History 1483 Final Exam

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Seneca Falls

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Wilmot Proviso

(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Copperheads

186's ; faction of northern democrats who opposed the civil war ; they wanted an immediate peace settlement with the confederates ; became a highly contentious movement

Draft riots

1863; new york ; working class in discontent with the new laws passed by congress to be drafted into the war ; mostly irish men who feared black people competing for work and hated the rich man; became a race riot killing over 100 people ; changed the demographics of the city

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Armistad

A Spanish slave ship that was taken over by the slaves it was transporting. The slaves eventually went through a long trial in the U.S an were freed.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Stephen Douglas

American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Second American Party System

Democrats vs. Whigs, 1820s-1850s Competing factions within the old Republican Party split into two new opposing parties during Andrew Jackson's presidency. Jackson's faction, now known as Democrats, was rooted in the West and South and favored small national government. Jackson's opponents, rooted in the Northeast, called themselves Whigs and favored government action to improve American society

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the urbanization of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Popular Sovereignty

Federal policy where residents in the western territories would hold local elections to vote and decide whether the territory would allow or abolish slavery.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French sociologist and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) traveled to the United States in 1831 to study its prisons and returned with a wealth of broader observations that he codified in "Democracy in America" (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century. With its trenchant observations on equality and individualism, Tocqueville's work remains a valuable explanation of America to Europeans and of Americans to themselves. Tocqueville was impressed by much of what he saw in American life, admiring the stability of its economy and wondering at the popularity of its churches. He also noted the irony of the freedom-loving nation's mistreatment of Native Americans and its embrace of slavery

Colonization

From the start, colonization of free blacks in Africa was an issue on which both whites and blacks were divided. Some blacks supported emigration because they thought that black Americans would never receive justice in the United States. Others believed African-Americans should remain in the United States to fight against slavery and for full legal rights as American citizens. Some whites saw colonization as a way of ridding the nation of blacks, while others believed black Americans would be happier in Africa, where they could live free of racial discrimination. Still others believed black American colonists could play a central role in Christianizing and civilizing Africa. on race was colonization. William Lloyd Garrison was anti-colonization.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe. Across the north, readers became acutely aware of the horrors of slavery on a far more personal level than ever before. In the south the book was met with outrage and branded an irresponsible book of distortions and overstatements. In such an explosive environment, her story greatly furthered the Abolitionist cause north of the Mason-Dixon Line and promoted sheer indignation in plantation America. Uncle Tom's Cabin sold 300,000 copies in the North alone. The book sold even more copies in Great Britain than in the United States. This had an immeasurable appeal in swaying British public opinion.

Henry David Throreau

He began writing nature poetry in the 1840s, with poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as a mentor and friend. In 1845 he began his famous two-year stay on Walden Pond, which he wrote about in his master work, Walden. He also became known for his beliefs in Transcendentalism and civil disobedience, and was a dedicated abolitionist. In 1845, Thoreau built a small home for himself on Walden Pond, on property owned by Emerson. He spent more than two years there. Seeking a simpler type of life

Immediatism

Immediate Abolition, William Lloyd Garrison ("Liberator" 1831)

Fort Sumter

In 1861, that spark occurred at Fort Sumter, a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by Con-federate troops, beginning the Civil War.

Log Cabin Campaign

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives - slave in the South, God tells him to rebel to his master, gather slaves and free blacks and uses knives and kills masters and white people, which is known as the Turner's Rebellion, kills about 60 white men, women, and children, and spreads the idea of slaves to be educated, militia retalitates to this and kills 200, Turner tried and killed; RESULT---laws were passed making it illegal to teach a slave how to read

Henry Clay

Leader of repubs, Devout Jeffersonian. His enemy is Andrew Jackson. Believes in Tariffs. Came up with American system

Abolitionsists

Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transanatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were on factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865). Women in abolitionists movements used the experience to work for women's rights.

Freeport Doctrine

On August 27, 1858, Freeport was the site of the second Lincoln-Douglas debate, during which Stephen A. Douglas formulated the "Freeport Doctrine," in which he argued that a territory had the right to exclude slavery despite contrary U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Douglas' statement enabled him to retain his Senate seat, but it split the Democratic Party and lost what little support he had in the South.

second bank of the US

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian National Bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from 1816 to 1836. A private corporation with public duties, the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government, and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the bank's single largest stockholder. Four thousand private investors held 80% of the bank's capital, including one thousand Europeans. The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans. In its time, the institution was the largest monied corporation in the world. The essential function of the bank was to regulate the public credit issued by private banking institutions through the fiscal duties it performed for the U.S. Treasury, and to establish a sound and stable national currency. The federal deposits endowed the BUS with its regulatory capacity. Modeled on Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States, the Second Bank was chartered by President James Madison in 1816 and began operations at its main branch in Philadelphia on January 7, 1817, managing twenty-five branch offices nationwide by 1832. The efforts to renew the bank's charter put the institution at the center of the general election of 1832, in which the bank's president Nicholas Biddle and pro-bank National Republicans led by Henry Clay clashed with the "hard-money" Andrew Jackson administration and eastern banking interests in the Bank War.

