history 1112 ch 19

About how many people moved into cities in the United States between 1870 and 1900?

11 million

What did Frederick Law Olmsted promote to encourage the beautification of American cities in the late nineteenth century?

The development of urban public parks

The Knights of Labor, a prominent labor organization of the late nineteenth century that advocated a "universal brotherhood" of all workers, pursued

broad social reforms.

In the nineteenth century, the schedule of most industrial and manufacturing work was

seasonal.

What percentage of American homes in cities in the late nineteenth century employed live-in domestic help?

15 to 30 percent

What attracted immigrants from southern and eastern Europe to the United States in the late nineteenth century?

Advertisements from steamship companies and reports from other sources that emphasized American prosperity

What change led to the massive redistribution of the American population over the last few decades of the nineteenth century?

Agricultural workers and immigrants were simultaneously moving to American cities.

What did the White City, constructed for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, represent?

America's emergent industrial might with its inventions, manufactured goods, and consumer culture

Which of the following describes the world economy at the turn of the twentieth century?

An industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism

How did cities respond to technological developments in the late nineteenth century?

Cities embraced technological developments, undertaking an array of large public works projects.

How did domestic employment reflect racial and ethnic divisions in the late nineteenth century?

Domestic employment drew upon the cheap labor provided by racial and ethnic minorities.

Why did the city of Chicago lead the nation in skyscraper development?

Fire cleared a portion of the city, spurring new construction.

During the Chicago May Day rally in 1886, workers sang the following anthem: "We want to feel the sunshine; We want to smell the flowers, We're sure that God has willed it, And we mean to have eight hours. Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will!" What do the sunshine and flowers mentioned in this verse represent?

Increased leisure time due to an eight-hour work day

Which of the following was a skilled craft in late-nineteenth-century America?

Iron puddling

How did the increase in the number of women working in manufacturing and mechanical industries between 1870 and 1890 affect the number of women working in other types of occupations?

It did not impact the number of women working in domestic and personal service or trade and transportation.

What were working conditions at mechanized textile mills like in the late nineteenth century?

Loud and dangerous

How did patterns of hiring household help change during the nineteenth century?

More families hired live-in domestic servants than they had in the past.

Which of the following best characterizes the family economy of working-class Americans and immigrants in the late nineteenth century?

Most immigrant and working-class families depended on the contributions of all members.

Why could even skilled workers not be assured of steady employment in the latter part of the nineteenth century?

Most industry and manufacturing work remained seasonal.

Why did U.S. industrialists begin to hire cheap labor from around the world after the 1870s?

Railroad expansion and low steamship fares brought flocks of immigrants to America.

What pseudoscientific ideology held that whites stood at the top of the evolutionary ladder?

Social Darwinism

From where did the majority of new immigrants to the United States arrive after 1880?

Southern and eastern Europe

Which building material reshaped the growth of cities in the late nineteenth century?

Structural steel

Which of the following events first displayed the power of workers' collective action to the entire nation?

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Why did the Knights of Labor deny bankers from being members in their organization?

The Knights considered bankers "parasitic" members of society.

How did the Knights of Labor change as a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

The Knights dropped their mantle of secrecy and began openly recruiting any and all workers.

Which of the following describes the pattern of children's employment in factories during the decades leading up to World War I?

The employment of children in the paid labor force increased decade by decade.

What enhanced the mobility of people around the world after the 1870s?

The expansion of railroads and low steamship fares

What was the White City, constructed in 1893 five miles down the shore from Chicago?

The home of the Columbian Exposition

What development rearranged the social geography of American cities in the late nineteenth century?

The introduction of mass transit

What transformed the American textile industry during the nineteenth century?

The mechanization of weaving

Why did department stores like Wanamaker's in Philadelphia stand out in the urban landscape in the late nineteenth century?

Their ornate façades and opulent design suggested the material promise of the time.

What was the function of political machines in late-nineteenth-century cities?

They allowed political parties to control many functions of a city.

What kinds of jobs did new immigrants perform at the end of the nineteenth century?

They built railroads, subways, and bridges in America's cities.

How did department store saleswomen in the late nineteenth century believe they compared to factory workers of the period?

They saw themselves as superior to factory workers despite lower pay.

Why was it difficult for reform-oriented mayors to stay in office for long?

They usually failed to deliver enough to get them reelected.

Why were laborers unable to benefit from urban improvements in the same way as middle-class Americans?

They worked six days a week and only had Sunday free, when a lot of public attractions were closed.

Which of the following terms was used to refer to women who worked in the clerical field in the late nineteenth century?

Typewriters

Which of the following describes the immigrant women who came to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century?

Wives, mothers, and daughters

Which of the following describes the immigrants, mostly Italian, who were known as "birds of passage"?

Young men who came to the United States for a season or two

The closing of the Columbian Exposition in Chicago coincided with

an economic depression.

In comparison to middle-class homes in the late nineteenth century, working-class homes were

crowded.

Most late-nineteenth-century executives and managers came from the 8 percent of the American population who

had completed high school.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, more and more domestics in the northern states were

immigrants.

In the late nineteenth century, married black women often supplemented their family income by working

outside the home as domestics.

By the late nineteenth century, many middle-class Americans felt that the United States was turning into a

society ruled by the rich.

In 1897, the city of Boston pioneered the nation's first

subway system.

The Haymarket bombing in 1886 quickly led the general public to fear and resent

the labor movement, anarchists, and immigrants.

Lincoln Steffens's "The Shame of the Cities" revealed that most big-city governments were run

through compromise and the accommodation of various powerful political forces.

By the late nineteenth century, secretarial work was increasingly dominated by

white women.