History 131 Chapter 3

the german migration p109 SEEMS LIKE TWO QUESTIONS ABOUT GERMANS, MAYBE REAL QUIZ AND BOOK'S PRACTICE QUIZ

110,000=the largest group of newcomers from European continent-most of the Germans came from the valley of the Rhine River. Protestant sects: mennonites, moravians, dunkers. most of the Germans went east to Austria-Hungary and the Russian empire.

The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery the development of slavery p98 black slavery p99

1640s blacks as slaves for life, whites in terms of number of years of service. 1660s Virginia and Maryland laws, freedom for blacks receded. 1662:offspring followed mother (thus sexual abuse of women to propagate slave population) 1667: V. H. of Burg. religious conversion did not release slave from bondage. offspring of interracial relationships as illegitimate and severely punishing the white women who had the children 1680: "Negro and Slave=homogenous and convertible"

more than three decades after establishment of Maryland in 1634, no new English settlement planted in North America p91

1663 Charles II awarded eight proprietors as a barrier to Spanish expansion to the north of Florida a colony: Carolina. 1670 the first settlers arrived "colony of a colony" p92 offshoot of island of Barbados, richest plantation economy

Maryland Uprising p103

1689 began reactions Edmund Andros seized and jailed by Boston militia Captain Jacob Leisler =Committee of Safety took control of New York, Maryland's Protestant Association took Lord Baltimore but restored after conversion to Anglicanism in 1715, Maryland rebels most triumphant, 1689 end to religious toleration

changes in new england political change in massachusetts p104

1691 new charter absorbed plymouth into mass. property ownership, not church membership requirement to vote in elections for General Court, governor appointed in London, not elected, so Mass. a royal colony, abide by the English Toleration Act of 1690. raids by French troops...devil worship they called Quakers

religious diversity american society more diverse than britain p110

1700 nearly all churches in colonies were Congregational (in New England) or Anglican. dissenting congregations also multiplied. nearly every colony levied taxes to pay the salaries of ministers of established church, and barred Catholics and Jews from voting and holding public office. Protestant flourished, Baptist, Methodist, created.

liberty of conscience p110

1739 chief virtue of British North America and on this score I do not repent my immigration. land, no military draft, absence of restraint on economic opportunity

the Middle Ranks Landownership and freedom p122

18th century farm families viewed as a right resented efforts to limit their access to land

scottish and scotch-irish immigrants p109

80,000 English newcomers were considerably outnumbered by 145,000 from Scotland and Ulster (the northern part of Ireland). mostly Presbyterians, added significantly to religious diversity, and added not only farmers but merchants, teachers, and physicians.

Glorious Revolution p102 parliamentary supremacy

A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange (husband of James's Protestant daughter Mary)taking the British throne in place of James II. Protestant succession. protestants worship freely but not catholics

Salem Witch Trials p105

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 that resulted from anxiety over witchcraft. 1691 sever young girls began to suffer fits and nightmares, which were attributed by their elders to witchcraft. 3 witches named: Tituba, an Indian from the Caribbean who was a slave in the home of one of the girls. confessing and naming others kept one from prosecution, so accusations snowballed. 14 women and 5 men were hanged, protesting their innocence. 1 man crushed for refusing to plea.

Yamasee Uprising

A rebellion begun in 1715 by the Yamasee and Creek Indians, who were alarmed by enormous debts incurred in trade with the settlers and by slave traders' raids into their territory; the uprising was unsuccessful and most of the remaining Indians were enslaved or driven out of the colony.