Packenham Letter

Politicians then and historians since have debated [John C.] Calhoun's motives for writing the Pakenham Letter. The [John Tyler] administration line on annexation was that it was strictly a question of national interest unconnected with slavery. Calhoun's letter, which went to the Senate along with the treaty and became public knowledge on April 27 [,1844], placed annexation on pro-slavery grounds.

James K. Polk

Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Election of 1860

Presidential Election that ended with Abraham Lincoln as President, the Southern states began to secede forming the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their President.

Kansas-Nebraska Bill

Proposed by Stephen Douglas; slavery in new Kansas and Nebraska territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty;undid the Missouri Compromise; reopened the issue of slavery in the territories; north outraged. (FP)1854, Stephen Douglas, Act in 1854 which created two new organized territories and allowed popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery, victory for the South

Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. Supernatural attribute to mankind, to go a little beyond. People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. A transcendentalist is a person who accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life relationships.

John Tyler

Served as America's 10th president from 1841 to 1845. Strong supporter of states' rights, Tyler was a Democratic-Republican; however, in 1840 he ran for the vice presidency on the Whig ticket. As president, Tyler clashed with the Whigs, who later tried, unsuccessfully, to impeach him. Among his administration's accomplishments was the 1845 annexation of Texas. Before he died, Tyler voted for Virginia's secession from the Union and was elected to the Confederate Congress.

Middle Class

South reflected, North accepted. Discipline in the work place (clock, work ethic), discipline in the home, discipline in human relations (age of Victorianism, declining birthrate.

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Gag rule

The U.S. House of Representatives instituted the "gag rule," the first instance of what would become a traditional practice forbidding the House from considering anti-slavery petitions. Representative James Hammond of South Carolina first proposed the gag rule in December 1835. Adams fervently fought against the gag rule, declaring it a restriction on free speech. Despite his efforts, the House successfully reintroduced the gag rule each Congress until Adams finally mustered enough votes to repeal it on December 3, 1844.

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Temperance

The temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries was an organized effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence. The movement's ranks were mostly filled by women who, with their children, had endured the effects of unbridled drinking by many of their menfolk. In fact, alcohol was blamed for many of society's demerits, among them severe health problems, destitution and crime. At first, they used moral suasion to address the problem.

Anti-Rent War

This conflict helped prompt Thomas Devyr to create the National Reform Movement, and military action during this conflict saw Timothy Corbin arrest David Squires in an action starting at Moses Earle's farm on Dingle Hill.

Martin Van Buren

Van Buren helped form the new Democratic Party from a coalition of Jeffersonian Republicans who backed the military hero and president Andrew Jackson. A favorite of Jackson's, Van Buren won the White House himself in 1836 but was plagued by a financial panic that gripped the nation the following year. After losing his bid for reelection in 1840, Van Buren ran again unsuccessfully in 1844 (when he lost the Democratic nomination to the pro-southern candidate James K. Polk) and 1848 (as a member of the antislavery Free Soil Party).

Bank War

Was the name given to the campaign begun by President Andrew Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, after his reelection convinced him that his opposition to the bank had won national support. Nicholas Biddle's capacity to disrupt the economy only highlighted the dangers of a central bank and Jackson won this after the 2nd bank had expired.

John Brown

abolitionist who used violence to stop slavery, and was involved in the Pottawatomie Massacre. He was tried, convicted of treason and hung at Harper's Ferry and then he became a martyr.

Mexican War

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

Tariff

an official list or table showing the duties or customs imposed by a government on imports or exports. bill; cost; charge.

Erie Canal

connected Lake Erie and the Great Lakes system to the Hudson River, and thereby gave the western states direct access to the Atlantic Ocean and made the shipping of goods faster and cheaper.

William Lloyd Garrison

prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831. White writer, and printer. Anti Slavery. Delivered very forceful denunciation of slavery and racism. Said declaration of independence was very hypocritical.Spent time and jail. Overall contributed to anti slavery campaigns.

John Quincy Adams

senator, Federalist, John Adams Son,Monroe DOCTRINE,had limited experience

Know Nothings

the American party in the early 1850s that met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda; rallied around hatred of foreigners anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic