History 220B
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Queen Anne's War
(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.
Charles I of England
1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded by Cromwell
Toleration Act
1689 act of British Parliament granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican Protestants. Protestant dissenters could practice "occasional conformity" to participate in public life; practice forbidden in Act passed 1711 but repealed 1719
Rage of Party
1690-1715. Unprecedented interest in issues/platforms of political parties Whig/Tory rather than the monarch.
Triennial Act
An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years. 1). Parliament must meet once in three years at the least; 2). to take effect after the dissolution of the Parliament elected in 1690; 3). No Parliament to last more than three years, at most, without dissolution*
Second Hundred Years' War
An era of warfare beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England fought in seven major wars; the longest era of peace lasted only twenty-six years.
Second Hundred Years' War
Beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689, England embarked on an era sometimes called the Second Hundred Years' War, which lasted until the defeat of Napoleon. Transformed Britain politically and economically: the commercial revolution which financed the war set stage for British 19thc imperial, industrial power.
"James III" (the Pretender)
Declared rightful king of England by Louis XIV before William III's death.
Bill of Rights (1689)
Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime
William III and Mary II
Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War. Invited by the "Immortal Seven", prominent Whig and Tory lords and bishops, to claim the throne.
James II (1685-1688)
Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy. Religious toleration his downfall? Unpopular due to open Catholicism and return to absolute rule.
James VII of Scotland
He became King James VII of Scots and King James II of England and Ireland on 6 February 1685. He (arguably) ceased to be King of England on 22 January 1689; of Scotland on 4 April 1689; and of Ireland when he fled the country after the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. On 30 June 1688 a group of Protestant nobles asked William, Prince of Orange, by now married to James' elder daughter Mary, to come to England with an army to overthrow James. James was confident he would prevail, and turned down offers of military assistance from Louis XIV of France. But when William of Orange landed in Brixham in south west England on 5 November 1688 at the start of the "Glorious Revolution", much of James' army switched allegiance to him; and even James' younger daughter Anne came out in support of William and Mary. On 11 December 1688, James VII/II tried to escape to France. He was caught in Kent, but William allowed him to leave on 23 December 1688. James was welcomed by Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a large pension.
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Last of Louis XIV's nearly continuous wars, provoking a coalition of European powers opposing him, illustrating the dominance of the French army and the need for a balance of power.
Nine Years' War
Major war of the late 1600s fought between France and a European-wide coalition, the Grand Alliance (England, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain). It was fought primarily on mainland Europe and its surrounding waters, but it was also in Ireland, Scotland, and North America.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Whigs and Tories
These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was
William III
William distrusted natural allies, Whigs. not popular with his subjects: he was aloof, unprepossessing in appearance and - worst of all -- Dutch
War of the League of Augsburg
an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)
Bank of England
created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions. Government debt was sold as stock to investors. Emergence of modern banking, lotteries, speculation, insurance.
Hudson's Bay Company
founded in 1670 in London, England, by a group of British merchants eager to exploit the resources of northern Canada.
Queen Anne
last Stuart monarch of England . Continues the conflict with France which would establish England as a 1st rank power. Limits of executive power accelerate under Ann. Used her "Englishness" as political asset. She was Anglican, which was a great advantage. John and Sarah Churchill (favorites of Ann + they were Whigs. John was immensely talented military strategist who won the battle of Blenheim in 1704)
South Sea Company
managed the British national debt but its speculative sale of stock might have ruined England's financial integrity
Whigs
political heirs of Civil War Parliamentarians --associated with limiting the powers of the crown --associated with the City of London professional and monied classes, although including landed gentry and aristocracy --"Low Church" ; sympathetic to Prot. Dissenters
Tories
political heirs to Civil War Cavaliers, Royalists --supporters of royal prerogative, "non-resistance" --politically conservative; most commonly country gentry, landed aristocracy --"high Church" Court: "in power", with govt offices and pensions --"Country" ideology first took shape during Exclusion Crisis (1679-81), and was associated with Whig party Country: "in opposition"; claimed to oppose corruption --under William and Mary (1689-1701), when Whigs dominated public office, Tories took on the role of disgruntled backbenchers (the "New Country Party")
Mary
was popular: she was young, good-looking and English; her claim to the throne (as d. of James II) less problematic than that of her husband Her death from smallpox in 1694 plunged the nation into deep mourning