History 1302

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Commission on Public Information

(pg 624) also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Over just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August 21, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war aims.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt. An early form of investigative journalism in America believing that exposing facts could rouse the American public to demand change. It helped bring about major reforms in the late 19th/early 20th century

Preservation Conservation

Two opposing factions had emerged within the environmental movement by the early 20th century: the conservationists and the preservationists. The conservationists (such as Gifford Pinchot) focused on the proper use of nature, whereas the preservationists sought the protection of nature from use. Put another way, conservation sought to regulate human use while preservation sought to eliminate human impact altogether. Teddy Roosevelt was one famous conversationist.

Consumer Credit

a line of credit extended for personal or household use, A type of CREDIT granted by retailers that is used by individuals or families for SATISFACTION of their OWN WANTS.

Prohibition

a total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the United States. 1919-1933

16th Amendment

amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Graduated Federal Income Tax

1913. 16th Amendment: authorized the collection of income tax. this made the rich pay their fair share to the government as well as allowing the underwood-simmons tariff of 1913 to lower many tariffs

Great Migration

1914. Movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities starting around 1915 and continuing through much of the twentieth century; blacks left the South as the cotton economy declined and Jim Crow persisted. Thousands came north for wartime jobs in large cities during World Wars I and II.

British Naval Blockade

1914. The British blockaded the German coast to prevent weapons and other military supplies from getting through the seas. American ships carrying goods for Germany refused to challenge the blockade. As a result, Germany had a famine and soldiers were starving to death

U Boat Warfare

1917. The U-Boat, short for Unterseeboot, or submarine, was a terrifying new weapon that changed the rules of naval warfare. Germany deployed them to prevent munitions and food from reaching Britain's ports. The British and the Germans had submarines that were not detected on radars that fought each other in a thing called Submarine Warfare. Pg. 421

Sedition Acts

1918. The Alien Act lengthened the citizenship from five years to fourteen years. The Sedition Act prohibited citizens from printing, advertising or saying malicious things about the government. This sounds stupid because it violated the FIRST AMENDMENT, however it was possible because of the Elastic Clause.

18th Amendment

1919. Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

1920. Federal law enforcing the 18th Amendment-Prohibition;the Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Harlem Renaissance

1920s. Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Stock Market Crash

1920s. When, flooded with investments (particularly those buying "on margin, or paying a fraction of the total price or a transaction and the broker lending the trader the rest), the Stock Market crashed after those who bought on margin were forced to either put up more money or sell their stock, choosing to sell. Thousands of people sold their stocks at once, and a financial panic ensued.

Flappers

1920s. women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of the past; these rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring Twenties; shocked their elders with short skits, slang, new dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public

National Origins Act

1924. Congressional act that defined strict quotas regulating the flow and character of U.S. immigration

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925. A high school biology teacher was accused of teaching Darwinism in class instead of the biblical account of creation; the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Dust Bowl

1930. Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Social Gospel

A broad, multidimensional and international movement among liberal Protestant theologians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that insisted that Christian principles needed to be applied to social problems. Taught that religion and human dignity would help overcome depression

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Pershing's Punitive Expedition

After Pancho Villa attacked Columbus, Woodrow Wilson set out John J Pershing to capture him. When the American troops failed to capture villa, they withdrew. Pershing said Wilson put too many restrictions on the expedition, and also said that Villa was always one step ahead

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Great Depression

America's worst economic downturn to date. Beginning at the end of 1929 and lasting for 10 years; the catastrophe spread to every corner of the country, wrecking lives and leaving people homeless, hungry, and desperate for work.

Ku Klux Klan

An organization associated with the betterest and most violent opponents of Reconstruction and black freedom. Formed in Pulaski, Tennessee, in late 1865, Klan members devoted themselves to denying African Americans any legitimate role in the public sphere, stressing the superiority of white, Protestant, Anglo-Saxon citizens

Roosevelt Corollary

Articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, this corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States had the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations to ensure order

William H Taft

Republican President of the United States, 1909-1913. Administration had both Progressive and conservative tendencies. Roosevelt's hand-picked successor, but not as charismatic or effective. Won Republication nomination for re-election in 1912 but finished behind both Democrat Woodrow Wilson and Roosevelt (running on Progressive Party ticket) in general election

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000

Sierra Club

oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada.

Herbert Hoover

president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1911. 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

International Ladies Garment Workers Union

1900s this union was made up of men and women that created garments for ladies. they made gains like shorter day and higher wages but possibly their greates gains came after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire when safety precautions

Big Stick Diplomacy

1901-1909. Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902. Authorized the government to collect money from the sale of public land in the west to fund irrigation projects. It gave western lands better soil and insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts.

Elkins Act

1903 law that forced railroads charge the same prices to all their customers. Fined railroads who gave rebates from their best customers, part of the progressive reform movement (secret discounts, railroads gave money back to favored customers rather than charging them lower prices, but appeared to be a flat rate to everyone else)

Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty

1903. John Hay and Frenchman, Bunau Varilla, negotiated the terms of building the canal and the zone for building it, Says the U.S. can build canal through Panama if they can stay independent. No Panamanian ever signed the treaty.

National Forest Service

1905. Led by Gifford Pinchot, government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species.

Hepburn Act

1906 - This Act was signed by Teddy Roosevelt to give the ICC the right to set rates that would be reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates. It was the first time in U.S. history that a government agency was given power to establish rates for private companies.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906. Congressional act that outlawed adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs and gave the federal government the right to seize illegal products and fine and jail those who manufactured and sold them

Meat Inspection Act

1906. Congressional act that required the federal inspectors from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to inspect livestock in slaughterhouses and to guarantee sanitary standards. Happened because of Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle," was meant to be written to show harsh working conditions

World War 1

Causes: 1.Growth of German power in Central Europe challenged Great Powers (France, Great Britain, Russia). Effects: World War I did not completely end with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, for its political, economic and psychological effects influenced the lives of people long after the last shot was fired. Two main political changes rocked the world after the war: a greater number of countries began to adopt more liberal forms of government, and an angered Germany tried to cope with the punitions doled out to them by the victors, as its hostilities rose to the point where it provoked the second world war two decades later. Despite the advantages brought forth by developing technologies, the war mainly had a damaging effect on the economies of European countries. People's hopes and spirits also floundered, as they grew distrustful of the government and tried to cope with the enormous death toll of the war. The turbulent period after World War I called for a major readjustment of politics, economic policies, and views on the world.

Dollar Diplomacy

Early 1900s. Term used to describe the efforts of the U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. It protected American investments in Latin America and Asia and encouraged more stable governments.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Motor Company, sponsored assembly line technique of mass production, introduced the Model T automobile that revolutionized transportation and the American industry