Covenant Chain p90

Alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy of upstate New York and the English colonists; initiated in the mid-1670s by New York governor Edmund Andros. "the imperial ambitions of the English and Indians reinforced one another" The Five Iroquois Nations assisted clearing rival tribes, helped British in attacks on French/Indian allies

backcountry p114 I THINK THIS WAS ON QUIZ

An area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina. small farms tilled by family labor for local consumption, most rapidly growing region in North America 1730 the only white residents were occasional hunter and trader...farm families raising grain and livestock, then slaveowning planters seeking fertile soil for tobacco farming

Walking Purchase p111

An arrangement in which the Lenni Lenape Indians agreed to cede to Pennsylvanian colonists a tract of land bounded by the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours; a team of swift runners who were hired by Governor James Logan to mark out the area far exceeded the amount that the Indians had anticipated. bad relations=Susquehanna Indians longed for old William Penn days

The End of the Rebellion and Its Consequences p100

Bacon promised freedom and access to Indian lands 1676 gathered an armed force against the governor's "protected and darling Indians" refusing Berkeley's order to disband, burning Jamestown to the ground. Bacon ruled. then warships from England took over. he had died, and 23 of his supporters were hanged.

King Philip's War

Began in 1675 with an Indian uprising (they were not united)against white colonists; a multi-year conflict, the end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region's Indians. Iroquois role solidified with alliance to NY government as military were aid.

Many were running from authoritarian regimes in their old country (Germans disliked automatic conscription) and the Scot-Irish had a historic dislike for the English. Many of these groups became excellent patriots! a bit on this p109

British colonists from SCS's response to student post

new Indian tribes, under heading: Indian Life in Transition p 111 indians and european empire

Catawba of South Carolina, Creek Confederacy which united dozens of Indian towns in South Carolina and Georgia. few Indians chose to live among whites, but accustomed to using new products...1753 "every necessary thing we must have from the white people"

Dominion of New England (only lasted 3 years) p103

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies—and later New York and New Jersey—by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

aristocracies p118

DeLanceys, Livingstons, vanRensselaers of New York. Penn family in Pennsylvania and a few southern planters. mentions Virginia cousinocracy, 1750 seven members of the same generation of the Lee family sat in the House of Burgesses

the Van Bergen Overmantel seven-foot long painting by John Heaten from around 1773 probably for Marten Van Bergen p 121

Dutch farmer in colonial New York, rare contemporary view of a prosperous colonial farm, with it's full granary and livestock. Native American and African American slaves and indentured servants among individuals depicted by the artist.

Anglicization p119

Elites rather than thinking of themselves as distinctively American, they became more and more English, model their lives on British etiquette and behavior, importing the latest London fashions and literature, sending sons to Britain for education...coat of arms, and then fell into debt: William Byrd III lived so extravagantly that by 1770 he had accumulated a debt of L100,000

English bill of rights p102

Enacted by Parliament in 1689, the bill listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury.

The Slave code of 1705 p101

Enacted by the House of Burgesses, the code categorized slaves as property that could be bought and sold, fought over in court, and inherited.ON QUIZ

English Toleration Act p104

Enacted in 1690, the act allowed all Protestants to worship freely. in Massachusetts, now royal colony

African slaves tougher p94 AND p95..Indians knew the land and could escape easier: "difficult to enslave a people on their native soil"

Europe hadn't planned on relying on African slaves for labor force, but demand for workers, tobacco cultivation, transatlantic trade in slaves, no protection of English common law, terms never expired=not unruly landless men, children were slaves, skin color made it hard to escape, accustomed to labor, resistance to European diseases

Over the century between 1650 and 1750, the agricultural economies of New England, the Middle Colonies, and the backcountry grew more and more alike.

FALSE P114-115

In the late seventeenth century, the Iroquois were known for their fierce hatred and courageous fighting against British colonists.

FALSE p90, 91

Lords of Trade p103

Group established in 1675 by England to oversee colonial affairs.

cousinocracy p118

In Virginia, the upper class was so tight-knit and intermarried that the colony was said to be governed by or just called a "cousinocracy."

sugar p95 and 96

In the 17th century, huge sugar plantations led to the massive importation of slaves from Africa.

redemptioners p110

Indentured families who could receive free passage in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.

