History-1301 Exam 2 Review

Pinckney's Treaty

. A treaty that established intentions of friendship between the United States of America and Spain. President Washington nominated Thomas Pinckney to represent America in the negotiations with Spain. He then met Manuel de Godoy a Spanish prime minister. Thomas Pinckney was a tough negotiator and eventually made an agreement with Spain. This agreement became more in favor of the American side.This became a huge win for the United States in their steps to becoming a nation and strengthening our alliance with Spain. Stopped territorial disputes between Spain and America' access to trade in the Mississippi river.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'.

Mormons

Are a religious/cultural group of individuals who are followers of Joseph Smith. Mormons started following Smith after he founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the 1830s. These people faced heavy hostility from non-Mormons in Ohio, Missouri and Illinois because they opposed of their practices and leader. People who were not part of the Mormons would accuse them of practicing polygamy, and made claims that Smith had multiple wives. Eventually, the hostility grew and Smith was murdered, leaving the Mormons with a new, aggressive leader named, Brigham Young. After the new leader took charge, the Mormons migrated to a desert in Utah and practiced methods of irrigation to allow them to survive there.

Whiskey Rebellion

Begun in Pennsylvania in the year 1791. In 1792 uprising of whiskey distillers were opposed to Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. President George Washington brought down the rebellion with a militia drawn from several states. The pioneer folk regarded the tax as a burden on an economic necessity and a medium of exchange not as a luxury. Defiant distillers raised the cry " Liberty and no Excise." A tax collector was surrounded by men dressed up like women who striped him naked, assaulted, covered his body with tar and added feathers on him as they paraded him around the town, stole his horse and left him in a forest. This brought the collections to a halt. At that point President Washington was very alarmed by this so he called for the militia from several states, resulting in an army of thirteen thousand men. The whiskey rebellion ended in 1794.

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Northwest Ordinance

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Transcendentalism

Developed during the 1820`s-1830`s in New England, Transcendentalism is a social, literary, and philosophical movement that was essentially a reaction to the current state of affairs during that time period. Pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson, this movement focused on the power of the individual, non organized religion, and the importance of nature and our connection to God through nature. Notable Transcendentalist writers are Walt Whitman, Ralph David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Amos Bronson Alcott. Transcendentalism has had a great impact on literature, and books written by Transcendentalists are still being studied today.

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Shay's Revellion

Happened in 1786 in Western Massachusetts. Shay's Rebellion happened because a lot of people were losing their land due to tax deliquesces, so a veteran by the name of Captain Daniel Shay's gathered a bunch of people also veterans as well and started a rebellion. They demanded that taxes be lower on on goods,and to stop foreclosures on mortgage. This rebellion was able to make a small army with weapons it was quickly brought down this lead to fear about "Mob rule", once the rebellion was over it did lead to concern across the America.

Cotton Gin

Invented and patented in 1794 by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin was a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Cotton had become America's leading export during the 19th century, but its plants produced seeds that were difficult to separate from the fibers. Farmers were thrilled for such an invention as it boosted cotton production, but had no desire to share their profits with Whitney. Some farmers pirated or replicated their own cotton gin. The cotton gin's success inadvertently strengthened, maintained, and expanded slavery as it made cotton production less labor intensive and helped them earn more profits, producing more crops. Cotton farmers then hired more slaves to work since slaves were the cheapest form of labor.

Erie Canal

Is a 363 mile waterway that connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic ocean via the Hudson River in upstate New York. The canal was considered an engineering marvel when it first opened in 1825. It provided a direct water route from New York City to the Midwest, triggering large-scale commerical and agricultural development as well as immigration. The canal transformed New York City into the young nation's economic powerhouse, and in 2000 the U.S Congress designated the canal a National Heritage Corridor. Jesse Hawley published a series of essays from debtors prison where he advocated for a canal system. His essays caught the attention of New York City mayor DeWitt Clinton. He believed that the canal was crucial to the economic advancement of his city.

Nullification Crisis

Is the confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government that took place during 1832-1833 over the attempt to declare void and null within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 if they tried to collect duties. The caused of Nullification Crisis began by a series of protective tariffs. Tariffs are taxes placed on goods imported from foreign countries that first enable to raise money from these taxes, that also protects the nation's goods from cheaper priced on foreign items. South Carolina went in for action after the "nullies" won majority in the state election. The delegates then declared an existing tariff void and null in this state and was threatened to take their state out of the Union if Washington was to collect the customs duties by force. If they want the civil war to be avoided, Governor Robert Hayne said that one side would have to surrender, or both would have to compromise. Senator Henry Clay then pushed the congress a compromise bill to end the showdown with a decrease of Tariff by about 10 percent over eight years, to the protective level of 1816.

Chesapeake Affair

Is the largest of 130 estuaries in the United States which is why many were intrigued by it. The Chesapeake Leopard affair was a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on June 22, 1807, between the British warship Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake. June 22, 1807, the American frigate Chesapeake was stopped by the British ship Leopard for the purpose of inspecting the American crew for possible deserters, the Chesapeake's captain refused and the British opened fire, causing extensive damage to the ship. The colonies associated with the Chesapeake were the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both of these colonies were located in British America and centered on the Chesapeake Bay. Settlements of the Chesapeake region grew very slowly due to diseases. People settled in the Chesapeake Bay for the convenience of the trade, but despite of this, the early settlers suffered due to lack of supplies. Through much of the suffering and embarrassment when the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters, the American ship Chesapeake refused to allow them. The Leopards opened fire. The U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. British govt. disavowed the actions of the officer responsible for the leopard affair and offered compensation for people killed. British did not renounce impressment.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Articles of Confederation

TWas the first American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress. They were set in place in 1781 but then replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. This occurred in the United States in Congress. The Articles of Confederation were a necessary step from the old boycott Association of 1774 to the Constitution of the United States. This allowed the thirteen states to come together to solve common problems. Congress didn't have much power so the states' single vote really made a difference. Overall, the articles gave hope to the states and kept the ideal of a union and held the states together.

Sedition Act

The Congress passed The Sedition Act in 1798, which made it illegal to compose, print, express or distribute any false, shameful and malevolent composition against the Federal government, including the Congress and the president. People could be attempted under this law in the event that they had the goal to either slander the administration or actuate contempt among the general population against the legislature. Whenever indicted the liable could get a fine up to $2,000 or potentially as long as two years in jail. It made it harder for immigrants to vote.

Marbury vs. Madison

To back up and have an understanding of the case we take it back to Washington. George Washington was not a fan of political parties. He believed that if you only vow towards one party you cannot rule properly. The first split of views came from within his own cabinet. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton held strong opposing views. After Washington, came John Adams for president. The dispute came when it was Adams time to leave office. He appointed a few people into government positions; William Marbury being one of those picks. Adams' picks were not delivered formally before his leave, so the responsibility would go to the next president. Jefferson who was on different sides, told his Secretary of State, James Madison to decline the promised postitions. Marbur sues Madison. He wants the courts to make Madison overturn what he had done. The Chief Justice, John Marshall, declared the provision unconstitutional. This also brought on that the Supreme Court would not par take in cases that had to much to do with politics, but the court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

Battle of San Jacinto

Took place on April 21, 1836 near what is now Houston, Texas. This battle took place when Texas had declared its independence from Mexico and created their own flag called the Lone Star Flag. The Mexicans did not accept the declaration, and the leader of the Mexican Army, Santa Anna, led 6,000 men into Texas. After the Battle of the Alamo in San Antonio, The Commander in Chief of the Texas Militia, Sam Houston, then retreated after killing 600 Mexicans and losing about 200 Texans. In the Battle of San Jacinto, 1,300 Mexicans and 900 Texans stood to fight and as an end result, Sam Houston took hundreds of Mexicans as prisoners along with Santa Anna and forced him to sign two treaties. In one he agreed to withdraw Mexican Troops and in the other he was to recognize the Rio Grande as the southwestern border of Texas. If it weren't for the Battle of San Jacinto, my home state Texas might still be under the control of Mexico. Through this battle, Americans finally began to aide and be in the favor of Texans.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claim to the Oregon country.

Know-Nothing Party

Was a "secret society" of sorts. Made up of anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic individuals. This party felt that immigrants (Irish/German) and Catholics posed an economic and political threat. Most of its followers would later follow the Republican Party around 1960 when they could not run in the presidential election when they would not take a stance on slavery. This is the exact issue that would split the party and fall apart after 1856.

