austria, Styria, and Tyrol -- permanent army) Ottomans, from Anatolia (Turkey), reached their peak in the middle of the sixteenth century under Suleiman the Magnificent and their possessions stretched from western Persia across North Africa and up into the heart of central Europe Apostles of Islam, the Ottoman Turks were foes of the Catholic Habsburgs The Ottoman Empire was built on the conception of state and society where all the agricultural land of the empire was the personal hereditary property of the sultan The top ranks of the bureaucracy were staffed by the sultan's slave corps (slave tax) Ottomans were more tolerant of other religions than the Europeans were Weak sultans failed to keep up with European military advances and finally with an alliance with Louis XIV of France, surrounded Vienna and laid siege to it in 1683, but the Habsburg defeated them, expanding into Hungary and Transylvania In 1713, Charles VI proclaimed the so-called Pragmatic Sanction, which state that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and passed to single heir intact The Hungarian nobility, despite its reduced strength, thwarted the full development of Habsburg absolutism as most of them being Protestants continued to insist on their traditional rights and rebelled under Prince Francis Rakoczy in 1703 (compromise)