Barbados p96

Indians wiped out by disease, indentured servants unwilling (how?), importing of African slaves began: 1645 Barbados=11,000white farmers and indentured servants and 5000slaves. by 1660: population grew to 40,000: half European and half African. 1670: slave population 82,000 on 750 plantations,and white pop.stagnated

colonies in crisis p101 uprisings

King Philip, 1675 picture of map, p102 Bacon 1676 Maryland's Lord Baltimore 1670 restricted right to vote to owners of 50 acres of land, Protestant uprising unsuccessful, Westo Indians suppressed in Carolina 1680, Pueblo Revolt also 1680,

Slavery and the Law English and Spanish empires compared on slavery Chesapeake blacks p97 and 98

Las Siete Partidas...marriage, property, freedom. Catholic Church encouraged masters to free individual slaves first Africans, 20, arrived in Virginia in 1619, some free after serving term.1643 poll tax on African women, Virginia and Maryland blacks could sue and testify in court, acquire land and purchase white servants or African slaves. Anthony Johnson owner of slaves and several hundred acres of land.

against non English immigration december 1727 p 113

Mennonites to Pennsylvania from Holland, more are coming and they are armed, settling near Canada, and sounds like locals want them to stop coming.

Navigation Acts p103

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775;enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists.

mercantilism p88

Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.

Society of Friends Quakers p93

Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.ON QUIZ

artisans

Skilled workers who were socially distinct from common laborers; their skill gave them far more economic freedom and they profited from the expanding consumer market in the colonies.

Metacom p87 and

The Wampanoag leader known to colonists as King Philip; considered by colonists to have been the leader of the bloody 1675 Indian uprising in southern New England.

Bacon's Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia social tensions in Virginia conflict on the western frontier p99

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands. heavy taxes on tobacco, falling prices 1670 poverty among whites, and only voting among landowners. within the Virginia elite..ON QUIZ

a determination to abolish slavery in Virginia

Which of the following was not a major cause of Bacon's Rebellion?

1753 portrait of Robert Carter p120

a member of one of Virginia's most prominent families

One significant consequence of the Glorious Revolution for the American colonies was:

a renewed sense of entitlement to liberty, as the birthright of all English subjects.

the Salem court p106

accusations all ages, executions multiplied, governor of Massachusetts dissolved the Salem court and released remaining prisoners. 1692 Increase Mathers, clergyman, published treaty, warning about testimonies: Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits. find natural causes for natural events. in future years, only 2 accused witches would be brought to trial in Massachusetts and not guilty.

Notions of Freedom p101 runaway slaves

advertisements for runaway slaves in Chesapeake and colonial newspapers, describing the appearance and skills, appeared in court claiming liberty, Alexander Spotswood, governor of Virginia "call together all those who long to shake off the fetters of slavery"

Women and the Household Economy p122

all members contributed to the family's livelihood small farmer depended on it high birthrate, many hands devote lives to good wife and mother male domination, estates passed to oldest son

A Slave Society the spread of slavery p100 slave code of 1705 p101

between 1680 and 1700 death rate began to fall, more economical to purchase a laborer for life reduced # of transatlantic migrants, opening of Pennsylvania, end of monopoly of Royal Africa Company other traders and reduced price of imported African Slaves. 1710 nearly half of Virginia's population blacks. 1705 House of Burgesses new slave code: property

population increase growth of colonial america p106 and table 3.1 on p107

between 1700 and 1770, remarkable growth in English North America. agricultural settlement pressed westward, and hundreds of thousands of newcomers arrived from the Old World, high birth rate=265,000 led to 2.3 million (this ended up being lower than population in 1492, however)

Carter's Grove, near Williamsburg photo, p120

built in the 1750s by Carter Burwell, grandson of the original Robert "King" Carter- a grand plantation mansion

inheriting wealth p118

by 1770 nearly all upper-class Virginians had inherited their wealth. Thomas Jefferson George Washington grants of land p119

Plantation slavery Slavery in History p95 1400 and 1500s okay

central to ancient Greece and Rome Germans, Vikings, AngloSaxons, Mediterranean world, Slavic into fifteenth century (slavery derives from "Slav"), pirates from Barbary Coast of North Africa enslaved Christians. all different from new world slaves. plantation slaves=under control of a single owner, police rigidly, boundary freedom, death rate higher

main lines of division within humanity p95

civilization versus barbarism or Christianity versus heathenism, not color or race. yet, in 17th century England, Africans were seen as so alien- in color, religion and social practices, so "enslavable"

in older portions of middle colonies of new york, new jersey, and pennsylvania, farmers more commerce than

colonies on the frontier, growing grain for own and sale abroad and supplementing the work of family members by employing wage laborers, tenants, and income instances slaves, pennsylvania=the best poor man's country p115

receding opportunities for women p123 women's work ON QUIZ WOMEN'S ROLE CHANGING

couldn't speak for themselves in court, had to hire lawyer and barred from practicing as lawyers cook, clean, sew, make butter, assist with agricultural chores, women's work is never done, childcare, domestic chores, dirty, distressed, wearied almost to death: Mary Cooper Long Island woman 1769

1732 portrait of Daniel, Peter and Andrew Oliver, sons of a wealthy Boston merchant p118

delicate hands shows never had to do manual labor

letter from German immigrant Johannes Hanner to family p112

doing well, good prices, send brother to Pennsylvania to be with him Aug 23, 1769

diverse population african and non-English european arrivals surge p107

draining labor from Mother country, ending official efforts to promote English emigration in the 18th century

the Consumer Revolution p115 manufactured goods deep into the colonial countryside

during 18th century, Great Britain eclipsed Dutch as the leading producer and trader of inexpensive consumer goods. American newspapers were filled with advertisements for British goods, ah man, British merchants supplied American traders with loans to enable them to import these products.

Quaker Liberty Penn and religious liberty p 93 holy experiment QUAKERS ON QUIZ

equality of all persons including women, blacks, and Indians before God and the primacy of the individual conscience. pacifists came to America unarmed, unorganized militia until 1740s, Chain of Friendship (protection from rival tribes)

map racial and ethnic diversity p108

european settlement and ethnic diversity on the atlantic coast of north america 1760

more Indian Life in Transition settler and indian land p111

farmers and planters expected Indians to give way to white settlers, 1721 reaffirmed Penn's chain of friendship, but 1737 walking purchase

sugar, slow development in North America p97

first crop to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe. before, international trade was precious metals: gold, silver, luxurious goods like spices and silks from Asia. servants from England were less expensive than Africans, and as late as 1680 there were only 4500 blacks in Chesapeake (little more than 5% of population)

New Netherland p88

first to come under English control (from Dutch settling), seized in 1664 during Anglo-Dutch war, King Charles II awarded to younger brother James, Duke of York (new name, New York). trading with the Caribbean and Europe and launching pad for military operations against the French. Population went from 9000 to 20,2000 in 1685

North America at mid century p123

from pueblos to plantations estates to outposts vote, land, worship, escape oppressive government, income

race p 94 and 95

humanity divided into well-defined groups associated with skin color modern concept that had not fully developed in the seventeenth century

racism p 95

ideology based on the belief that some races are inherently superior to others and entitled to rule over them

freedoms and not of New Yorkers p90

increase in domestic and foreign trade tolerant of different opinions in matters of religion, BUT women lost business and property

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina p92

issued by the proprietors in 1669 proposed to establish a feudal society with a hereditary nobility, elected assembly and religious toleration, headright system=(included imported slaves)150 acres for each member of an arriving family, and 100 acres to male servants. slavery made Carolina hierarchical society, legal code "absolute power and authority" over human property. In early days, economy centered on cattle raising and trade, not agriculture. RICE made them wealthy elite eventually epicenter of mainland slavery

the Prosecution of Witches belief in witch craft executions p105

magic, astrology, witchcraft widespread in 17th century Europe and America, Puritans believed in supernatural interventions in affairs of the world. witches=individuals usually women who were accused of having entered into a pact with the devil to obtain supernatural powers, which they used to harm others or to interfere with natural processes: when a child was stillborn or crops failed, many believed that witchcraft was at work

slavery in the west indies slaves and the shortage of labor sugar plantations p 95 and 96

major international business handful to England's mainland colonies 1600 Brazilian sugar plantations 1650 English population of West Indies exceeded that in all of North America, forced white farmers off island after island 1629 "liberty, joyful liberty"

watercolor Charles Town Harbor by artist Bishop Roberts painted around 1740 p117

major port city South Carolina, wealthiest elite, ships carried imported luxury goods for them from Great Britain. Navigation Act mentioned

English America p117

membership in the empire advantages: commerce enriched the colonies as well as mother country, smuggling flourished, Royal Navy protected American shipping

gap between rich and poor probably grew more rapidly in the 18th century than in any other period of American history p118

no banks, personal connections, business talent, 1750 colonies of Chesapeake and Lower South were dominated by slave plantations producing crops especially tobacco and rice for the world market. Great planters accumulated enormous wealth. included rulers of pennsylvania and maryland

the English, in colonial New York City reversed how the Dutch practiced according to blacks p90

now they expelled free blacks from many skilled jobs, had been "freemen" obtained by birth in the city or by an act of local authorities, had been able to work in various trades.

also in Carolina p92 Indian Slavery

offered guns for deer hides and captives, raids among Indians for slaves to sell, attacked Indians in Spanish Florida=between 1704 and 1706 the Creek, Savannah and Tamasee enslaved almost 10,000 Florida Indians most shipped to other mainland colonies and West Indies between 1670 and 1720 Indian slaves exported from Charleston larger than African slaves imported

Leisler's Rebellioin turmoil in new york p104

one of wealthiest merchants in new york divided colony ethnic and economic Dutch reclaimed power, English colonists pretested him as a tyrant. new governor, so Leisler condemned=hanged and head cut off and body into four parts

Colonial Cities p115,116

overwhelmingly agricultural, 9/10 of population resided in rural areas, living made from farming. 1700: Mexico population 100,000, Boston 6,000 and New York 4,500. 1750: 8 cities in Spanish America exceeded in size any in English North America 1770: Philadelphia 30,000-capital of the New World, and after London and Liverpool, the empire's third busiest port.

map of settlements and years

page 89

South Carolina Aristocracy Charleston: America's richest city p119 WEALTHIEST OR RICHEST TEN PERCENT ON QUIZ

planters, traveled north for summer vacations, theaters, literary societies, social events...imported items from England, slaves in uniforms. per capita 1774, wealth in Charleston District was L2,300...more than 4x that of tobacco areas in Virginia and 8x that of Philadelphia or Boston. but the richest 10% of the colony owned 1/2 the wealth in 1770, the poorest quarter less than 2% they thought liberty meant the power to rule-superiority and dependence were natural elements of any society. freedom from labor was the mark of the gentleman

Penn's Frame of Government p93

prohibited swearing, drunkenness, adultery, revels, bull-baiting, cock-fighting=virtuous citizenry

effects of Bacon's rebellion p100 SOMETHING ABOUT THE RESULTS OF THE REBELLION ON QUIZ

restored property qualifications for voting support poor neighbors reduced taxes and adopted aggressive Indian policy opening areas to small farmers, rising tobacco prices after 1680. reduced number of indentured servants

liberties of Englishmen Charter of liberties and privileges English rights p91 also p93 affirm a belief in God not promote licentiousness, Jews barred from office because they didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ

right to consent to taxation no representative assembly under the Dutch, governors appointed by the duke of York at first ruled without one, 1683 elected assembly drafted C of L and P, elections held Q3years among male property owners and freemen of NY city=trial by jury, security of property, and religious toleration for all Protestants.

portrait of Cheney family late eighteenth century artist p122

shows high birthrate in colonial America

William Penn the Holy Experiment p92 and 93 THERE WERE AT LEASE TWO QUESTIONS ON PENN/PENNSYLVANIA

spiritual freedom, colonists and Indians coexist in harmony, king in 1681 granted a vast tract of land south and west of New York as well as the old Swedish-Dutch colony that became Delaware, member of Society of Friends/Quakers...refuge for coreligionists, purchased 1/2 of what became New Jersey from Lord John Berkeley, responsible for government 1677=West Jersey Concessions=most liberal of era: hoped for society of small farmers, not large landowners

An Atlantic World p116 and 117 trade

sugar, tobacco and other products of the Western Hemisphere were marketed as far away as eastern Europe. London bankers financed the slave trade between Africa and Portuguese Brazil. Spain spent its gold and silver importing goods from other countries. North American and West Indian colonies became the major overseas market for British manufactured goods. African slaves in West Indies grew sugar that could be distilled into rum, popular among N.A. colonists and Indians. Ships built in New England made up 1/3 of the British empire's trading fleet.

land grants to New Yorkers p90

the duke of York and his appointed governors = 160,000 acres to Robert Livingston and 90,000 to Frederick Philipse. 2million acres owned by five NY families who intermarried regularly by 1700.

Poverty in the Colonies the richest 10% p120 and 121

the growing number of slaves lived in impoverished conditions, Britain: 1/4 to 1/2 of the people regularly required public assistance. Boston: 1/3 of the population in 1771 owned no property at all. Virginia: 1760s 2/3 of country's white men owned no land. COLONIES AS A WHOLE: 1/2 of the wealth at mid-century was concentrated in the hands of the richest 10% of the population. bad attitude toward poverty-viewed poor as lazy, shiftless, and responsible for their own plight. town authority expel unwanted poor from area or declare ineligible for assistance: from 200 in 1730s to 1,700 in 1760s

the Middle Ranks p121

the large majority of free Americans lived between the extremes of wealth and poverty. book American Husbandry 1775 "little freeholders who live upon their own property...the most considerable part" of the people. 2/3 of the free male population were farmers who owned their own land--also worded as-- two-thirds of the free male colonists in British North America owned land.

Anglican church

the official church of England

attracting settlers, p107 and 108

to bolster the Chesapeake labor force sent 50,000 convicts from London to work in tobacco fields, encouraged Protestants from British Isles and European continent, by 1740 law offering citizenship after 7 years of residence (only offered by an act of Parliament in the Mother country) "whom bigots chase from foreign lands" 1735 poem

origins and status of migrants to british north american colonies 1700-1775 table 3.1 p107

total by country, slaves, servants, convicts, free

german settlements p110

traveled in entire families=redemptioners

executions p105

witchcraft punishable by execution in Europe and the colonies, between 1400 and 1800, more than 50,000 people were estimated executed after being convicted of witchcraft

Colonial Artisans craftsmen and the expanding consumer market p116

"he that hath a trade, hath an estate" wrote Benjamin Franklin (printer, scientist and statesman) born in NYC in 1723:Myer Myers a Jewish silversmith of Dutch ancestry became one of the city's most prominent artisans. bought land in New Hampshire and Connecticut.

Three empires growth of colonial america p106

1)urban-based Spanish empire=small settler elite and growing mestizo population directing the labor of a large Indian population relying on gold and silver mines of Mexico and South America. 2)French empire=centered on Saint Domingue, Martinique, and Guadeloupe, plantation islands of the West Indies. farms and trading posts in St. Lawrence Valley on mainland. 3)north of the Rio Grande in North America, the English colonies outstripped their rivals in population and trade