Treaty of Greenville

Was a 1795 Treaty between the United States and Indians of the Northwest Territory including the Wyandot and Delaware, which redefined the boundary between Indian lands and Whiteman's lands in the Northwest Territory.The Treaty of Greenville was important and why we cared about it was because it established a set boundary of the lands of the Native Americans and the land open for European settlements, known as the Greenville Treaty Line. The Treaty helped lead the way for American westward expansion, but in the process, the Native Americans lost much of their land.The Treaty of Greenville occured in Ohio. Some important details about the Treaty of Greenville is that a year after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Native American leaders and Anthony Wayne met at Fort Greenville in Ohio to negotiate an end to the Northwest Territory Indian War. On August 3, 1795, both sides signed the Treaty of Greenville. As a result The Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 after the Battle of Fallen Timbers and ended the Northwest Indian War.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Was a case in 1819 brought to the Supreme Court to establish whether Maryland had the right as a state to tax the bank. In his case it was shown that the federal authority overruled the state in this situation. Therefore not allowing Maryland the power to tax the bank.

Panic of 1837

Was a crisis involving an unstable currency and financial system resulting in a lack of confidence in both the government and the banks. Its cause was the speculation of mania as well as the economic policies of President Jackson, who created the Specie Circular by executive order and refused to renew the charter of Second Bank of the United States. Panic of 1837 was lead based on the assumption that the government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. Van Buren who became the president five weeks after the Panic was later blamed for it. People argued that Van Buren's refusal to involve the government in the economy contributed to the Panic's duration. After years in a financial crisis, the Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress in 1840 and the American economy was able to recover.

Lousiana Purchase

Was a land deal between Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte no longer wanted the land and as a bonus he would have money to spend on his wars. Jefferson approved to spend 10 million for the territory to the East. Instead, the deal was 15 million and it covered the land to the West of the Mississippi River. This totaled to 828,000 acres, some areas were worthless while some was top notch, this evened out to about 3 cents an acre! It was noted in our history book, The Brief American Pageant on page 118, that we "bought a wilderness to get a city". America doubled in size with this addition to the western half. This was important because America has access to the Mississippi River and the port in New Orleans.

Embargo Act of 1807

Was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

Indian Removal Act

Was a policy passed by Congress in the year 1830 that led to the forced removal of over 100,000 Indians from their lands in Georgia, Alabama, Illinois and Wisconsin. President Jackson's reason for supporting Congress's decision to pass the act over the Supreme Court was because he wanted to open up the Indian's land to white settlements even if it meant kicking the Indians out. This event , which spanned over the course of a decade, lead to the infamous Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was a horrendous forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee from their lands in Georgia and Alabama to their new land in what the US designated as Indian territory. Another horrible incident that happened just two years after the passing of the Indian Removal Act was the Black Hawk War, a brutal clash between the American military and the Black Hawk Sauk and Fox tribes. Many Indians died in the struggle and the tribes were crushed by the American military.

Oneida Community

Was a radical utopian religious community in the 1800s that operated communally. The Oneidans advocated complex marriage, birth control, and eugenics. Their founder, John Humphrey Noyes, believed in perfectionism and in order to have happiness you had to rid yourself of selfishness. Noyes's system of "Bible Communism" meant all things should be shared, including property and relationships.

Monroe Doctrine

Was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. A principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

Great Compromise

Was created during the constitutional convention in 1787. The issue of fair representation threatened to destroy the convention. The smaller states were afraid of being over ran by the larger states. Two plans were proposed, The Virginia Plan and The New Jersey plan. The Virginia Plan wanted to base the number of representatives on the states population. This plan favored the larger states of course being that they'd have the most number of people. The New Jersey Plan called for equal representation no matter a states size and population. This was significant because it would structure congress for the people to have to live by for ages to come. Sherman proposed the idea of having a "bicameral" government which meant that each state would have House Reps and a higher counted Reps called Senates. Therefore both plans were included in the congress in some fashion. Thus resulting in The Great Compromise.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Was put into place in 1787 amongst the state delegates during the United States Constitutional Convention. This compromise was to settle the North and South's disagreement on how a slave would be counted for a population. It was decided that slaves would count as only three-fifths of a person, hence the name "Three-Fifths Compromise".

Battle of Tippecanoe

Was the victory of a US expeditionary force Major general William Henry Harrison over Shawnee Indians led by Tecumseh's brother Laulewasikau. the Battle was on November 7, 1811, and it took place at Prophetstown, the Indian Capital on the Tippecanoe River and the site of the present town of the battleground, near Lafayette, Indiana. The prophet opposed to the American expansion so he and his brother decided to try to negotiate with the governor William Henry but Meetings between Tecumseh and Harrison ended with the Natives wishing to remain at peace, but if hostilities did come, they would seek an alliance with Britain.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.